Getting Away With Murder: Homicide Clearance by Arrest in Chicago and Its Community Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 108876792094156
Author(s):  
Joseph Ferrandino
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Homicide Clearance ◽  
Over Time

This work explores the decline in murder clearances through arrest in Chicago from 1965 through 2015, specifically focusing on the most recent time period since 2001. The findings suggest that clearance by arrest has decreased significantly, that elapsed time is a limited factor in clearing more murders through arrest and that factors associated with clearance by arrest in Chicago have changed over time. These results lead to a discussion on the missing variance that cannot explain murder clearance by arrest as well as future research areas that can explore why many murderers in Chicago are increasingly escaping the justice system.

scholarly journals A Holistic and Systematic Assessment of Maintenance Approaches in Heritage Sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 335-350
Author(s):  
Abobar Al-Sakkaf ◽  
Samer El-Zahab ◽  
Eslam Mohammed Abdelkader ◽  
Ghasan Alfalah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ultimate Objective

Maintenance approaches of heritage sites (MAHs) on heritage sites have become essential in both the industry and academia as construction projects grow increasingly complex. With a prime goal of increasing its productivity and safety, MAHs research has witnessed tremendous growth over the past three decades. With the increase in research grows the necessity to monitor the research growth of a research topic to identify its trends and gaps, and hence shed the light on research areas that warrant future research attention, there is a lack of systematic literature analysis in MAHs field. To fill this gap, this paper recruited a mixed-review method of scientometric and systematic reviews of research papers on MAHs published from 1990 to 2020 (as of mid of July). Its ultimate objective is to identify current trends, technologies, and techniques in the field of heritage site maintenance and layout their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, country contributions are highlighted to identify which countries produce the most effective research in the field. Finally, the most cited articles are identified to highlight important topics in the selected time period. As a result, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management has the highest ranking across the different journals in the area of MAHs based on its number of published articles and their citations. In addition, the publisher Elsevier has the highest number of published articles with 58. Results also demonstrated that the collaboration between Ecuador and Spain accomplished the highest ranking, such that the strength link was estimated to be equal to 3. Moreover, the highest repetitive keywords were indicators with 20 times and cultural heritage cities with 19 times.

State Development, Parity, and International Conflict

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS M. GIBLER
Keyword(s):  
International Conflict ◽  
International System ◽  
State System ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
System State ◽  
State Development ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Over Time

This article explains the empirical connection between dyadic capability differences and international conflict as a consequence of how, when, and where states enter the international system. State capabilities are largely static, and, since states enter the system in geographic clusters, the processes of state maturation affect contiguous and regionally proximate states similarly. This makes dyadic capability differences static as well. The lack of change in capability differences over time suggests that the parity-conflict relationship is largely a product of the factors associated with state system entry. Indeed, as I demonstrate, several different proxies for the conditions of state system entry separately eliminate any statistical relationship between parity and militarized dispute onset, 1816–2001. I also find no relationship between parity and the wars that have occurred during that same time period. These results have a number of implications for the role of power and capabilities in explaining international conflict.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the progression of deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review revealing research gaps

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Brendan Dee ◽  
Eilish Burke ◽  
Roman Romero-Ortuno ◽  
Philip McCallion ◽  
Mary McCarron
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Deficit Accumulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Over Time

Background: People with an intellectual disability are more likely to experience frailty earlier in life and with greater severity compared to the general population. There is growing consideration of determinants of frailty and identifying factors which may influence the change in frailty status over time. The objective of this review was to investigate factors associated with the progression of frailty over time among adults with an intellectual disability. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting factors associated with transitions and trajectories in deficit accumulation frailty among adults with an intellectual disability. The following eligibility criteria was used: defined frailty as deficit accumulation; longitudinal design; reported at least one individual characteristic associated with change in frailty status; sample was people with an intellectual disability aged ≥18 years; English language. No limitation on publication date was applied. Studies which did not measure frailty according to deficit accumulation, did not report the frailty measure used, or had a cross-sectional design were excluded. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework. Results: In total, two studies qualified for inclusion in this review. Findings revealed that frailty defined as deficit accumulation is a dynamic process and improvements are possible. Changes in the direction of frailty states over time among adults with an intellectual disability may be influenced by several factors including baseline frailty status, age, the presence of Down syndrome, functional ability, cognitive ability, living in a group home, and the use of nursing services and therapies. Conclusions: There is a relative paucity of research on frailty among adults with an intellectual disability and the evidence base must be grown. Exploration of the social domain of frailty in this group should be a priority of future research. PROSPERO registration: 179803 (05/07/2020)

scholarly journals Past, present, future: tracking and simulating genetic differentiation over time in a closed metapopulation system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Kunz ◽  
Annette Kohnen ◽  
Ursula Nopp-Mayr ◽  
Joy Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Tetrao Urogallus ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Over Time

AbstractGenetic differentiation plays an essential role in the assessment of metapopulation systems of conservation concern. Migration rates affect the degree of genetic differentiation between subpopulations, with increasing genetic differentiation leading to increasing extinction risk. Analyses of genetic differentiation repeated over time together with projections into the future are therefore important to inform conservation. We investigated genetic differentiation in a closed metapopulation system of an obligate forest grouse, the Western capercaillieTetrao urogallus, by comparing microsatellite population structure between a historic and a recent time period. We found an increase in genetic differentiation over a period of approximately 15 years. Making use of forward simulations accounting for population dynamics and genetics from both time periods, we explored future genetic differentiation by implementing scenarios of differing migration rates. Using migration rates derived from the recent dataset, simulations predicted further increase of genetic differentiation by 2050. We then examined effects of two realistic yet hypothetical migration scenarios on genetic differentiation. While isolation of a subpopulation led to overall increased genetic differentiation, the re-establishment of connectivity between two subpopulations maintained genetic differentiation at recent levels. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining connectivity between subpopulations in order to prevent further genetic differentiation and loss of genetic variation. The simulation set-up we developed is highly adaptable and will aid researchers and conservationists alike in anticipating consequences of conservation strategies for metapopulation systems.

scholarly journals Applying Artificial Intelligence in Physical Education and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Hyun Suk Lee ◽  
Junga Lee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Special Support ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Over Time

Artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually influencing every aspect of everyday life, including education. AI can also provide special support to learners through academic sustainability or discontinuation predictions. While AI research remains in its early stages, we must examine how it evolves and exerts its potential over time. By utilizing AI in physical education (PE), we can increase its potential use in sports applications, and enact changes upon the nature of PE, its visualization, and repeatability. Based on the concept of AI and related research areas, this study explores its principles and use in PE, and presents a focused, in-depth analysis of the areas of PE technology where AI could be applied—customized PE classes, knowledge provision, learner evaluation, and learner counseling methods. Our findings highlight the expertise required for future PE teachers in applying AI. Regarding practice implications, this study addresses the topic of AI innovations affecting all life domains, including PE; it highlights AI applications’ relevance to PE technology, based on existing research; it proposes that the implications of AI for PE may apply to other educational domains; and finally, it contributes to existing literature and also shares future research prospects regarding AI applications in education and sports.

scholarly journals Network Brokerage: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1092-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seok-Woo Kwon ◽  
Emanuela Rondi ◽  
Daniel Z. Levin ◽  
Alfredo De Massis ◽  
Daniel J. Brass
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Network brokerage research has grown rapidly in recent decades, spanning the boundaries of multiple social science disciplines as well as diverse research areas within management. Accordingly, we take stock of the literature on network brokerage and provide guidance on ways to move this burgeoning research area forward. We provide a comprehensive review of this literature, including crucial dimensions of the concept itself in terms of brokerage structure and behavior, a set of key categories of factors surrounding the brokerage concept (antecedents, outcomes, and moderators), and an overview of brokerage dynamics over time. We use these dimensions and categories to depict network brokerage’s theoretical and empirical underpinnings as well as evaluate prior research efforts. In so doing, we offer a means to summarize and synthesize this large, interdisciplinary literature, identify important research gaps, and offer promising directions for future research.

Trends In Incidence, Presentation, and Outcomes Of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease In Allogeneic Transplantation- Report From The Center For International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 3309-3309
Author(s):  
Sally Arai ◽  
Mukta Arora ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Wensheng He ◽  
Daniel R. Couriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Allogeneic Transplantation ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Unrelated Donor ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Matched Sibling ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There have been considerable changes in the practice of allogeneic transplantation over the last several years. In this study, we evaluate the impact of these changes on chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), the most important long-term complication. Our study utilized the central database of the CIBMTR to describe time trends for cGVHD incidence, presentation, nonrelapse mortality and overall survival from 1995-2007. The 12-year period was divided into three time periods- 1995-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 to allow for the systematic analysis and description of trends. The trends of cGVHD severity (mild, moderate, severe), type of onset (progressive, interrupted, de novo), and major organ involved over the past years were analyzed using chi-square tests. Cumulative incidence was used to estimate cGVHD incidence and nonrelapse mortality. Death/ 2nd transplant/donor cell infusion/relapse were treated as competing risks for estimation of cumulative incidence of cGVHD. A test of trend was used to estimate HR across time periods. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine clinical variables affecting the incidence of cGVHD, including the time period of transplant. The study included 26,563 patients with acute leukemia (AML= 10,737, ALL= 6756), chronic myeloid leukemia (n=6341) and myelodysplastic syndrome (n=2729). In the univariate analysis, the incidence of cGVHD was significantly increased in the recent time periods (HR= 1.14, p for test of trend <0.0001). This trend persisted when the incidence was evaluated by donor type (HLA identical sibling-HR=1.17; unrelated donor-HR=1.07; cord blood-HR=1.24, all p < 0.01), graft type (PBSC-HR=1.19; cord blood-HR=1.24, p < 0.01), or conditioning intensity (myeloablative-HR=1.13; reduced intensity-HR=1.16, p< 0.01). In mismatched-related donors (HR=1.08, p=0.24) and bone marrow grafts (HR=1.01,p=0.54) there was no significant change in the incidence of cGVHD. Progressive cGVHD was found to be less frequently diagnosed over time, possibly from the recognition of the late acute classification introduced in 2005. Extensive, moderate and severe categories of cGVHD were more frequent in the two most recent time periods (2000-2003 and 2004-2007), as compared to the earliest time period (1995-1999). Skin was more frequently involved in the recent time period (2004-2007), with greater association of skin involvement at maximum severity reported in peripheral blood (33%), compared with bone marrow (25%), thus graft type appears to have impacted cGVHD presentation. In multivariate analysis, the recent time period (2004-2007) was associated with higher risk of cGVHD when compared to the two earlier time periods (2004-2007 versus 1995-1999, OR 1.19, p<0.0001; 2004-2007 versus 2000-2003, OR 1.13, p=0.002). Use of bone marrow with an unrelated donor (matched or mismatched), and peripheral blood graft with all categories of donor group were associated with higher risk of cGVHD, as compared to the use of bone marrow with a matched sibling donor. The risk of cGVHD was similar between marrow with a matched sibling donor and cord blood (matched or mismatched). In conclusion, this analysis of cGVHD trends over time demonstrates an increased cGVHD incidence in recent years despite controlling for factors in the donor, the graft and the conditioning that are associated with that trend, and serves as a useful reference for future research in the management of cGVHD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

A Review of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) based on Bibliometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Gaurav ◽  
Abhay Sharma ◽  
G S Dangayach ◽  
M L Meena
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Minimum Quantity Lubrication ◽  
Citation Network ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Minimum Quantity ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Future Research Directions

Background: Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is one of the most promising machining techniques that can yield a reduction in consumption of cutting fluid more than 90 % while ensuring the surface quality and tool life. The significance of the MQL in machining makes it imperative to consolidate and analyse the current direction and status of research in MQL. Objective: This study aims to assess global research publication trends and hot topics in the field of MQL among machining process. The bibliometric and descriptive analysis are the tools that the investigation aims to use for the data analysis of related literature collected from Scopus databases. Methods: Various performance parameters are extracted, such as document types and languages of publication, annual scientific production, total documents, total citations, and citations per article. The top 20 of the most relevant and productive sources, authors, affiliations, countries, word cloud, and word dynamics are assessed. The graphical visualisation of the bibliometric data is presented in terms of bibliographic coupling, citation, and co-citation network. Results: The investigation reveals that the International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture (2611 citations, 31 hindex) is the most productive journal that publishes on MQL. The most productive institution is the University of Michigan (32 publications), the most cited country is Germany (1879 citations), and the most productive country in MQL is China (124 publications). The study shows that ‘Cryogenic Machining’, ‘Sustainable Machining’, ‘Sustainability’, ‘Nanofluid’ and ‘Titanium alloy’ are the most recent keywords and indications of the hot topics and future research directions in the MQL field. Conclusion: The analysis finds that MQL is progressing in publications and the emerging with issues that are strongly associated with the research. This study is expected to help the researchers to find the most current research areas through the author’s keywords and future research directions in MQL and thereby expand their research interests.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document