Tensile Behaviour of Functionally Graded Braided Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composite Material

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Ming Huang ◽  
Qiongan Wang ◽  
S. Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Tensile Behaviour ◽  
Braided Composites ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Braiding Angle

The primary objective of this research work was to investigate experimentally the tensile behaviour of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) made from tubular braided composites and to find out the relationship between the tensile property of the FGM and that of the corresponding non-FGM. Composites were made using tubular braided carbon fibre fabrics and an epoxy resin. The FGM specimens had varying braiding angles and the non-FGM specimens had constant braiding angles. The effect of braiding angle on the composite properties was established from the test results for the non-FGM specimens. It was shown that both the tensile strength and modulus decreased as the braiding angle increased. The tensile behaviour of the FGM specimens was demonstrated to be related to that of the non-FGM specimens. The tensile modulus of an FGM specimen could be estimated from the tensile moduli of a series of non-FGM specimens. The tensile strength of an FGM specimen was a function of its largest braiding angle, and was higher than that of a non-FGM specimen with a braiding angle equal to this largest braiding angle.

Numerical and experimental analysis of Cu–Fe functionally graded beam subjected to tensile loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (19) ◽  
pp. 3837-3845
Author(s):  
Maryam Torabian ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Reza Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Tensile Behaviour ◽  
Functionally Graded Beam ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Graded Material

Functionally graded materials are new types of composites with heterogeneous microstructure in which some particular physical and mechanical properties change continuously in the thickness direction. In this research, a five-layer copper–iron functionally graded material was fabricated by changing the composition of the layers in a stepwise function between copper and iron using powder metallurgy method. The effect of fabrication process on the microstructure and tensile strength of functionally graded beam was investigated by using two types of presses: uniaxial press and cold iso-static press. Microscopic studies demonstrated appropriate connections between the layers and particles. To achieve ultimate tensile strength and strain, functionally graded copper–iron specimens were tested in tensile loading. The stress–strain graphs obtained from the test showed enhancement in tensile strength of copper and iron functionally graded beam compared to pure copper and iron beams. Finally, a model of this functionally graded material was analysed in ABAQUS finite element code, and the results were verified by experimental tests. Therefore, the present finite element model would be useful to investigate tensile behaviour of functionally graded materials.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of Porous Functionally Graded Femoral Prostheses with Improved Stress Shielding

Designs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morassa Jafari Chashmi ◽  
Alireza Fathi ◽  
Masoud Shirzad ◽  
Ramazan-Ali Jafari-Talookolaei ◽  
Mahdi Bodaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aseptic Loosening ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Stress Shielding ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Hip Replacements ◽  
3D Finite Element Method ◽  
Better Than

One of the most important problems of total hip replacement is aseptic loosening of the femoral component, which is related to the changes of the stress distribution pattern after implantation of the prosthesis. Stress shielding of the femur is recognized as a primary factor in aseptic loosening of hip replacements. Utilizing different materials is one of the ordinary solutions for that problem, but using functionally graded materials (FGMs) could be better than the conventional solutions. This research work aims at investigating different porous FGM implants and a real femoral bone by a 3D finite element method. The results show that a neutral functionally graded prosthesis cannot extraordinarily make changes in the stress pattern of bone and prosthesis, but an increasing functionally graded prosthesis leads a lower level of stress in the prosthesis, and a decreasing functionally graded prosthesis can properly reduce the stress shielding among these three architectures. Due to the absence of similar results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to fill a gap in the state-of-the-art bio-implants, and provide pertinent results that are instrumental in the design of porous femoral prostheses under normal walking loading conditions.

Polymeric Composites Tailored by Electric Field

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1164-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
GeunHyung Kim ◽  
Yuri M. Shkel
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Polymeric Composites ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Ceramic Particles ◽  
Redistribution Effect

A solid composite of desirable microstructure can be produced by curing a liquid polymeric suspension in an electric field. Redistribution effect of the field-induced forces exceeds that of centrifugation, which is frequently employed to manufacture functionally graded materials. Moreover, unlike centrifugational sedimentation, the current approach can electrically rearrange the inclusions in targeted areas. The electric field can be employed to produce a composite having uniformly oriented structure or only modify the material in selected regions. Field-aided technology enables polymeric composites to be locally micro-tailored for a given application. Moreover, materials of literally any composition can be manipulated. In this article we present testing results for compositions of graphite and ceramic particles as well as glass fibers in epoxy. Electrical and rheological interactions of inclusions in a liquid epoxy are discussed. Measurements of tensile modulus and ultimate strength of epoxy composites having different microstructure of 10 vol% graphite, ceramic particles and glass fiber are presented.

Vibration characteristics and damping properties of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structures under hygrothermal conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 107754632096171
Author(s):  
Salur Srikant Patnaik ◽  
Tarapada Roy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Shell Structure ◽  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotubes

The present article deals with the vibration and damping characteristics of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structure in different hygrothermal conditions. Carbon nanotube reinforced polymer as a matrix phase and carbon fibre as a reinforcing phase are used, and carbon fibre is graded with uniform distribution along the thickness direction for the shell panel according to the power law distribution. The Mori–Tanaka scheme and strength of materials are used to determine the mechanical properties of such functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite materials. Finite element modelling has been done by considering an eight-noded shell element with the transverse shear effect according to Mindlin’s hypothesis, and an oblique coordinate system is used for the functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structures. Damping is incorporated into such carbon nanotube–based hybrid skewed shell structure based on the Rayleigh damping model. A MATLAB-based in-house computer code has been developed for the proposed formulation and verified with published research work before using for the present dynamic analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structure under hygrothermal conditions. The effect of the carbon nanotube, carbon fibre, material distribution as per power law index and hygrothermal conditions on the damping behaviour of such functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structures have been studied. Furthermore, parametric studies are carried out for the first resonant frequency, absolute amplitude, settling time and carbon nanotube impact on the vibrational behaviour of different functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced hybrid composite skewed shell structures under different hygrothermal conditions.

Scaling Effects on the Tensile Strength of Fibrous Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 525-526 ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Zhi Qian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Weak Link ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Tensile Behaviour ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Random Nature ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
Strength Distributions

The primary objective of this paper is to illustrate the effects of weak-link scaling on the tensile behaviour of fiber-reinforced composites. The proposed model takes into account the random nature of fiber strength, which is given by a two-parameter Weibull distribution function. Several hundred Monte-Carlo replications are executed to simulate the statistical strength distributions of the composites. It is shown that probabilistic tensile strength distributions and size scaling is dependent on both the stress redistribution and the fiber strength statistics.

scholarly journals On the Use of Functionally Graded Materials to Differentiate the Effects of Surface Severe Plastic Deformation, Roughness and Chemical Composition on Cell Proliferation

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Weiss ◽  
Yaël Nessler ◽  
Marc Novelli ◽  
Pascal Laheurte ◽  
Thierry Grosdidier
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Microstructure Modification

Additive manufacturing allows the manufacture of parts made of functionally graded materials (FGM) with a chemical gradient. This research work underlines that the use of FGM makes it possible to study mechanical, microstructural or biological characteristics while minimizing the number of required samples. The application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on FGM brings new insights on a major question in this field: which is the most important parameter between roughness, chemistry and microstructure modification on biocompatibility? Our study demonstrates that roughness has a large impact on adhesion while microstructure refinement plays a key role during the early stage of proliferation. After several days, chemistry is the main parameter that holds sway in the proliferation stage. With this respect, we also show that niobium has a much better biocompatibility than molybdenum when alloyed with titanium.

scholarly journals Tensile Properties of Z-Pin Reinforced Laminates with Circumferentially Notched Z-Pins

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Knopp ◽  
Gerhard Scharr
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Notch Depth ◽  
Microstructural Changes ◽  
Rectangular Notch

This paper describes experimental investigations on the in-plane tensile properties of unidirectional carbon-fibre/epoxy laminates reinforced with circumferentially notched z-pins with different notch designs. From the results it can be concluded that the application of circumferential notches at the z-pin surface with constant notch depth of 20 μm and distance of 100 μm has no significant effect on the in-plane tensile strength values, regardless of the notch designs investigated. For circular and rectangular notch designs, no dependence of the tensile strength from the notch depth could be observed. Only changing the notch distances at a constant notch depth and width leads to small increases in the tensile strength values with increasing notch distance. The determined tensile modulus values indicate that there are no substantial deviations between laminates reinforced with unnotched and circumferentially notched z-pins, no matter which notch design is considered. It can be observed that there are no dependencies of the tensile modulus from notch depth and distance. Therefore, it can be assumed that the microstructural changes influencing the in-plane tensile properties will not be changed, or only to a very small extent, by the presence of notches on the pin surface.

Establishing RVE model composed of dry fibers and matrix for 3D four-directional braided composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (14) ◽  
pp. 1917-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Zhang ◽  
Dianyin Hu ◽  
Rongqiao Wang ◽  
Yuqi Zeng ◽  
Chongdu Cho
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Braided Composites ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Good Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Braiding Angle

Traditional representative volume element (RVE) model composed of impregnated yarns and surrounding matrix for the 3D four-directional braided composites, requires periodic mesh in order to impose periodic boundary condition, which is quite challenging and time-consuming due to complex internal mesoscopic architecture. In this regard, this study presents a novel approach to establish a parametric RVE model comprised of dry fibers and matrix through integrating Matlab with Abaqus. The technique is able to produce RVE models of arbitrary braiding angle, fiber volume fraction, etc. by simply changing the input values for the Matlab procedure. Based on this, finite element analysis is performed on the proposed model to predict tensile modulus of the 3D four-directional braided composites and examine the influence of mesoscopic geometry and material parameters. Numerical application demonstrates that this technique has good prediction accuracy for the small braiding angle case while great deviation for the big braiding angle case. In the end, the technique’s advantages and disadvantages over the traditional RVE model, and its potential applications are discussed.

A model for longitudinal tensile strength prediction of low braiding angle three-dimensional and four-directional composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Hui ◽  
Wen Weidong ◽  
Wang Yi ◽  
Zheng Zhenshan ◽  
Wu Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Composite Fiber ◽  
Unidirectional Composite ◽  
Resin Composites ◽  
Braided Composites ◽  
Longitudinal Tensile Strength ◽  
Braiding Angle

AbstractBased on random crack core theory, a model for predicting the longitudinal tensile strength of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional composites with low braiding angle is established. The model carries out accurate theoretical predictions of the longitudinal tensile strength of 3D four-directional braided carbon fiber/resin composites. The average stiffness method is used to calculate elastic constants of an inner single cell of 3D four-directional braided composites. Meanwhile, the corresponding relationship between failure probability of a unidirectional composite fiber bundle and stress level is given based on the random crack core model of the longitudinal tensile strength of a unidirectional composite. Furthermore, strength algorithms of low braiding angle 3D four-directional composites under different damage modes are built on the basis of the Tsai-Hill criterion. In this paper, the dispersion of single fiber strength is also considered in the model, so the size effect of the composite strength can be reflected effectively. At last, the longitudinal tensile strength of 3D four-directional braided carbon fiber/resin composites is predicted and analyzed, and the result shows that this model has high prediction accuracy.

Wear behavior of microwave-processed Ni-WC8Co-based functionally graded materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072098811
Author(s):  
Sarbjeet Kaushal ◽  
Dheeraj Gupta ◽  
Hiralal Bhowmick
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Inhomogeneous Materials ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Interfacial Cracks

Functionally graded materials are inhomogeneous materials with the gradual change in properties with position. In this research work, functionally graded clad layers of Ni-WC8Co-based materials with varying compositions of WC8Co from 0 to 30 wt% were processed using a cost-effective and energy-efficient microwave hybrid heating technique. Single-layer clads of compositions corresponding to different functionally graded clad layers were also developed through microwave heating for comparing different properties. The processed functionally graded clads were characterized through microstructural analysis (scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and Vicker’s microhardness quantification. Microstructure results showed the functionally graded clad of approximately 2 mm thickness was free from any visible pores and interfacial cracks. Microwave heating resulted in the formation of hard phases in the functionally graded clad layers, and these layers exhibited significantly higher microhardness values. Further, the tribological performance of developed functionally graded clad was examined under dry sliding conditions using pin-on-disk-type tribometer. The influence of varying sliding velocities and sliding distances on the wear characteristics of microwave-processed functionally graded clads were investigated. It was observed that microwave-processed functionally graded clad exhibited approximately 95%, and 29% higher wear resistance than the SS-304 substrate and Ni + 30%WC8Co-based single-layer clad respectively owing to its better mechanical properties.

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