The Mechanical Characteristics of the Collateral Ligaments of the Human Ankle Joint

Foot & Ankle ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Siegler ◽  
John Block ◽  
Carson D. Schneck
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Ultimate Load ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Ankle Ligaments ◽  
Orthopaedic Literature ◽  
Human Ankle

In the present study, the tensile mechanical properties of all of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint were determined, in vitro, from tensile tests conducted on 120 ligaments obtained from 20 fresh lower limbs. The ultimate load of the lateral collateral ligaments increased in an anteroposterior sequence, with the anterior fibulotalar ligament less than the fibulocalcaneal ligament and less than the posterior fibulotalar ligament. For the medial collateral ligaments, the increasing order of ultimate load was found to be tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibionavicular ligament, tibiospring ligament, posterior tibiotalar ligament. The posterior tibiotalar ligament and tibiospring ligament, so frequently neglected in the anatomical and orthopaedic literature, demonstrated the highest yield force and ultimate load of all of the collateral ligaments of the ankle. Additionally, the tibiospring ligament showed high yield and ultimate elongation properties probably related to its distal attachment to the spring ligament. The fibulocalcaneal ligament was found to have high linear elastic modulus suggesting some type of unique material properties or internal fiber organization. Knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of the ligaments of the ankle joint contributes to an understanding of their normal function, pathomechanics of injury, and their optimal surgical reparative procedure and reconstructive material. A knowledge of the normal mechanical properties of the ankle ligaments provides a data base to evaluate which of the multiplicity of present tendon graft materials has mechanical properties similar to those of the ligaments to be replaced. Those tendon grafts will be the most suitable for replacement of specific ligaments. Finally, data on the mechanical properties of these ligaments offer the possibility for evaluating any future biological or prosthetic grafts.

The Effect of Damage to the Lateral Collateral Ligaments on the Mechanical Characteristics of the Ankle Joint—An In-Vitro Study

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Siegler ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
C. D. Schneck
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Diagnostic Procedure ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Ligament Injuries ◽  
Calcaneofibular Ligament ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligaments

Injuries to the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle joint are among the most frequently occurring injuries at the lower limb. The present study was conducted for the purpose of establishing the basis for the development of a quantitative diagnostic procedure for such injuries. To achieve this goal, the effect of four types of ligament injuries on the three-dimensional mechanical characteristics of the ankle were investigated. These types of injuries consisted of: 1) isolated tear of the anterior talofibular ligament; 2) isolated tear of the calcaneofibular ligament; 3) isolated tear of the posterior talofibular ligament; and 4) combined tear of both the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament. The experiments were conducted on 31 amputated lower limbs and consisted of comparing the three-dimensional load-displacement and flexibility characteristics of the ankle joint prior to and following sectioning of selected ligaments. The experimental and analytical procedures used to derive these characteristics was developed previously by the authors [3, 24]. From the results of this study it was concluded that the three-dimensional flexibility characteristics of the ankle joint are strongly influenced by damage to the lateral collateral ligaments. Furthermore, it was found that each type of ligament injury produced unique and identifiably changes in the flexibility characteristics of the ankle. These unique changes, which are described in detail in this paper, can be used to discriminate between the different types of ligament injuries. Consequently, it was concluded that it is feasible to develop a quantitative diagnostic procedure for ankle ligament injuries based on the effect of the injury on the flexibility characteristics of the ankle.

Anatomy of the Collateral Ligaments of the Human Ankle Joint

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 757-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Elizabeth Milner ◽  
Roger William Soames
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Human Ankle

The Medial Collateral Ligaments of the Human Ankle Joint: Anatomical Variations

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Elizabeth Milner ◽  
Roger William Soames
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Collateral Ligaments ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Human Ankle

This study aimed to investigate anatomical variations within the medial collateral ligament complex of the human ankle joint. Osteoligamentous preparations of 40 ankles from 20 cadavers were studied. Six different component bands of the medial collateral ligament complex were observed: four superficial bands (tibiospring, tibionavicular, superficial posterior tibiotalar, and tibiocalcaneal ligaments), of which only the tibiospring and tibionavicular ligaments were constant, and two deep bands (deep posterior tibiotalar and deep anterior tibiotalar ligaments), of which only the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament was constant. No pattern was observed in the distribution of additional bands. A consistent and universally accepted system for naming the various bands of the medial collateral ligament is necessary to enable easy and accurate comparisons between studies. We suggest that this system should be based on the attachments of the ligaments.

The Three-Dimensional Kinematics and Flexibility Characteristics of the Human Ankle and Subtalar Joints—Part I: Kinematics

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Siegler ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
C. D. Schneck
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Kinematic Coupling ◽  
Human Ankle

The in-vitro, three dimensional kinematic characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joint were investigated in this study. The main goals of this investigation were: 1) To determine the range of motion of the foot-shank complex and the associated range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints; 2) To determine the kinematic coupling characteristics of the foot-shank complex, and 3) To identify the relationship between movements at the ankle and subtalar joints and the resulting motion produced between the foot and the shank. The tests were conducted on fifteen fresh amputated lower limbs and consisted of incrementally displacing the foot with respect to the shank while the motion of the articulating bones was measured through a three dimensional position data acquisition system. The kinematic analysis was based on the helical axis parameters describing the incremental displacements between any two of the three articulating bones and on a joint coordinate system used to describe the relative position between the bones. From the results of this investigation it was concluded that: 1) The range of motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion and internal rotation/external rotation) is larger than that of either the ankle joint or the subtalar joint.; 2) Large kinematic coupling values are present at the foot-shank complex in inversion/eversion and in internal rotation/external rotation. However, only a slight amount of coupling was observed to occur in dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.; 3) Neither the ankle joint nor the subtalar joint are acting as ideal hinge joints with a fixed axis of rotation.; 4) Motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction is the result of rotations at both the ankle and the subtalar joints. However, the contribution of the ankle joint to dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot-shank complex is larger than that of the subtalar joint and the contribution of the subtalar joint to inversion/eversion is larger than that of the ankle joint.; 5) The ankle and the subtalar joints have an approximately equal contribution to internal rotation/external rotation movements of the foot-shank complex.

Weldability - Behavior of Welded Reinforcement

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 3469-3472
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Carbon Equivalent ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Ultimate Limit

Weldability involves two aspects: welding behavior of components and safety in operation. The two aspects will be reduced to the mechanical characteristics of the elements and to the chemical composition. In the case of steel reinforcing rebar’s, it is reduces to the percentage of Cech(carbon equivalent) and to the mechanical characteristics: the yielding limit, the ultimate limit, and the elongations which after that represent the ductility class in which the re-bars is framed. The paper will present some types of steel reinforcing rebar’s with its mechanical characteristics and the welding behavior of those elements. In the current work, process-related behavior of welded reinforcement, joint local and global mechanical properties, and their correlation with behavior of normal reinforcement and also the mechanical performance resulted in this type of joints. Keywords: welding behavior, ultimate limit, reinforcing rebar’s

scholarly journals Mimicking the Mechanical Properties of Aortic Tissue with Pattern-Embedded 3D Printing for a Realistic Phantom

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5042
Author(s):  
Jaeyoung Kwon ◽  
Junhyeok Ock ◽  
Namkug Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Human Aorta ◽  
Aortic Tissue ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Base Materials

3D printing technology has been extensively applied in the medical field, but the ability to replicate tissues that experience significant loads and undergo substantial deformation, such as the aorta, remains elusive. Therefore, this study proposed a method to imitate the mechanical characteristics of the aortic wall by 3D printing embedded patterns and combining two materials with different physical properties. First, we determined the mechanical properties of the selected base materials (Agilus and Dragonskin 30) and pattern materials (VeroCyan and TPU 95A) and performed tensile testing. Three patterns were designed and embedded in printed Agilus–VeroCyan and Dragonskin 30–TPU 95A specimens. Tensile tests were then performed on the printed specimens, and the stress-strain curves were evaluated. The samples with one of the two tested orthotropic patterns exceeded the tensile strength and strain properties of a human aorta. Specifically, a tensile strength of 2.15 ± 0.15 MPa and strain at breaking of 3.18 ± 0.05 mm/mm were measured in the study; the human aorta is considered to have tensile strength and strain at breaking of 2.0–3.0 MPa and 2.0–2.3 mm/mm, respectively. These findings indicate the potential for developing more representative aortic phantoms based on the approach in this study.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Physical-Mechanical Characteristics of Rubber Composites Filled with Manganese-Zinc Ferrite and Carbon Black

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Andrea Kvasničáková ◽  
Klaudia Hložeková ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil ◽  
Marek Gořalík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Manganese Zinc Ferrite

In the present work, composite materials were prepared by incorporation of manganese-zinc ferrite, carbon black and combination of ferrite and carbon black into acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). For cross-linking of composites, standard sulfur-based curing system was applied. The main goal was to investigate the influence of the fillers on the physical-mechanical properties of composites. Then, the electromagnetic absorption shielding ability was investigated in the frequency range 1 MHz–3 GHz. The results revealed that composites filled with ferrite provide sufficient absorption shielding performance in the tested frequency range. On the other hand, ferrite behaves as an inactive filler and deteriorates the physical-mechanical characteristics of composites. Carbon black reinforces the rubber matrix and contributes to the improvement of physical-mechanical properties. However, composites filled with carbon black are not able to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the given frequency range. Finally, the combination of carbon black and ferrite resulted in the modification of both physical-mechanical characteristics and absorption shielding ability of hybrid composites.

Development of Heat Treatment Mode with Quenching in Different Quenching Environments for the Casing Pipe in Order to Obtain the Required Mechanical Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
S.N. Dzhabbarov ◽  
E.I. Pryakhin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Treatment Mode ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Heat Treatment Mode ◽  
Optimal Technology ◽  
Casing Pipe

Development of an optimal technology of heat treatment for blanks of the casing pipe made of steel 40H (GOST 4543) is used in the oil and gas industry for casing. It is accompanied by quenching in various environments to ensure guaranteed obtainment of the required mechanical characteristics. These characteristics are specified in GOST 632-80 and met in order to improve the properties of the 40H steel.

Effect of wood particulate size on the mechanical properties of PLA biocomposite

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-472
Author(s):  
S. Raj Sachin ◽  
T. Kandasamy Kannan ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Particulate Size ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to carry out an investigation of the role of the wood particle size on the mechanical properties of poly lactic acid (PLA)-reinforced neem fiber biocomposite. Design/methodology/approach Composite test specimens were processed by reinforcing neem wood flour (NWF) in two different particle sizes, micro-sized NWF (MNWF) and nano-sized NWF (NNWF) separately into PLA. Composites were extruded at four different fiber loadings (10, 15, 20 and 25 Wt.%) into PLA matrix. The MNWF and NNWF had particle sizes varying from 5 to 15 µm and 10 to 15 nm, respectively. Findings Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of PLA increased with fiber reinforcement for both the MNWF and NNWF cases. The NNWF-reinforced PLA composite at 20 Wt.% fiber loading proved to be the best composite that had outstanding mechanical properties in this research. Practical implications The developed composite can be used as a substitute for conventional plywood for furniture, building infrastructure and interior components for the automobile, aircraft and railway sectors. Originality/value A new biocomposite had been fabricated by using PLA and NWF and had been tested for its mechanical characteristics.

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