Household Expenditure on Tobacco Consumption in a Poverty-Stricken Rural District in Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Manuja N. Perera ◽  
G. N. Duminda Guruge ◽  
Pushpa L. Jayawardana
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level

Tobacco is a determinant of poverty and a barrier for development. Monaragala, a rural, agricultural district, reports the highest poverty-related indicators in southern Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was used to describe the household expenditure on tobacco and its association with food- and education-related expenditures at household level. This study used a 4-stage cluster sampling method to recruit a representative sample of 1160 households. Response rate was 98.6%. Median monthly household income was LKR 20 000 (interquartile range [IQR] = LKR 12 000-30 000). The median monthly expenditure on tobacco was LKR 1000 (IQR = LKR 400-2000) with the highest spending tertile reporting a median of LKR 2700 (IQR = LKR 2000-3600).The proportionate expenditure from the monthly income ranged from 0.0% to 50% with a median of 5.0% (IQR = 2.0-10.0) and a mean of 7.4% (7.6). The poorest reported the highest mean proportionate expenditure (9.8%, SD = 10) from the household income. Household expenditure on tobacco negatively associated with expenditure on education.

scholarly journals Fauna and frequency of hard ticks of livestock in South Khorasan province in 2018: Short Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-193
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
South Khorasan

Identification of hard tick species and their hosts are essential for the development of control and prevention programs for tick-borne diseases. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, ticks were collected from the sheep, goat, and camel in different regions of South Khorasan province, Iran in 2018 through cluster sampling method. Fauna and frequency of ticks were recorded and analyzed in SPSS software (version?). In total, 977 ticks were collected, such as: Hyalomma spp, including Hy. dromedarii (40.5%), Hy. anatulicum (30.7%), Hy. marginatum (12.5%), Hy. asciaticum (6.8%), Hy. schulzei (4.4%), Hy. detritum (3.2%), and Hy. scupense (1.1%); Rhipicephalus spp, including Rh. bursa (0.3%), Rh. sanguineus (0.2%); and Haemaphysalis spp, including Ha. concina (0.2%), and Ha. punctate (0.1%). The ticks have a high frequency in the region and the identified species in this study were vectors of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). Moreover, the Hyalomma species is dominant and prevalent throughout the studied region in spring and summer. Therefore the health system of the province has to put into consideration the essential care, education and informing about the CCHF disease.

scholarly journals Fear of COVID-19 and Trust in the Healthcare System Mediates the Association between Individual’s Risk Perception and Preventive COVID-19 Behaviours among Iranians

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12146
Author(s):  
Mehran Alijanzadeh ◽  
Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu ◽  
Zainab Alimoradi ◽  
Narges Mahmoudi ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Problems caused by the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and its mutations have brought challenges in pandemic control for all countries worldwide. The present study examines the mediating roles of fear of COVID-19 and trust in the healthcare system in the association between individual’s risk perception and performing preventive COVID-19 behaviours among Iranians. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 3652 residents of Qazvin province in Iran from 3 February to 15 April 2021 using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Participants responded to an online questionnaire concerning their fear of COVID-19, risk perception, trust in the healthcare system, and preventive COVID-19 behaviours. Small to medium positive interrelationships were observed between the variables of the study. Fear of COVID-19, trust in the healthcare system or both (fear of COVID-19 and trust in the healthcare system) mediated the association between an individual’s risk perception and performing preventive COVID-19 behaviours. The study demonstrated there are at least four ways through which an individual’s risk perception can influence preventive COVID-19 behaviours. Therefore, clinicians, health communicators, and researchers may capitalize on these findings to enhance preventive COVID-19 behaviours to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Determinants of Tobacco Use in a Selected Urban Area of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gias Uddin ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Syed Md Akram Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Factors Affecting

Tobacco consumption is harmful to health, and is one of the main causes of death in worldwide. It is evident that the prevalence of tobacco consumption is raising in most of low and middle income countries. Considering this, a cross sectional study was conducted in a selected urban area of southern Bangladesh with a view to assessing the prevalence of tobacco consumption and factors affecting the use of tobacco use. Multistage cluster sampling technique was adopted to select the urban ward and the respondents were selected systematically. A total of 399 respondents were interviewed face to face using a semi-structured interview schedule. Analysis shows that 30% of the population of aged 18 years above were currently using tobacco of any form. The mean age of starting tobacco use was 18.8 years. The most frequent form of tobacco use was smoking cigarette followed by Zarda with betal quid. Multivariate analysis revealed that illiterate respondents were 3.3 times more tobacco users than their educated counterparts. It was also higher among the Muslims (OR=4.979; 95% CI=1.255-19.754). Tobacco use was also high among the labourer (OR=8.541; 95% CI=2.422-30.120) and businessmen (OR=7.727, 95% CI=2.501-23.875). However, no statistically significant association was found between current tobacco use and age, sex, housing condition and knowledge on tobacco use (p>0.05). The finding of this study suggests that as tobacco use is more prevalent among the poor and illiterate segment of the population, strong implementation of anti-tobacco legislation is warranted.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v38i2.3573 Bangladesh Medical Journal 38(2) 2009 48-52

Use Of Tobacco And Related Products In Adolescents Of An English Medium School, Belgaum- A Cross Sectional Questionnaire Based Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
N Navik ◽  
SS Billur ◽  
MA Tejashiwini ◽  
V Sanglikar ◽  
A Dhyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Harmful Effects

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Majority of adults are aware of health hazards of tobacco, children and adolescents continue to get exposed to tobacco and many develop cancer in later years. AIM To document the smoking and tobacco consumption habits in adolescents in an English Medium school of age group between 17-18 years in the city of Belgaum. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey was carried out by self-administered questionnaire to document the smoking and tobacco consumption among representative sample of 40 adolescent students selected by cluster sampling method. RESULTS In the School, 10% of students were using tobacco and cigarettes, 90% of students were not using them, 92.5% of students were aware of harmful effects of tobacco, supari and smoking, 92.5% of students saw other children using tobacco. CONCLUSION Health education should be given at school level to raise awareness about the use of tobacco, its related products and its consequences.

scholarly journals Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among Ngawa Tibetans in China: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e052207
Author(s):  
Tingxin Li ◽  
Ping Shuai ◽  
Jinghong Wang ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Basic Medical

ObjectivesTo explore the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension and analyse the potential social environment factors among Ngawa Tibetans in China.DesignThis was a cross-sectional observational study.SettingThe investigation based on a multistage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in the Ngawa area, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. Tibetan residents were selected by random sampling method from one city and six counties in Ngawa.MethodsBasic demographical information, physical activity and blood pressure were collected. In addition, the participants completed the questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension and the potential risk factors.ParticipantsThe sample comprised 2228 Ngawa Tibetan residents (age 18–80 years) from September 2018 to June 2019.ResultsThe prevalence rate of hypertension was 24.6%. The control rate was 6.2%, while the awareness rate (32.3%) and treatment rate (21.7%) of hypertension had been significantly improved.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension among Ngawa Tibetans was high. The awareness and treatment were improved in recent years. But the control rate was low. The government needs to strengthen the basic medical care and health education for Ngawa Tibetans.

scholarly journals Care willingness and demand of residents under 60 years of age in western China: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e046515
Author(s):  
Li nan Cheng ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Xiao feng Xie ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Xiu ying Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Western China ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Home Based

ObjectivesThe objective was to examine care willingness and demand of residents under 60 years of age after retirement.SettingThe staged cluster sampling method was used between August and October 2018 in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province, China.Participants2282 participants under 60 years of age were surveyed in 2018 by the staged cluster sampling method in China.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe results of care willingness and demand were assessed by multiple comparisons of χ2 test and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsThe respondents who preferred institution-based care, home-based care and community-based care accounted for 39.5%, 38.3% and 20.2% respectively, whereas only 2.1% preferred home-based self-care. The main reasons for the respondents to choose institution-based care included better medical care (31.9%), better daily care (27.0%), burden reduction for children (26.3%), better accommodation (22.8%), satisfied living environment (21.6%) and low consumption (12.3%). The factors that affected care willingness and demand included age, ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, occupation and the current type of residence.ConclusionsThe results revealed the care willingness and demand of residents under 60 years of age after retirement and relevant decision factors. This study provides a certain theoretical and practical significance for the development of the care willingness mode and promotes the cognition of policy-makers and researchers, and also provides the basis for decision-making.

Inculcating the Ergonomic Culture in Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapila Jayaratne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ergonomic Interventions

Objective: The aim of this article is to describe a survey on ergonomic factors of classroom environments of school children, their influence on health, and use of research outcomes to launch a healthy schoolbag initiative. Background: Ergonomics have not yet well penetrated relevant fields in industrially developing countries, such as Sri Lanka. One of the crucial parameters of the school environment is ergonomics. Available evidence suggests ergonomic mismatches in classroom settings. Good practice examples in child ergonomic interventions are few in resource-poor contexts. Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a district in Sri Lanka with a sample of 1,607 children in Grades 6 to 8 with the use of a stratified multistage cluster sampling method. Results: Many children did experience discomfort related to substandard seating arrangements in the classroom. A significant proportion had to turn their necks to see the blackboard. For many children, seating locations were not changed. There were widespread incompatibilities of classroom furniture with anthropometric dimensions of children. A majority of children perceived discomfort contributed by mismatched classroom furniture. Carriage of school materials was not healthy. Deficiencies were noted in weight, model, ergonomic features, and carrying behavior of bags. Children experienced several negative effects, in part attributable to mismatched ergonomic factors. Application: The schoolbag was considered a priority issue. Findings were disseminated to stakeholders and to media. Solutions were contemplated on bag weight reduction, healthy schoolbag introduction, and behavior change in a collaborative initiative with the Education Ministry. Political, administrative, and business stakeholders were successfully engaged to inculcate an ergonomic culture in an industrially developing country.

scholarly journals Toilet training and less fiber consumption as risk factors of constipation in preschool children

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
I Made Suwananta ◽  
Ni Nyoman Metriani Nesa ◽  
I Putu Gede Karyana ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Sanjaya Putra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fiber Consumption ◽  
Rome Iv

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for children with constipation. This research was an analytic cross-sectional study. The sampling method was cluster sampling. The research was conducted at some kindergartens in Denpasar, Bali from October to November 2019. Data were obtained based on questionnaires distributed to parents and anthropometric examinations. Constipation was defined according to The Rome IV criteria. There were 215 children included in the study and 43 (20%) children had constipation. Children who started toilet training before the age of 1.5 years or after 2 years had 2,73 times the risk of developing constipation (p = 0.019; 95% CI 1.18-6.3). Children with less fiber consumption in a day had the risk of experiencing constipation 7.25 times (p = 0.001; 95% CI 3.38-15.5). Other risk factors such as sex, physical activity, screen contact, water consumption, nutritional status, birth weight, and mother education did not statistically relate to constipation. Toilet training before the age of 1.5 years or after 2 years and low fiber consumption are risk factors for constipation in preschool children in Denpasar.

Passive smoking: knowledge, exposure and responses among adolescents in a rural setting in Sri Lanka

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuwelge Madhurangi Perera ◽  
Nalika Sepali Gunawardena
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Exposure Levels

Abstract Background: Passive smoking adversely affects the health of those exposed to it. Exposure to passive smoking among adolescents is also associated with early initiation to smoking. Objective: This study aimed at determining the knowledge, exposure and response to passive smoking among adolescents in a rural setting in Sri Lanka. Subject: Adolescents studying in grade 10 in seven rural schools in Polonnaruwa district. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted among 498 adolescents selected proportionate to the size of the student population using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Results: The response rate was 99.6% (498/500). Only 69.3%, (n=345) had heard of the term passive smoking. Of those who had heard of the term, 83.2%, (n=287) was accurate about what the term meant. Only 2.4% (n=12) of the study population was categorized as having a good level of knowledge on passive smoking. Self reported exposure levels to passive smoking was low among a majority (81%, n=406). On inquiring how they had reacted or will react to a situation of exposure to passive smoking, a majority (92.2%, n=459) indicated that they had/will rescind from the situation. Conclusion: The level of knowledge on passive smoking was poor among the adolescents in the rural setting in Sri Lanka. Despite the low level of exposure, the adolescents indicated that they were/will be assertive when faced with a situation of exposure to passive smoking. The study recommends that knowledge of adolescents on passive smoking be improved.

scholarly journals Bullying in Rural Schools among Early Adolescents in Sri Lanka; Prevalence of Bullying Acts and Common Responses to Bullying

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
V. P. K. K Jayasinghe ◽  
K. M. N Perera ◽  
G. N. D Guruge
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Literature ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Systematic Sampling Method

Prevalence of bullying among school going adolescents was estimated to be high (approximately 37%) in Sri Lanka according to the Global School based student Health Survey. However, limited number of studies were carried out in Sri Lanka on bullying among adolescents, specifically about early adolescents in rural settings. In this study, we aimed to fill the research gap in local literature. The objectives of this study were a) to describe prevalence of bullying acts and different types of bullying in schools, and b) to describe common responses to bullying among early adolescents in Galenbindunuwewa educational zone in Sri Lanka. A cross sectional study was carried out in three schools in Galenbindunuwewa educational zone. A multi-stage sampling method incorporated simple random sampling and a systematic sampling method was used. Three hundred seventy-two students in grade 7, 8, 9 (12-15 years of age) participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed. Bullying acts were reported as prevalent among early adolescents in schools in Galenbindunuwewa educational zone. Calling mean names, pushing, and hitting, disturbing learning processes were the most prevent bullying acts. The most common response of the victims for bullying were tolerating it and walking away.

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