The Police Role in Domestic Homicide Prevention: Lessons From a Domestic Violence Death Review Committee

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093303
Author(s):  
Michael D. Saxton ◽  
Peter G. Jaffe ◽  
Laura Olszowy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Child Homicide ◽  
Review Committee ◽  
Domestic Homicide ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Abuse During Pregnancy

This study examined the role of police in domestic homicide cases reviewed by a multidisciplinary death review committee in Ontario, Canada. Examining the 219 domestic homicide case summaries, this study explored the difference between homicides with, and without, prior police contact. Results indicated that police contacted cases had 63% more risk factors present compared with cases without prior police contact, with 80% of police-involved cases having 10 or more risk factors. Police cases had unique risk factors present including a failure to comply with authority, access to victims after risk assessments, prior threats to kill victims (including with a weapon), history of domestic violence (DV), extreme minimization of DV, addiction concerns, and an escalation of violence. Cases involving child homicide have unique child-specific risk factors such as custody disputes, threats to children, and abuse during pregnancy. Overall, there was a lack of formal risk assessments conducted. Implications are discussed in terms of police intervention being a critical opportunity for risk assessment, safety planning, and risk management. Although there is no certainty in predicting that lives would have been saved, the level of risk presented calls for enhanced efforts at assessment and intervention for adult victims and their children.

Incidence of postural headache after lumbar puncture requiring epidural blood patch: Effects of needle caliber; 2-year experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 197140092110006
Author(s):  
Warren Chang ◽  
Ajla Kadribegic ◽  
Kate Denham ◽  
Matthew Kulzer ◽  
Tyson Tragon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Epidural Blood Patch ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Regional Hospital ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Blood Patch ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Purpose A common complication of lumbar puncture (LP) is postural headaches. Epidural blood patches are recommended if patients fail conservative management. Owing to a perceived increase in the number of post-lumbar puncture headaches (PLPHs) requiring epidural blood patches at a regional hospital in our network, the decision was made to switch from 20 to 22 gauge needles for routine diagnostic LPs. Materials and methods Patients presenting for LP and myelography at one network regional hospital were included in the study. The patients were contacted by nursing staff 3 days post-procedure; those patients who still had postural headaches after conservative management and received epidural blood patches were considered positive cases. In total, 292 patients were included; 134 underwent LP with 20-gauge needles (53 male, 81 female, average age 57.7) and 158 underwent LP with 22-gauge needles (79 male, 79 female, average age 54.6). Results Of 134 patients undergoing LP with 20-gauge needles, 15 (11%) had PLPH requiring epidural blood patch (11 female, 3 male, average age 38). Of 158 patients undergoing LP with 22-gauge needles, only 5 (3%) required epidural blood patches (all female, average age 43). The difference was statistically significant ( p < 0.01). Risk factors for PLPH included female gender, younger age, lower body mass index, history of prior PLPH and history of headaches. Conclusion Switching from 20-gauge to 22-gauge needles significantly decreased the incidence of PLPH requiring epidural blood patch. Narrower gauge or non-cutting needles should be considered in patients with risk factors for PLPH, allowing for CSF requirements.

scholarly journals Study of Risk Factors for Conegnital Heart Defect in a Tertiary Level Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Ferdousi Hossain Poly ◽  
Syeda Afroza ◽  
Hasanur Rahman ◽  
Md Imran Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Medical College ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

A congenital heart defect is a heart problem which is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. In majority of cases there is no known reason for the heart to develop improperly. Some type of congenital heart defects are related to chromosomal abnormality(5-6%), some are to single gene defect(3-5%) or environmental factors(2%). In 85-90% of cases there is no identifiable cause and are generally considered to be caused by multifactorial inheritance. There are some maternal factors which have some role in cardiovascular malformations. These include high maternal age(above 30 years), maternal obesity, consanguinity among the parents, fever during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, ingestion of any teratogenic drug including homeopathy and herbal medicine. Objective of the study: To evaluate the risk factors associated with congenital heart disease. Methodology: A case control study was conducted at paediatric department of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital following approval of the protocol from 1st January 2013 to 30th June 2014. Children fulfilling the inclusion criteria-(0-5 year old children of both sexes admitted in paediatric units of Mitford Hospital with any type of congenital heart disease confirmed by echocardiography) were considered as cases. A similar number of age and sex matched children admitted in Mitford Hospital without any cardiac defect were considered as controls. Data were collected by questionnaire. Results: The results show that majority of the cases are male. Maternal age (27.09 ± 4.63) and BMI (24.10 ± 2.28) both are significantly higher in cases than those of controls. Among the cases 31.8% mothers had consanguineous marriage (p=0.001) and 27.1% mothers had history of fever during pregnancy whereas it was present in 9.3% mothers of controls, the difference is significant statistically (p=0.001). Among the cases 34.6% mothers had history of gestational diabetes mellitus and only 18.9% controls had so and the difference is significant statistically (p=0.014). Conclusion: Relatively old age and more weight during pregnancy, consanguinity between parents, fever during pregnancy, history of gestational diabetes mellitus are the main risk factors of congenital heart defects in children J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.1, April, 2018, Page 51-56

scholarly journals Domestic Violence During Pregnancy in Greece

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Antoniou ◽  
Georgios Iatrakis
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
Violence During Pregnancy ◽  
Abuse During Pregnancy ◽  
Regional Hospitals ◽  
In Pregnancy

There are no data about the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy in Greece. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and the associated factors of domestic violence in a representative population of pregnant women in Greece. Five hundred and forty-six consecutive women, in outpatient clinics of two Public General Regional Hospitals in Athens, agreed to answer anonymously the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) questionnaire, translated into the Greek language. Five hundred and forty-six questionnaires were returned (100% response rate), revealing that the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnancy is 6%, with 3.4% of the sample having being abused since the beginning of pregnancy, mainly by their husband/partner. The factors associated with higher risk of abuse during pregnancy were nationality, socio-economic background, and educational level. Foreign women or women with a foreign partner, unemployed individuals, housewives, and university students faced a higher risk of being abused. A substantial age difference (≥10 years) in the couple, a history of abortions, and an undesired pregnancy also increased the risk of violence in pregnancy. These findings suggest that prenatal care is an important period for discussing abuse and, in the end, encouraging women to seek help.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in the Zhejiang Province of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jintian Xu ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Shengchao Zheng ◽  
Wei Shu ◽  
Yu Pang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normal University ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Culture Positive

Abstract Risk factors and prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) diseases were retrospectively evaluated in 1208 suspected pulmonary TB patients seeking care at the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University between July 2018 and December 2018. Further analysis of 390 culture-positive cases demonstrated that 358 (358/390, 91.8%) were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), 24 (24/390, 6.2%) with NTM and eight (8/390, 2.0%) with both MTB and NTM. M. intracellulare was the most prevalent NTM isolated (16/24, 66.7%), followed by M. abscessus (3/24), M. kansasii (2/24), M. avium (1/24), M. szulgai (1/24) and M. fortuitum (1/24). The difference between NTM and TB case rates for the ⩾65-year-old age group significantly exceeded the difference for the reference group (patients aged 25–44 years) (OR (95% CI): 4.63 (1.03–20.90)). Pulmonary NTM diseases incidence positively correlated with prior TB history (OR (95% CI): 12.92 (3.24–31.82)). Moreover, pulmonary NTM patients were significantly more likely to exhibit underlying bronchiectasis than pulmonary TB patients (OR (95% CI): 18.89 (7.54–47.88)). In conclusion, approximately one-tenth of culture-positive suspected pulmonary TB patients are infected with NTM (most frequently M. intracellulare) in Zhejiang Province, China. The elderly and those with bronchiectasis or a history of TB are at the greatest risk of contracting pulmonary NTM disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of multiple risk factors involved in the development of Diabetic Retinopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda Birjees Anwar ◽  
Naveed Asif ◽  
Syed Abid Hassan Naqvi ◽  
Sidra Malik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Family History ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Duration Of Diabetes ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Objective: To determine the role of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and positive family history of diabetes and hypertension in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Chemical Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi over 2 years period from June 2014 to June 2016. One hundred consecutive diabetic patients with no signs of diabetic retinopathy and good glycemic control (HbA1c<6.5%) were registered by non-probability convenient sampling after taking written informed consent. They were evaluated for hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking status. These patients were then followed 6 monthly for 2 years to look for the development of diabetic retinopathy. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.72±9.29 years and there were 57 (57%) male and 43 (43%) female patients. Majority (82%) of the patients had NIDDM. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.31±6.83 years. 11% of the patients were smoker, 37% were hypertensive, 6% had hyperlipidaemia, 62% had family history of diabetes and 30% had family history of hypertension. At the end of follow-up, 9 (9.0%) patients had diabetic retinopathy. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy increased with increasing age of the patient; however, the difference was statistically insignificant. A comparatively higher frequency of diabetic retinopathy was also seen in patients with IDDM and those with positive family history of diabetes and hypertension yet again, the difference was statistically insignificant. Also, no significant difference was noted among male and female genders and smokers vs. non-smoker. However, the frequency of diabetic retinopathy increased significantly with increasing duration of diabetes. It was also higher among those with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: Higher patient age (≥50 years), increasing duration of diabetes (≥20 years), insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and positive family history of diabetes and hypertension were found to be associated with increased frequency of diabetic retinopathy. How to cite this:Anwar SB, Asif N, Naqvi SAH, Malik S. Evaluation of multiple risk factors involved in the development of Diabetic Retinopathy. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.1.279 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Assessment of Extrapyramidal Symptoms Associated with Psychotropics Pharmacological Treatments, and Associated Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dania Abu-Naser ◽  
Sara Gharaibeh ◽  
Ahmad Z. Al Meslamani ◽  
Qais Alefan ◽  
Renad Abunaser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseline Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) are unwanted symptoms commonly originating from the use of certain medications. The symptoms can range from minimal discomfort to permanent involuntary muscular movements. The aims of the study were to examine the incidence of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (di-EPS), associated risk factors, and clinical characteristics. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study of di-EPS conducted in outpatient clinics of Jordan using the longitudinal health database (Hakeem®) for data collection. Patients who received drugs with the risk of EPS during the period 2010-2020 were included and followed. Patients with any of the known underlying conditions that may cause EPS or were currently taking drugs that may mask the symptoms were excluded. Gender and age-matched control subjects were included in the study. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS®) version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: The final dataset included 34898 exposed patients and 69796 matched controls. The incidence of di-EPS ranged from 9.8% [Amitriptyline 25mg] to 28.9% (Imipramine 25mg). Baseline factors associated with a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS were age {HR: 1.1 [95%CI: 0.8-1.2, p=0.003], smoking {HR: 1.7 (95%CI: 1.3-2.2), p=0.02}, tremor history {HR: 7.4 (95%CI: 5.9-8.3), p=.002} and history of taking antipsychotics {HR: 3.9, (95% CI: 2.5-4.6), p=0.001}. Patients taking paroxetine {HR: 8.6 [95%CI: 7.4-9.8], p=.0002},imipramine {HR: 8.3, [7.1-10.5], p=0.01}, or fluoxetine {HR: 8.2 (95%CI: 6.8-9.3), p=.006} had a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS compared to patients taking citalopram. Myoclonus, blepharospasm, symptoms of the basal ganglia dysfunction, and organic writers' cramp were reported among participants. Conclusion: Patients treated with paroxetine, imipramine, fluoxetine, or clomipramine had a higher risk of developing di-EPS than patients treated with citalopram. The difference in gender was not significantly related to di-EPS development. Whereas age, smoking, and history of taking antipsychotics were significantly associated with di-EPS development. Key findings: • High incidence of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (di-EPS) was reported • Age, smoking, tremor history, and history of taking antipsychotics were risk factors of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. • Patients taking paroxetine, imipramine or fluoxetine had a significantly higher risk of developing di-EPS compared to patients taking citalopram

Domestic Violence in Pregnant Women: A Study Conducted in the Postpartum Period of Adolescents and Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Helena Mello de Lima ◽  
Rosiane Mattar ◽  
Anelise Riedel Abrahão
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Violence During Pregnancy

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence in adolescent and adult mothers who were admitted to obstetrics services centers in Brazil and to identify risk factors of domestic violence and any adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Researchers used standardized interviews, the questionnaire Abuse Assessment Screen, and a review of patients’ medical records. Descriptive statistical analyses were also used. The prevalence of domestic violence among all participants totaled 40.1% (38.5% of adolescents, 41.7% of adults). Factors associated with domestic violence during pregnancy were as follows: a history of family violence, a greater number of sexual partners, and being a smoker. No statistically significant association was found for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Results showed that, in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, pregnancy did not protect a woman from suffering domestic violence.

scholarly journals Clinical Observation of the Correlation Between Overactive Bladder and Atopic Constitution in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zheng ◽  
Zhou Zhang ◽  
Ling Hou ◽  
Xiuli Wang ◽  
Kailei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Overactive Bladder ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the risk factors correlated with overactive bladder (OAB), observe the effects of desloratadine in the treatment of OAB, and explore the correlation between OAB and atopic constitution in children.Methods: Correlation and binary logistic regression analysis of the medical data from 447 children clinically diagnosed with OAB from June 2019 to June 2020 were conducted. The data included a history of urticaria, eczema, itchy skin, and allergic rhinitis or allergic cough. The OABSS scores before and after treatment with desloratadine were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of desloratadine for OAB.Results: The risk factors for OAB in children included eczema, allergic rhinitis or allergic cough, itchy skin, and the levels of total blood IgE. Desloratadine was 96.5% effective in treating cases with risk factors including eczema, allergic rhinitis or allergic cough, and itchy skin. There existed statistical significance in the difference in OABSS scores before and after the treatment of desloratadine (P &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: OAB in children was correlated with atopic manifestations such as eczema, itchy skin, allergic rhinitis, or allergic cough. Desloratadine was safe and effective in the treatment of OAB in children with atopic manifestations.

scholarly journals Plantar Fasciitis Risk Factorsin Normal Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-430
Author(s):  
Hadi Ghotbi Joshvaghan ◽  
Farzad Omidi-Kashani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bony Spur

Conservative treatments results for plantar fasciitis patients are inconsistent and therefore manipulating risk factors could be the best option for this disease. To determine risk factors of plantar fasciitis. In a retrospective study, all patients who had plantar fasciitis were enrolled and were compared to control group on their demographic characteristics. The angle of dorsi-flexion was recorded by examination of orthopedic surgeon, history of pregnancy and time of standing in one day. Plantar curvature was measured by orthopedic surgeon. Female sex percentage was significantly higher in PF group than male sex (p=0.007), but the difference in sex was not significant between PF and control groups (p=0.22). Body mass index (BMI) above 30 was significantly higher in PF group compare to control group (p=0.013). Presence of bony spur was significantly higher in PF group compare to control group (p=0.03). There were significant differences in foot curve degree in patients between PF and control groups (p=0.037). Odds ratio (OR) of plantar fasciitis was 1.65 times in patients with bony spur. History of pregnancy increase OR of plantar fasciitis 1.37 times (OR:1.37; 95% CI:1.20-1.82, p=0.017). Plantar fasciitis is associated with higher BMI, pregnancy, bony spur and foot curve cavus. However, it seems that a predisposing foot structural factor should also be accompanied with these risk factors.

scholarly journals Interaction between Urinary 11 Dehydrothromboxane B2 and Some Other Risk Factors in the Occurrence of Cerebral Infarction

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Lingling ◽  
Chen Guixin ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Sun Hua
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
General Information ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Drinking History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the interaction between the urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-DH-TXB2) content and the smoking, drinking, hypertension or diabetes history of patients with cerebral infarction, and to determine the value of 11-DH-TXB2 in the occurrence and prevention of cerebral infarction. Methods: 117 patients with cerebral infarction and 50 healthy controls were selected. Their general information, including smoking, drinking, hypertension and diabetes history, was analyzed, and their urinary11-DH-TXB2 contents were measured. The difference in the urinary 11-DH-TXB2 content between the two groups, and the additive model of the interaction between the urinary 11-DH-TXB2 content and other risk factors of cerebrovascular diseases were statistically analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in the general information between the two groups (P > 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the urinary 11-DH-TXB2 content, and the smoking, diabetes and hypertension history between the two groups, while there was no significant difference in the drinking history between the two groups. The analysis of the interaction additive model showed that the OR value was 1, the synergy index (S) of increased 11-DH-TXB2 and smoking history was 1.219, the S of increased 11-DHTXB2 and hypertension history was 5.578 and that of increased 11-DH-TXB2 and the diabetes history was 4.604. Conclusion: There is a correlation between the urinary 11-DH-TXB2 content and the occurrence of cerebral infarction, and there is a synergistic interaction between the urinary DH-TXB2 content and the smoking, hypertension or diabetes history of patients with cerebral infarction. The increased 11-DH-TXB2 may be a risk factor for cerebral infarction and the urinary 11-DHTXB2 content can be used as an index to predict the occurrence and progression of cerebral infarction.

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