Do Economic Inequalities Generate Political Conflict? An Insight into Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-174
Author(s):  
Sarabjit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Economic Inequalities

The outbreak of political conflicts within countries has been a source of immense human suffering. The serious repercussions and challenges posed by these conflicts direct one to identify the factors that can be political or economic in nature for the outbreak of these domestic conflicts. The present study, without undermining the role of political factors, nevertheless considers economic factors in terms of inequality as significant for the outbreak of conflicts and particularly in understanding the Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in the context of countries like Nigeria.

scholarly journals Understanding the predisposing risk factors of young suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4530
Author(s):  
Rashmi Wardhan ◽  
Padmshree Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Suicide is an unfortunate multifactorial problem impacting families and communities. Many young lives are lost every year due to suicide. There is an urgent need to understand the multifactorial risk factor mechanisms providing vulnerability to suicidal behavior for early detection of impending incidents, monitoring, and prevention. This review aims to give an insight into the various biochemical and genetic markers along with the associated socio-economic factors and mental disorders which contribute to increased suicide risk. The role of different neurotransmitter-associated pathways such as serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine pathway, and pathways involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation in suicide ideation and risk have been explored. Understanding of these predisposing factors and associated pathways could help identify the risk and lead to the development of drugs/ treatment to prevent suicides.

scholarly journals Ethnicity in political conflicts: ethnicization of politics and politicization of ethnicit

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-97
Author(s):  
Viktor Avksentev ◽  
Boris Aksiumov ◽  
Galina Gritsenko
Keyword(s):  
Political Conflict ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Ethnopolitical Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurs ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Main Factor

The article analyzes the definitions and concepts of ethnopolitical conflict and its contradictory nature is shown. Ethnopolitical conflict can function and evolve as an “ethnized” political conflict and as a politically framed ethnic conflict. Being on the thin line between rational-political and irrational-ethnic regimes of existence, ethno-political conflicts, usually arising as conflicts of interests, as a product of ethnic entrepreneurship, most often drift towards a conflict of identities. That is why ethnopolitical conflicts are among the most intractable types of conflicts, some of them turn into protracted conflicts and are destructive in their manifestations and consequences. The article studies risk-related aspects of the interaction of ethnic and political factors of social development, leading to the ethnicization of politics and politicization of ethnicity, and it is shown that the politicization of ethnicity is a prerequisite and one of the most important factors in the genesis of ethnopolitical conflicts. The process of politicization of ethnicity is caused by ethnopolitical tension objectively established in a particular society or region, but often the main factor of this process is the focused activity of ethnic entrepreneurs, who use conditions, favorable for them, or deliberately increase the level of tension. The article discusses the theoretical and methodological aspects of the politicization of ethnicity and ethnicization of politics, analyzes the main scholarly approaches to studying the phenomenon of politicization of ethnicity and its impact on social processes. Most authors mainly accentuate the negative consequences of the politicization of ethnicity, although some researchers point to the functionality of ethnicity in regional political systems where there are long-standing and strong traditions of combining politics and ethnicity

scholarly journals Colonial ties and civil conflict intervention: Clarifying the causal mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mwita Chacha ◽  
Szymon Stojek
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Security ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Conflict Intervention

Civil war intervention literature identifies colonial history as influencing the likelihood of interventions. This literature, however, has yet to clarify the mechanisms through which colonial history influences interventions. We develop and test an argument linking the relations established by colonialism—economic, political, and social—with interventions. We find that colonial history influences interventions, but its effect matters less once we control for these three relations. Importantly, we find that this effect of colonial history is particularly small in dyads with stronger economic relations. Our paper gives further credence to liberal arguments emphasizing the role of economic factors in international security.

scholarly journals Role of leasing for sustainable development of the Russian economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 01051
Author(s):  
Vera Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Proper Order ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Insight Into

This article suggests a deeper insight into the basic trends in Russian economy and national leasing market in view of acute shortage of investment and slumping oil prices. The Russian macroeconomic situation is not favorable for the leasing market development. A key attention is dedicated to leasing market which is a key indicator of the Russian economy. Leasing is looked upon as an effective means of business support and a powerful tool of sustainable development, as well as a way of acquiring credit income and renewing main capital. At this stage of Russian economy development, it is essential to work out the proper order of transactions and the Central Bank suggests that the leasing business should draw amendments to the existing regulations in order to create new control standards for leasing operations. It appears to be critical to enable a lessor to make flexible and effective administrative decisions and enjoy the possibility of managing the risks and profits of leasing transactions. The article also explains the correlations between external and internal economic factors, between financial and operative forms of leasing, between the amount of leasing investments and their contribution to the socio-economic revival of Russia.

Political Conflict and Lesson-Drawing

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brian Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Plant Closing ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
American States ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Maintenance Policies ◽  
Lesson Drawing ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTPolitical adversaries have reason and opportunity to use foreign lessons to gain advantage in political conflicts. Political factors strongly affect the way public policy lessons are drawn and transformed into public policy. Political opponents contest the value, practicality, and transferability of policy initiatives in order to bias the outcome. The paper hypothesizes that (i) the politicization of lesson-drawing induces issue experts to emphasize the descriptive and technical aspects of programs; (2) gives an incentive to advocates of change to use lessons to advance their position during the agenda-setting process; and (3) gives opponents of change an incentive to draw counterbalancing negative lessons from foreign experience when a proposed lesson reaches the point where adoption is entirely possible. The 1988 Congressional debate over mandatory plant closing prenotification provides evidence supporting hypotheses. The paper further hypothesizes: (4) most polities will not adopt both conservative and liberal programs even when theoretically they could do so; and (5) the degree to which a population of polities adopt a particular lesson will be a function of the program's economic and politicial feasibility. The diffusion of labor market and income maintenance policies across the American states supports both of these claims.

scholarly journals Sustaining Dialogue in Polarised Political Contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony English ◽  
Kesi Mahendran
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Binary Group ◽  
Insight Into

The rise of populism is a prevalent issue on the political landscape both in Europe and the wider world. Such ideologies create defamatory political narratives and exacerbate already partisan social media spaces. This trend challenges psychologists interested in politics to consider what factors could influence dialogue sustainment in these polarised contexts. The current focus of social psychology research is towards identity-based theories to mediate such interactions. The purpose of this paper is to challenge the idea that identity-models are the only effective means of depolarising real-world, discursive political conflicts. This article critiques identity on the following: (1) Ontological assumptions of binary group oppositionality are limiting and unrepresentative of real-world interactions, and (2) Current identity-based models for mediating are ineffective in highly polarised, real-world contexts. We consider the issue of polarising political discourse from a dialogical perspective and propose the Dialogue Sustainment Theoretical Model as an alternative. The model considers: (1) Citizens as political actors with worldviews, (2) The role of the dynamic & relational positionality, and (3) The influence of chronotopic boundaries on political debate. Whilst we acknowledge identity can transcend polarisation in certain contexts, it does not possess such a capacity in politically polarised, real-world contexts. Instead, we argue for an alternative model which is dialogically-focused and offers a distinctive insight into sustaining dialogue.

SCRIPTURE AND SLAUGHTER: THE CIVIL WAR AS A THEOLOGICAL AND MORAL CRISIS

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-221
Author(s):  
LEWIS PERRY
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Moral Conflict ◽  
American Religious History ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Moral Conflicts ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Evangelical Protestantism ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Moral Crisis

In a well-known 1964 essay on the “recovery” of American religious history, Henry F. May observed that some scholars had “revived” religious interpretations of the nation's greatest political crises, including the Civil War. But there was more work to be done. “A religious, or partly religious explanation of the Civil War,” May suggested, would “rest on two assertions: that serious and intractable moral conflicts were important in causing the war and that in nineteenth-century America such conflicts were particularly difficult to avoid or compromise because of the dominance of evangelical Protestantism in both sections.” In fact, both the importance of the moral conflict over slavery and the role of evangelicalism in intensifying hostilities were already attracting attention as historians reexamined previous emphases on economic factors and political bungling as explanations of a tragically unnecessary war.

scholarly journals Propaganda, Pacifism and Periodicals: Conflicted Anti-Fascism in Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Spanish Civil War Writing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake O’Leary
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
War Effort

Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Spanish Civil War writing reveals the complexity of her anti-fascism as it related to questions surrounding the role of propaganda and violence in resisting fascism. By analysing contributions Warner made to Left Review , this article argues that she both wrote propaganda in support of the Spanish Republic’s war effort and critiqued the war (and its propaganda) for the human suffering it inflicted. It also suggests that, by critiquing the war in the form of lyric poetry, Warner was able to avoid the risk of rejection by a publication that strongly supported the Republic’s war effort.

scholarly journals The end of hypocrisy: Online activism and ethno-political conflicts

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Terzis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Communication ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Online Activism

In the past twenty years, democratic participation through activism and civil disobedience has been increasingly expanded with the evolution of information and communication technology. It is assumed that the role of traditional media is not as influential as it once was due to the growing presence of self-made war journalists, hacktivists and whistleblowers, facilitated through the potential of the internet. The use of the latter as a tool from which information is disseminated rapidly, is fast influencing societal understanding and exposure to issues as they develop. Social media demonstrates precisely this phenomenon, in which people are able to accrue information and act upon it through mass communication and mobilisation. This article will therefore endeavor to analyse the evolution of media in conjunction with activism, from traditional media ethno-political conflict reporting, to today’s whistleblowers and hacktivists that use the internet as their main platform. By factoring in these different aspects, this article is able to present a detailed account of the advantages and drawbacks of the latest developments in internet and technology, with special emphasis being placed on the role of online activism.

scholarly journals Rickshaw Pullers: Social Criticism of Weber's Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
Leonardo Stevy Pariama ◽  
Jhoni Lagun Siang ◽  
Beatrix J.M. Salenussa
Keyword(s):  
Work Ethic ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Role Of Religion

This study aims to show social criticism that, in fact, working as a pedicab driver for Ambonese Christians is not formed because of the calling or "role of religion", but has a uniqueness that is somewhat different from the Protestant community studied by Weber. This is demonstrated through the work ethic of Christian rickshaw pullers who emerged in the aftermath of social unrest in Maluku, were more motivated to pursue work as rickshaw pullers because of the dominant and significant economic factors, rather than religious, social, cultural and political factors which were strengthened through perceptions or views of pedicab drivers about the interesting work of pedicabs as a business opportunity to support the family economy and a source of fulfillment of life needs.

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