A Review of Literature Relating to Visual Fatigue

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Visual System ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Area Of Concern

The design of workstations with visual displays has become the subject of considerable interest and concern during the past few years. One area of concern relates to the assumption that long term viewing of such displays at close focal distances may contribute to visual fatigue. A second is the effect on the human visual system of the frequent changes in surface illumination associated with display units used in combination with hard copy documents. As a consequence of these and other concerns, the popular press has published articles that have aroused the interest of various scientific organizations regarding the subject of these effects. This paper discusses a review of some of the literature regarding a limited aspect of this issue, namely the accommodation and pupillary systems as they relate to long term viewing of visual display units.

Spontaneous Blinks as a Criterion of Visual Fatigue during Prolonged Work on Visual Display Terminals

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Kaneko ◽  
Kazuyoshi Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Visual fatigue caused by prolonged work viewing a Visual Display Terminals (VDT) and of work reading a hard-copy were assessed by electromyogram (EMG) waveform and electrooculogram (EOG) waveform in spontaneous blinks as objective criteria, and by questionnaire of subjective feeling, and by task performance. The duration and the amplitude of the EMG of the orbicularis ocular muscle on the right side and the EOG of the vertical direction to the eyelid were measured for 10 subjects who participated in a figure task consisting of the addition of single-digit numbers on a VDT work or a work with a hard-copy. The mean values of the duration and the amplitude of the EMG and the EOG were evaluated by the averaging of 10 waveforms of the spontaneous blinks for all subjects. The time lag from the EMG to the EOG in the process of the generation of spontaneous blinks was also analyzed. These five parameters were evaluated during the work time. The mean values for the duration of the EMG increased gradually during the work time, but the amplitude did not show significant difference between the prework and a work time. There was no significant change of the duration of the EOG, but the mean amplitude of the EOG decreased as the work time progressed, and the time lag significantly extended. The blinks frequency increased relatively when using a VDT. The rate of fluctuation for these parameters was higher during use of a VDT than use of a hard-copy. The time lag at five hours of VDT work was extended by 90% based on the value at the prework. The symptoms of general fatigue and fatigue of the eyes increased linearly during the VDT work for six hours. The results indicated a significant correlation between the objective parameters for the activity of the spontaneous blinks, i.e., duration and amplitude of EMG and EOG, and the time lag between EMG and EOG, and the subjective feeling was recognized in the time course of the task. These experimental results suggested that the parameters regarding the EMG and the EOG for the spontaneous blinks were effective indices for assessing visual fatigue during prolonged VDT work.

A model for evaluating visual fatigue under LED light sources based on long-term visual display terminal work

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
X Zhong ◽  
Y Tu ◽  
L Wang ◽  
Y Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Display ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Visual Display Terminal ◽  
Physiological Signal ◽  
Validation Experiment ◽  
Using Data

Using data derived from eight hours work at a visual display terminal, a model for evaluating visual fatigue under LED light sources has been developed based on five ophthalmological parameters and three physiological signals. A simplified model based on one ophthalmological parameter and one physiological signal is also proposed. Both models show a high correlation with subjective data and are confirmed by a validation experiment. The results also show that the visual fatigue occurring after eight hours of visual display terminal work under LED lighting is rather small.

scholarly journals Addressing inequality in Malaysia through corporate social intrapreneurship

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Asrif Omar Che Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Coordination And Collaboration ◽  
Social Sectors

Inequality has been a long standing issue in Malaysia, although the situation has been statistically improving over the past 40 years. From a Gini coefficient of 0.51 in 1970, the government has done considerably well to bring the figure down to 0.39 in 2016. Efforts toward improving the situation are aplenty, but there is room for improvement in terms of the coordination and collaboration of initiatives that are carried out within the public, private, and social sectors. This paper explores the idea of corporate social intrapreneurship as a potential vehicle to mitigate inequality in the country for the long term. Through the analysis of existing literatures and data on the subject, the aim is to first of all, provide a historical and global context on how the roles of corporation have evolved over the years, discuss the transformative views on social intrapreneurship against traditional corporate social responsibility, and offer considerations to further corporate social intrapreneurship initiatives through public-private partnerships in Malaysia.

Genetics of Pancreatitis

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Pancreas Cancer ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cationic Trypsinogen ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genetically Determined

There was some recent progress in the understanding of genetic risk factors in chronic pancreatitis. Due to this progress some of the traditional views of the subject will change. Today, genetic risk factors are attributed a much more important role that in the past. The frequency and strength of mutations were higher than expected. Strong variants were the rare autosomal-dominant mutations N29I and R122H of PRSS1 (cationic trypsinogen) and homozygous N34S of SPINK1 (pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor). Other mutations (heterozygous N34S, CFTR) were of lower relevance but still mediate a higher risk than alcohol consumption. The course of genetically determined pancreatitis is rather mild. In the long term pancreas cancer was found in some patients but apart from non-smoking no adequate prophylactic strategy is available up to now.

Phycological studies in lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1837-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Munawar ◽  
I. F. Munawar
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Canadian Research

An indepth phycological comparison is presented for lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, based on extensive lake-wide surveys carried out during the past 12 years. This comparison was achieved by the application of standard and consistent identification, enumeration, and data-processing techniques. The resulting species composition data are voluminous and present a broad picture of the phytoplankton assemblage. Our data base has enabled us to assess the long-term floristic changes, knowledge of which is lacking in the Great Lakes. The species composition reflects more or less the current trophic status of these lakes. The preponderance of nannoplankton and phytoflagellates is the subject of our current experimental research, which includes the fractionation of chlorophyll a and carbon-14 uptake, toxicity studies of heavy metals upon various size fractions of algae, and the role of microalgae and ultraplankton in the transfer of contaminants via zooplankton grazing. The need for phycological research in the Great Lakes is expanding with decreasing eutrophication and the increasing problems of contaminants. The recovery, rehabilitation, and preservation of these vital freshwaters are the primary concern of the continuing Canadian research program in the Great Lakes.

scholarly journals From Information to Message: Archaeology and Media in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Jasna Vuković ◽  
Miroslav Vujović
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Real Truth ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

The paper discusses the image of archaeology and archaeologists created in the public by various media. On the grounds of analysis of the texts in which the subject of archaeology figures in newspapers and on social networks, it is demonstrated that archaeologists are mainly perceived in the public as inert “concealers” of the real truth of the past. The reason behind this is equally in the insufficient knowledge of the media, but as well in the reluctance of professional archaeologists to communicate. The paper offers an outline of long-term strategy to bridge the existing gap and inform the public about the mission and social relevance of the discipline.

Reconceiving the grain heap

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekhala Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Agricultural Market ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Past ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Composition Measurement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Critical Aspects

This article returns to what was once an ethnographic staple in the sociology of India: the post-harvest grain heap. Having long occupied centre stage in analyses of a moneyless, redistributive transactional order widely known as the jajmani system, it has also been the subject of influential critique, where it has been argued that the misconceived heap sustained a powerful anthropological fiction. Moving beyond these positions, which seem to have left the heap grounded in the past, the grain heap in this work is reconceptualised as a critical entry point and analytic for the study of contemporary commodity markets. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork in an agricultural market (mandi) in Madhya Pradesh, it finds that it is along the seams or internal margins of the market, at routine sites of physical transfer and exchange, assembly and dispersal, integration and disruption, that heaps of agricultural produce materialise. An analysis of critical aspects of the heap—its position, composition, measurement and distribution—provides sharp insights into the changing dynamics of the market and its complex relationships. In the process, it also reveals important yet often unnoticed shifts in the sources and distribution of economic and social margins, and their diverse and differentiated effects on market life and livelihoods.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Matematika SMP Berbasis Budaya Jambi Untuk Siswa Autis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Kamid Kamid ◽  
Yelli Ramalisa
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Expert Validation

Abstrak Matematika memiliki banyak nilai di dalamnya, namun dalam pembelajaran capaian yang diinginkan adalah penguasaan konsep materi bersifat teoritis yang belum menyentuh sisi kehidupan peserta didik. Media dan sarana belajar perlu mempertimbangkan lingkungan peserta didik serta kearifan lokal yang dapat mewarnai pembelajarannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan modul matematika dalam kerangka kajian budaya Jambi yang bermuatan budaya Jambi dan  nilai karakter dalam Matematika atau sebaliknya. Untuk jangka panjang, budaya jambi dapat dilestarikan dan dikembangkan melalui dunia pendidikan. Pengambilan data pada penelitian di bidang pendidikan matematika ini menggunakan  teknik data validasi ahli, observasi dan wawancara. Masing-masing teknik digunakan  sebagai triangulasi data yang dihasilkan dari subjek budayawan dan guru matematika serta pembelajaran di sekolah. Studi referensi digunakan menentukan data tentang nilai-nilai yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau hingga kini. Observasi digunakan untuk menentukan data dari produk budaya di Jambi. Wawancara digunakan untuk memastikan data yang telah diperoleh dari dua teknik sebelumnya. Analisis data dilakukan untuk menentukan keterkaitan antara nilai-nilai dalam matematika dan nilai-nilai karakter dalam budaya Jambi atau sebaliknya. Hasil pengembangan berupa modul yang praktis dan dapat digunakan pada subjek autis. Disamping itu, modul juga memberikan efek yang positif pada motivasi belajar peserta didik karena muatan budaya yang digunakan konten yang menarik untuk dipelajari. Kata kunci: modul, siswa autis, budaya Jambi   Abstract Mathematics has many value ​​contained in it, however in the desired learning outcomes the mastery of the material concepts is still theoretical which has not touched the lives of students. Media and learning facilities need to consider the environment of students and local wisdom that can color part of their learning. This development research aims to develop modules for mathematical material within the framework of Jambi cultural studies. The desired achievement is the availability of modules that contain Jambi culture and character values ​​in Mathematics or vice versa. Furthermore, for the long term, Jambi culture can be preserved and developed through the world of education. Retrieval of data in research in the field of mathematics education uses data techniques expert validation, observation and interviews. Each technique is used as a triangulation of data generated from the subject of culture and the teacher of mathematics and learning in school. Reference studies are used to determine data about values ​​that have occurred in the past until now. Observation was used to determine data from cultural products in Jambi. Whereas interviews are used to ascertain data that has been obtained from the two previous techniques. Data analysis was performed to determine the relationship between values ​​in mathematics and character values ​​in Jambi culture or vice versa. The results of the development are practical modules and can be used on autistic subjects. Besides that, the module also has a positive effect on students' learning motivation because of the cultural content used by interesting content to learn. Keywords: module, autistic students, Jambi culture

Textile Concrete in Adverse Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bittner ◽  
Michaela Kostelecká ◽  
Petr Pokorný ◽  
Miroslav Vokáč ◽  
Petr Bouška
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pore Solution ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject

Textile concrete (TRC) is a modern material that has been the subject of many scientific studies over the past two decades. It is a material based on a fine-grained cement-based matrix, fiber reinforced, fabric of acrylic-resistant glass, basalt or carbon reinforcement. The products from this material are thin-walled elements, which can be used, for example, for facade claddings elements, lost formwork, shell structures, garden architecture or for strengthening or repair of existing structural elements. This paper presents some examples of the behavior of glass reinforced textile concrete during exposure to road salts, under load of bending moment, at long-term loading at elevated temperatures, and assessment of glass fiber resistance during exposure simulating concrete pore solution.

Lateral ventricular stenting as a method of preventing trapped temporal horn following resection of lateral ventricular trigone tumor. Case report and review of literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 683-692
Author(s):  
S. A. Maryashev ◽  
R. E. Ishkinin ◽  
D. I. Pitskhelauri ◽  
CE. G. Chmutin
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Complication ◽  
Temporal Horn ◽  
Progressive Enlargement

Resection of lateral ventricular trigone tumor can lead the development of specific complication like a trapped temporal horn. Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid from the choroid plexus in closed space leads to progressive enlargement of the temporal horn. The enlargement of the temporal horn leads to lateral transtentorial herniation with brain steam compression, which manifested by disorders of consciousness, hemiparesis, memory impairment and loss of visual fields. The proposed stenting technique allows to prevent the development of extended temporal horn and excludes the requirement its treatment in the long-term period. Over the past year, intraoperative stenting have been performed in five cases. In the long-term period none of the patients have had trapped temporal horn. There was no case of stent dysfunction.The article presents a clinical case of ventricular stenting following resection of lateral ventricular trigone tumor.

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