Micro- and nano-capsulated fungal pectinase with outstanding capabilities of eliminating turbidity in freshly produced juice

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled F Mahmoud ◽  
Heba I Abo-Elmagd ◽  
Manal M Housseiny
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Alginate Matrix

The present study aimed to compare the pectinase forms produced from Trichoderma viride—free, micro-capsule, and nano-capsule—in sodium alginate to analyze the pectin that causes the turbidity of orange juice. This was performed along with an estimation of viscosity, residual of pectin, and turbidity. The extracted and purified enzyme was 24.35-fold better than that of the crude enzyme. After application of free one, it loses most of the activity on low degrees of acidity and remains constant on the temperatures of pasteurization. Therefore, the tested enzyme was encapsulated by two different ways using the same polymer. The morphology of the three pectinase forms was obtained by transmission electron microscopy, and the micrographs clearly showed the pores on the surface of sodium alginate matrix after encapsulation. The size of the wall (sodium alginate) ranged from 3.24 to 3.76 µm diameter but was 3.15 µm for core of enzyme. Micro-capsuled and nano-capsuled pectinase can be used in the hydrolysis of pectic substances in orange juice with natural ways and maintaining the quality of final product. Consequently, the cost of juice clarifying can be reduced due to reusing the enzyme several times.

A method of precise misorientation determination

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morawiec
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Good Spatial Resolution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Achievable Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

A method that improves the accuracy of misorientations determined from Kikuchi patterns is described. It is based on the fact that some parameters of a misorientation calculated from two orientations are more accurate than other parameters. A procedure which eliminates inaccurate elements is devised. It requires at least two foil inclinations. The quality of the approach relies on the possibility to set large sample-to-detector distances and the availability of good spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopy. Achievable accuracy is one order of magnitude better than the accuracy of the standard procedure.

scholarly journals Impact of the Incorporation of Nano-Sized Cellulose Formate on the End Quality of Polylactic Acid Composite Film

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yidong Zhang ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Meiyan Wu ◽  
Zhenqiu Li ◽  
Bin Li
Keyword(s):  
Composite Film ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
One Step ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Better Than

Polylactic acid (PLA) films with good sustainable and biodegradable properties have been increasingly explored recently, while the poor mechanical property of PLA limits its further application. Herein, three kinds of nano-sized cellulose formate (NCF: cellulose nanofibril (CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and regenerated cellulose formate (CF)) with different properties were fabricated via a one-step formic acid (FA) hydrolysis of tobacco stalk, and the influence of the properties of NCF with different morphologies, crystallinity index (CrI), and degree of substitution (DS) on the end quality of PLA composite film was systematically compared. Results showed that the PLA/CNC film showed the highest increase (106%) of tensile strength compared to the CNF- and CF-based films, which was induced by the rod-like CNC with higher CrI. PLA/CF film showed the largest increase (50%) of elongation at the break and more even surface, which was due to the stronger interfacial interaction between PLA and the CF with higher DS. Moreover, the degradation property of PLA/CNF film was better than that of other composite films. This fundamental study was very beneficial for the development of high-quality, sustainable packaging as an alternative to petroleum-based products.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Synthesis of WO3·0.33H2O Nanorod Bundles as a Highly Sensitive Cyclohexene Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Liu ◽  
Xintai Su ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Kongjun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sensing Characteristics ◽  
Better Than

In this paper, WO3·0.33H2O nanorods were prepared through a simple hydrothermal method using p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as an auxiliary reagent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the products with PABA addition were orthorhombic WO3·0.33H2O, which were mainly composed of nanorods with different crystal planes. The sensing performance of WO3·0.33H2O nanorod bundles prepared by the addition of PABA (100 ppm cyclohexene, Ra/Rg = 50.6) was found to be better than the WO3 synthesized without PABA (100 ppm cyclohexene, Ra/Rg = 1.3) for the detection of cyclohexene. The new synthesis route and sensing characteristics of as-synthesized WO3·0.33H2O nanorods revealed a promising candidate for the preparation of the cost-effective gas sensors.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF 2D LATTICE CELLULAR AUTOMATA FOR PSEUDORANDOM NUMBER GENERATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 479-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIE THERESE ROBLES QUIETA ◽  
SHENG-UEI GUAN
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Pseudorandom Number Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Better Than ◽  
2D Array

This paper proposes a generalized approach to 2D CA PRNGs — the 2D lattice CA PRNG — by introducing vertical connections to arrays of 1D CA. The structure of a 2D lattice CA PRNG lies in between that of 1D CA and 2D CA grid PRNGs. With the generalized approach, 2D lattice CA PRNG offers more 2D CA PRNG variations. It is found that they can do better than the conventional 2D CA grid PRNGs. In this paper, the structure and properties of 2D lattice CA are explored by varying the number and location of vertical connections, and by searching for different 2D array settings that can give good randomness based on Diehard test. To get the most out of 2D lattice CA PRNGs, genetic algorithm is employed in searching for good neighborhood characteristics. By adopting an evolutionary approach, the randomness quality of 2D lattice CA PRNGs is optimized. In this paper, a new metric, #rn is introduced as a way of finding a 2D lattice CA PRNG with the least number of cells required to pass Diehard test. Following the introduction of the new metric #rn, a cropping technique is presented to further boost the CA PRNG performance. The cost and efficiency of 2D lattice CA PRNG is compared with past works on CA PRNGs.

scholarly journals Biotechnology of families’ strength influence on the processes of sucrose inversion, dehydration and accumulation of monosaccharides

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
I. F. Bezpalyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Biotechnological Processes ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Experimental Substantiation

The purpose of the work is an experimental substantiation of biotechnological processes that ensure the maturation of honey during the processing of nectar by bees. During the whole period (7–9 days) of nectar treatment by bees there is a simultaneous partial dehydration of the liquid and biochemical transformations, among which the hydrolysis of sucrose and the accumulation of monosaccharides have the most significant effect on the quality of the mature product. In all series of experiments, the maturity of processed honey in the beehive at the water limit of less than 20 % occurs after 5–6 days of treatment by bees. The mature product in terms of water content remains open in almost completely filled cells for another 3–5 days, slightly reducing the water content from 19.78–20.07 % up to 16.40–18.38 %. Dynamic changes in the ratio of monosaccharides and sucrose in the process of nectar processing by bees, starting from the honey stomach during gathering from flowers to sealing in honeycomb cells have been detected. At the honey stomach-cell stage, a small amount of sucrose is hydrolyzed during the incomplete first day of processing and, as a rule, 0.48–4.11 % of monosaccharides calculated relative to the dry weight of the product are added. Sucrose inversion is more intense during the next 5–6 days, when a total of 12.94–31.42 % of splitted sugars are added, depending on their initial number and strength of families. The main processes of conversion of nectar into honey by bees are characterized by the advance of the reduction of water content in comparison with the splitting of sucrose and the accumulation of monosaccharides. According to the water content (less than 20 %), honey becomes suitable for pumping 3–5 days before it is sealed in the cells. The influence of the mass of bees of different families on the intensity of sucrose inversion in the cells and the accumulation of monosaccharides in the product has been experimentally proved. The maturity of honey in the ratio of sugars in the beehives of strong families is better than in weak ones.

Advertising and the Price and Quality of Legal Services: The Case for Legal Clinics

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Muris ◽  
Fred S. McChesney
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Systems Management ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Better Than

Because the holding in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona is narrow and because some lawyers remain opposed to advertising, the dispute over lawyer advertising continues. Many who favor restricting advertising contend that it will not benefit consumers. They argue that prices must either rise to cover the cost of advertising or, if prices do fall, that quality must also drop.This article addresses itself to both charges. The first section is theoretical, demonstrating how advertising could lower the costs of producing legal services. Advertising increases the volume of services a lawyer can expect to sell. Greater volume, in turn, allows greater specialization in production, more effective use of systems management, and the substitution of paralegals and capital for lawyer inputs. The authors argue that each of these changes will lower costs, thereby lowering prices without necessarily reducing quality. The second section is empirical, comparing the prices and particularly the quality of services produced by a heavy advertiser, the Legal Clinic of Jacoby & Meyers, and the traditional firms in the Los Angeles market with which the clinic competes. Quality is defined both subjectively and objectively, and original data are presented indicating that the quality of service that the clinic supplies is at least equivalent, and on some measures better, than the quality of service that traditional firms provide.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

The annealed (0001) α-alumina surface and its influence on thin-film growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 336-337
Author(s):  
Michael W. Bench ◽  
Paul G. Kotula ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Thin Film Growth ◽  
Energy Calculations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflection Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Energy Electron ◽  
Surface Nature

The growth of semiconductors, superconductors, metals, and other insulators has been investigated using alumina substrates in a variety of orientations. The surface state of the alumina (for example surface reconstruction and step nature) can be expected to affect the growth nature and quality of the epilayers. As such, the surface nature has been studied using a number of techniques including low energy electron diffraction (LEED), reflection electron microscopy (REM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), molecular dynamics computer simulations, and also by theoretical surface energy calculations. In the (0001) orientation, the bulk alumina lattice can be thought of as a layered structure with A1-A1-O stacking. This gives three possible terminations of the bulk alumina lattice, with theoretical surface energy calculations suggesting that termination should occur between the Al layers. Thus, the lattice often has been described as being made up of layers of (Al-O-Al) unit stacking sequences. There is a 180° rotation in the surface symmetry of successive layers and a total of six layers are required to form the alumina unit cell.

Scanning Secondary Electron Microscopy of Myofibrils Using Transmission Techniques

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
M. K. Lamvik
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Photographic Recording ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thin Carbon ◽  
The Common ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Cellular Organelles

When observing small objects such as cellular organelles by scanning electron microscopy, it is often valuable to use the techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The common practice of mounting and coating for SEM may not always be necessary. These possibilities are illustrated using vertebrate skeletal muscle myofibrils.Micrographs for this study were made using a Hitachi HFS-2 scanning electron microscope, with photographic recording usually done at 60 seconds per frame. The instrument was operated at 25 kV, with a specimen chamber vacuum usually better than 10-7 torr. Myofibrils were obtained from rabbit back muscle using the method of Zak et al. To show the component filaments of this contractile organelle, the myofibrils were partially disrupted by agitation in a relaxing medium. A brief centrifugation was done to clear the solution of most of the undisrupted myofibrils before a drop was placed on the grid. Standard 3 mm transmission electron microscope grids covered with thin carbon films were used in this study.

Methods to Monitor and Improve the Performance of Specimen Holders for Transmission Electron Cryomicroscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
B. L. Armbruster ◽  
B. Kraus ◽  
M. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Electron Cryomicroscopy ◽  
Thermal Equilibration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One goal in electron microscopy of biological specimens is to improve the quality of data to equal the resolution capabilities of modem transmission electron microscopes. Radiation damage and beam- induced movement caused by charging of the sample, low image contrast at high resolution, and sensitivity to external vibration and drift in side entry specimen holders limit the effective resolution one can achieve. Several methods have been developed to address these limitations: cryomethods are widely employed to preserve and stabilize specimens against some of the adverse effects of the vacuum and electron beam irradiation, spot-scan imaging reduces charging and associated beam-induced movement, and energy-filtered imaging removes the “fog” caused by inelastic scattering of electrons which is particularly pronounced in thick specimens.Although most cryoholders can easily achieve a 3.4Å resolution specification, information perpendicular to the goniometer axis may be degraded due to vibration. Absolute drift after mechanical and thermal equilibration as well as drift after movement of a holder may cause loss of resolution in any direction.

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