Estimating the Returns to Professional Certifications and Licenses in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Renski
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
College Education ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Professional Certification ◽  
Advanced Degrees ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S

This study uses recently released Current Population Survey microdata to estimate the earnings premium associated with professional certification and licenses. The author finds that full-time manufacturing workers with a certification or license earn close to $200 more in median weekly earnings compared to those without. However, this does not account for differences in pay that are associated with worker endowments, such as education and gender. A Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition is used to distinguish the portion of the earnings gap that is attributable to the credential from the portion associated with endowments. Endowments explain 62% of the total earnings gap, meaning that the actual returns to a certification or license are closer to $70 per week. The author also finds that workers with no high school or college education receive a relatively larger increase in weekly earnings, compared to those with more advanced degrees.

Does College Education Pay? Evidence From The NLSY-79 Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diamando Afxentiou ◽  
Paul Kutasovic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
And Gender ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Over Time

This study examines if the college wage premium favoring college graduates still exists. The NLSY-79 data is employed. The sample includes individuals who received their high school degree and college degree in 1980 and 1981. These individuals were followed until the year 2004. A cross sectional regression model was estimated for the years 1982, 1994, and 2004 and found that education, occupation, and gender were the primary determinants of wages. The income gap between college educated workers and high school educated workers has widen over time. Most interestingly, it is the stagnation of high school educated workers that accounts for the gap.

Gender Wage Differentials in Information Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Nezlek ◽  
Gerald DeHondt
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Gender Wage Differentials ◽  
The U.S

This paper investigates trends and changes in the gender earnings gap for individuals employed in clerical and professional level information systems positions in the U.S. labor market for the period of 1991 through 2008. It examines changes in the earnings gap for IS workers, specifically considering changes relative to the so-called “Internet bubble” observed primarily during the late 1990s. Quantitative analysis of changes in the wage gap, adjusted for key determinants, is based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Examination of these data suggests that the gender earnings gap is persistent despite frequent claims to the contrary from industry surveys and that the gap is narrower for professional level positions. Furthermore, the data suggest that female IS workers, particularly in professional level occupations, may have experienced a beneficial effect from the internet bubble, but it is unclear whether or not that beneficial effect may be fading in the post-bubble internet bust of the early 21st century.

Disability and Labor Market Earnings

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shandra G. Benito ◽  
Thomas S. Glassman ◽  
Bridget G. Hiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Hearing Disability ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining “hearing earnings gaps,” namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.

Gender Wage Differentials in Information Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
George Nezlek ◽  
Gerald DeHondt
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Gender Wage Differentials ◽  
The U.S

This paper investigates trends and changes in the gender earnings gap for individuals employed in clerical and professional level information systems positions in the U.S. labor market for the period of 1991 through 2008. It examines changes in the earnings gap for IS workers, specifically considering changes relative to the so-called “Internet bubble” observed primarily during the late 1990s. Quantitative analysis of changes in the wage gap, adjusted for key determinants, is based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Examination of these data suggests that the gender earnings gap is persistent despite frequent claims to the contrary from industry surveys and that the gap is narrower for professional level positions. Furthermore, the data suggest that female IS workers, particularly in professional level occupations, may have experienced a beneficial effect from the internet bubble, but it is unclear whether or not that beneficial effect may be fading in the post-bubble internet bust of the early 21st century.

The Gender Earnings Gap among College-Educated Workers

ILR Review ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Datcher Loury
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
High School Class ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Returns To Work ◽  
Almost All ◽  
College Educated

The gender earnings gap among full-time workers narrowed substantially in the 1980s. Previous research has established that increases in the amount of and returns to work experience and schooling among women were primarily responsible for that trend. This paper, which uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 and the High School and Beyond Senior Cohort (Class of 1980), examines to what extent college schooling characteristics other than number of years, such as grades and major field, contributed to the narrowing of the gap. Changes in the estimated effects of college grades and college major, the author finds, can account for almost all of the large decline in the gender earnings gap between 1979 and 1986 among young college-educated workers. Most of this effect apparently resulted from growth in the market price of women's skills relative to men's for a given major.

Gender, Social Class, and the Sporting Capital–Economic Capital Nexus

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Stempel
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Adult Participation ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
Gendered Theory ◽  
And Gender

In “Do High School Athletes Earn More Pay?” Curtis, McTeer, and White reopened an important line of inquiry about the conversion of sporting capital to economic capital. They found associations between adolescent participation sports and adult income for Canadian men and women with some college education. The present study revises and extends Curtis and colleagues’ understanding of sport as cultural capital and its relation to economic capital, tests the nature of the high school varsity sport–adult income relationship for the United States, and examines gender and class differences in the degree to which adult sporting practices mediate the varsity sport–adult income relationship. The results show that American class and gender patterns of income and participation are similar to those found by Curtis and colleagues and that adult participation in sports more strongly mediates this relationship for men than for women. I conclude by proposing a gendered theory of sports as cultural capital to explain those differences.

Gender Inequality: Sorting Out the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Gender in the Anglo Male-Latino Female Earnings Gap

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Avalos
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Latino Women ◽  
Human Capital Model ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The U.S

One of the most significant features of the U.S. economy in the 20th Century is the persistent earnings gap between men and women. The gap in earnings between Anglo men and women of color has also been an enduring featue of the U.S. labor market. Since 1949, the earnings gap between Latino women and Anglo men has remained virtually the same (53%–55%), even though Latinos have steadily increased their labor force participation at a faster rate than any other female group. While this form of gender inequality has received considerable attention, only a few studies have focused on the earnings of Latino women. This exploratory study tests the ability of a human capital model to explain earnings inequalities between Latino women (Mexican-American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban) and Anglo men. Using regression decomposition analyses, we also examine how the factors of race/ethnicity and gender affect the earnings differences between men and women. Our findings indicate that the human capital model accounts for less than 25% of the earnings difference between our male and female groups. When we control for the net effect of ethnicity holding gender constant, we find that the human capital model accounts for 83% of the earnings difference between Anglo women and racial/ethnic women, suggesting that gender is an important predictor in explaining the earnings gap. Given these results, we offer other possible explanations (e.g., economic restructuring) for the persistence of the inequality of earnings between Latino women and Anglo men. We conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating this labor market problem.

The Making of a Modern Religious Seeker

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-64
Author(s):  
David J. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
College Education ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

This chapter places Yogananda’s spiritual development in the context of Indian modernity, with rapid travel, exposure to diverse traditions, and awareness of the outside world—particularly the U.S. and the larger West. The chapter examines his childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, focusing on the spiritual journey that culminated in his decision to become a swami under the leadership of a guru. He grew up in Kolkata, influenced by the writings of the Bengali Renaissance who opposed British imperialism. His connection to modernity continued with his college education and adoption of modern Hinduism, a framework that severed belief from its historic embeddedness in land, caste, life stage, and gender. This universalizing of Hinduism paved the way for Yogananda’s American ministry as a Hindu missionary.

Highlighted & Underlined

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
School Nurse ◽  
Kindergarten Students ◽  
Full Time ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
The U.S

About three in five parents believe a school nurse is onsite full-time at their child’s school, although fewer than half of the schools in the U.S. have such employees. A new journal is available to publish the science research of middle and high school students. Although there are inherent difficulties in working with rational numbers, there also are cultural sources of difficulty. Kindergarten students who travel to school by bus have fewer absent days over the school year and are less likely to be chronically absent.

Stability and Change in Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Transition to Young Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D.A. Parker ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Laura M. Wood ◽  
Jennifer M. Eastabrook ◽  
Robyn N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Transition From High School

Abstract. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted growing interest from researchers working in various fields. The present study examined the long-term stability (32 months) of EI-related abilities over the course of a major life transition (the transition from high school to university). During the first week of full-time study, a large group of undergraduates completed the EQ-i:Short; 32 months later a random subset of these students (N = 238), who had started their postsecondary education within 24 months of graduating from high school, completed the measures for a second time. The study found EI scores to be relatively stable over the 32-month time period. EI scores were also found to be significantly higher at Time 2; the overall pattern of change in EI-levels was more than can be attributed to the increased age of the participants.

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