The impact of sulfur oxidation level on flame retardancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 518-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob A Howell ◽  
Yoseph G Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Oxidation Level ◽  
The Impact

Compounds containing sulfur in various forms may be used as flame retardants or as adjuvants to promote the activity of other flame-retarding elements, most notably phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the sulfur moiety in a flame retardant on performance, a series of phosphorus esters derived from isosorbide containing sulfur at various levels of oxygenation (sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone) have been prepared and evaluated for flame-retardant impact in diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A epoxy. In all cases, the presence of sulfur positively impacts flame retardancy. In general, the impact on flame retardancy increases as the level of oxygenation at sulfur increases (sulfone > sulfoxide > sulfide).

scholarly journals A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 30943-30954
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yu-xuan Xu ◽  
Shi-bin Nie ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

scholarly journals Effects of a Phosphorus Flame Retardant System on the Mechanical and Fire Behavior of Microcellular ABS

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Realinho ◽  
David Arencón ◽  
Marcelo Antunes ◽  
José Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
The Impact

The present work deals with the study of phosphorus flame retardant microcellular acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) parts and the effects of weight reduction on the fire and mechanical performance. Phosphorus-based flame retardant additives (PFR), aluminum diethylphosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate, were used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to halogenated flame retardants. A 25 wt % of such PFR system was added to the polymer using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, microcellular parts with 10, 15, and 20% of nominal weight reduction were prepared using a MuCell® injection-molding process. The results indicate that the presence of PFR particles increased the storage modulus and decreased the impact energy determined by means of dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis and falling weight impact tests respectively. Nevertheless, the reduction of impact energy was found to be lower in ABS/PFR samples than in neat ABS with increasing weight reduction. This effect was attributed to the lower cell sizes and higher cell densities of the microcellular core of ABS/PFR parts. All ABS/PFR foams showed a self-extinguishing behavior under UL-94 burning vertical tests, independently of the weight reduction. Gradual decreases of the second peak of heat release rate and time of combustion with similar intumescent effect were observed with increasing weight reduction under cone calorimeter tests.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Gebke ◽  
Katrin Thümmler ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sören Tech ◽  
André Wagenführ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Starch Derivatives ◽  
Fiber Materials

Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of flame-retardant epoxy resins containing reactive phosphorus flame retardant

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 155892502090132
Author(s):  
Sang-Hoon Lee ◽  
Seung-Won Oh ◽  
Young-Hee Lee ◽  
Il-Jin Kim ◽  
Dong-Jin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Phosphorus Compound ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
The Impact

To prepare flame-retardant epoxy resin, phosphorus compound containing di-hydroxyl group (10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-oxide, DOPO-HQ) was reacted with uncured epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, YD-128) and then cured using a curing agent (dicyandiamide, DICY). This study focused on the effect of phosphorus compound/phosphorus content on physical properties and flame retardancy of cured epoxy resin. The thermal decomposition temperature of the cured epoxy resins (samples: P0, P1.5, P2.0, and P2.5, the number represents the wt% of phosphorus) increased with increasing the content of phosphorus compound/phosphorus (0/0, 19.8/1.5, 27.8/2.0, and 36.8/2.5 wt%) based on epoxy resin. The impact strength of the cured epoxy resin increased significantly with increasing phosphorus compound content. As the phosphorus compound/phosphorus content increased from 0/0 to 36.8/2.5 wt%, the glass transition temperature (the peak temperature of loss modulus curve) increased from 135.2°C to 142.0°C. In addition, as the content of phosphorous compound increased, the storage modulus remained almost constant up to higher temperature. The limiting oxygen index value of cured epoxy resin increased from 21.1% to 30.0% with increasing phosphorus compound/phosphorus content from 0/0 to 36.8/2.5 wt%. The UL 94 V test result showed that no rating for phosphorus compounds less than 19.8 wt% and V-1 for 27.8 wt%. However, when the phosphorus compound was 36.8 wt%, the V-0 level indicating complete flame retardancy was obtained. In conclusion, the incorporation of phosphorus compounds into the epoxy chain resulted in improved properties such as impact strength and heat resistance, as well as a significant increase in flame retardancy.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yilin Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Miaojun Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

Polyacrylates in Flame Retardant Treatments of Textile Fabrics

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Beninate ◽  
Brenda J. Trask ◽  
George L. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Tearing Strength

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants containing polyacrylate emul sions were applied to cotton, cotton-polyester, and cotton-wool twill fabrics to study the effect of the added polyacrylates on the physical properties and flame retardancy. The Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant with added polyacrylate im parted better overall physical properties to 100% cotton fabric than to cotton blend fabrics. Treatments containing polyacrylates with low glass transition temperatures produced fabrics with the highest abrasion resistance, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery. The flame retardancy of treated fabrics was not adversely affected by the addition of polyacrylates to the flame retardant treatments.

scholarly journals Solid Wastes Toward Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanhua Gao ◽  
Siqi Huo ◽  
Zhenhu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Recycle And Reuse

It has been significant yet challenging to recycle and reuse different kinds of wastes because of their mass production within society. Many efforts have been conducted to reuse wastes in different fields. Interestingly, some wastes have been employed to replace traditional petroleum-based flame retardants for polymeric materials. This review focuses on the recent development of waste flame retardants and their impacts on thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of polymers, followed by representative flame-retardant mechanisms. Finally, the key challenges associated with waste flame retardants are presented, and some future perspectives are proposed.

scholarly journals Influence of crosslinking agent on the effectiveness of flame retardant treatment for cotton fabric

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (05) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
VU THI HONG KHANH ◽  
NGUYEN THI HUONG
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Test Characteristics ◽  
Laundering Durability ◽  
Curing Method ◽  
Ethylene Urea ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the commercial organophosphorus compound Pyrovatex CP New was used as a flame retardant for cotton fabric. Citric acid and a modified dihydroxy ethylene urea (DHEU) labelled Knittex FFRC were used as crosslinking to increase the flame-retardant laundering durability of treated cotton fabric. There have been some studies showing that Chitosan has the potential to improve flame retardancy and laundering durability of flame retardant treated cotton fabric. Thus, Chitosan, which has the molecular weight of 2.600 (water soluble) and the deacetylation degree of approximately 75%, is added to finishing solution for flame retardant treatment of cotton fabric. The padding-drying-curing method was used in this study. After treatment, all samples were examined to determine the chemical absorption level. The 45° flammability test characteristics and LOI value of untreated and treated samples after different number of washing cycle were determined to assess the flame retardancy of the treated fabric and its laundering durability. In addition, to assess the impact of this treatment on the mechanical strength and ecology of the fabric, the tensile strength and free formaldehyde content of the treated fabric were also evaluated

scholarly journals Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Junming Geng ◽  
Jianyu Qin ◽  
Jiyu He
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

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