Protein Expression in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of a Rodent Shrapnel-Injury Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 109158182110628
Author(s):  
Jessica F. Hoffman ◽  
Vernieda B. Vergara ◽  
John F. Kalinich
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Depleted Uranium ◽  
Muscle Repair ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Modified Proteins ◽  
The Individual

With shrapnel injuries, the metal fragment is usually left in place to reduce the risk of morbidity extensive surgery might bring. This means the individual may retain those metals for the remainder of their life. Often the long-term health effects of the embedded metal are not known, especially with respect to protein damage and perturbations of muscle repair pathways. In this study, using homogenates of rat gastrocnemius muscle implanted with pellets of military-relevant metals, we investigated expression of iNOS and eNOS, enzymes involved in nitric oxide production, as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinases associated with muscle repair. In addition, hydroxynonenal-modified proteins were investigated to assess metal-induced oxidative damage and metal levels in the gastrocnemius determined. Metals were implanted for up to 12 months in order to determine the long-term effects on the expression of muscle-associated proteins. With the exception of iron and cobalt at 1-month post-implantation, there were no significant differences in metal levels in the gastrocnemius in any of the cohorts. Protein expression analysis showed significant decreases in iNOS and eNOS in the 6-month and 12-month lead and depleted uranium groups. Hydroxynonenal-modified proteins were also significantly increased in the iron, copper, lead, and depleted uranium groups. These results suggest that some embedded metals can induce long-term oxidative damage, as well as affect enzyme systems involved in signal transduction.

scholarly journals Gameplay as a Source of Intrinsic Motivation for Individuals in Need of Ankle Training or Rehabilitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Christian Nilsson ◽  
Stefania Serafin ◽  
Rolf Nordahl
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Quantitative Test ◽  
Ankle Rehabilitation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

Injuries to the ankle may be a source of great discomfort and the long-term effects can negatively influence the future health of the individual who has suffered the injury. Wobble boards represent a relatively inexpensive type of equipment that may be used to train one's ankles preventively or as part of the rehabilitation process once the damage has been done. However, individuals in need of such training frequently lack the motivation necessary in order to successfully complete the training or rehabilitation process. This paper details the design and implementation of a prototype intended to alleviate this problem by leveraging games' potential as a source of intrinsic motivation. More specifically, the prototype enables users to control a game by means of a wobble board, thus allowing them to perform the necessary exercises while playing. An expert on ankle rehabilitation assessed the efficacy of the training facilitated by the prototype, and 40 individuals partook in a quantitative test performed in order to determine whether the prototype could potentially provide the needed motivation. Based on the findings from the two tests, it is concluded that the prototype does ensure correct ankle training and the act of playing was experienced as intrinsically motivating by the majority of the test participants.

scholarly journals Facemasks and COVID-19 case fatality rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Fögen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
The Individual

Mask mandates have been a globally used epidemiologic intervention during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, above all based on the assumption of reduced infection rates. Although there is now much evidence for the latter, the effect of facemasks on the individual and its course of disease has remained controversial. While there are concepts suggesting a protective effect and a better outcome for the individual, public opinion has placed concepts with opposite outcomes in the vicinity of conspiracy theories. However, here I show that counties with mask mandates in Kansas during the summer of 2020 had significantly higher case fatality rates compared to Kansas counties without mask mandates, with a risk ratio of 1.85 for death with COVID-19. Even after adjusting for the number of ‘protected persons’, i.e. the number of persons who were not infected in the mask-mandated group compared to the no-mask group, the risk ratio remains highly significant at 1.52. Over 95% of this effect can solely be attributed to COVID-19. Why this happens and the possible connection between long-term effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 and facemasks are explained in theory herein by the ‘foegen effect’, which describes the deep reinhalation of pure virions that were caught in the facemasks as droplets.

Computers and Human Communication in the Organization — A Psychosocial Perspective on the Individual and the Society in Change - Research in Progress

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 886-889
Author(s):  
Gunilla Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Psychosocial Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Infrastructure

The main purpose is to analyze the impact of computer technology and teletechnology on communication from a psychosocial perspective, with an emphasis on the interaction between people. A new infrastructure concerning communication is emerging on the society level and on the company level at the same time as computer use becomes more wiedespread in the private lives of families. The research problems concern analyzes of the structure of communication its quality, causal relations and long term effects. A crossdisciplinary approach is used and the research is performed through two types of intensive studies.

Positive Impact of Physical Exercise on Brain Activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yunkyeong Nam
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual

A case study was conducted in order to track the human brain adapts to changing demands by physical exercise. Reaction time and amplitude discrimination capacity of the individual were measured with the Brain Gauge to monitor brain activity before and after aerobic exercise. The objective of the study was to determine if there were short-term and/or long-term effects of aerobic exercise.  The data suggests that there are short-term effects and some improvements in performance on the tasks when comparing metrics obtained after exercise to before exercise.  For this individual, aerobic exercise was a regular part of daily routine, there was no long-term effect detected over the relatively short duration of the study.

Long-term effects of systemic cancer treatment on DNA oxidative damage: The potential for targeted therapies

2012 ◽  
Vol 327 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Vera-Ramirez ◽  
MCarmen Ramirez-Tortosa ◽  
Patricia Perez-Lopez ◽  
Sergio Granados-Principal ◽  
Maurizio Battino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Dna Oxidative Damage

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of developmental corticosterone exposure on avian physiology, behavioral phenotype, cognition, and fitness: A review

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan J. Schoech ◽  
Michelle A. Rensel ◽  
Rebecca S. Heiss
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developmental Conditions ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ‘personalities’ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in 11-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the variation in ‘personality’ (bold vs. timid) when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ‘program’ their offsprings’ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate.

Personalized toxicology: phenomenology, relevance, development prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
V. R. Rembovskiy ◽  
L. A. Mogilenkova
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Molecular Medicine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hazardous Chemical ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development Prospects

Personalized toxicology is a research area that studies the individual toxicity of hazardous chemical compounds by experimental and clinical toxicology based on new molecular medicine approaches, including genetics and epigenomics, for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chemically induced diseases. Goal of Research.To study individual genetically and epigenetically induced mechanisms of bodys response to exposure to chemical substances, and their effect on preclinical and reversible changes, development of intoxications, and long-term effects, as well as assessment of the individual health risk of exposure to a chemical factor.

Students with Parents Involved in Substance Abuse or Dependence

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Celeste M. Malone ◽  
Tierra T. Ellis ◽  
DeLon Isom
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Parental Substance Use ◽  
The Individual

Substance use affects more than the individual user; all those who have relationships with the person using are impacted and suffer the consequences of substance use. Parental substance use places children at risk for a wide range of adverse physical, psychological, social-emotional, and behavioral outcomes at all stages of the developmental continuum. However, schools can help mitigate those adverse outcomes by providing children with access to social support and helping them to develop coping skills. This chapter provides an overview of the short- and long-term effects of parental substance use and its impact on youth functioning and provides educators with strategies and resources to support these students and meet their needs.

scholarly journals Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment of Chronic Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan W.S. Vlaeyen ◽  
Geert Crombez
Keyword(s):  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Repeated Pain ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Pain is considered a hardwired signal of bodily disturbance belonging to a basic motivational system that urges the individual to act and to restore the body's integrity, rather than just a sensory and emotional experience. Given its eminent survival value, pain is a strong motivator for learning. Response to repeated pain increases when harm risks are high (sensitization) and decreases in the absence of such risks (habituation). Discovering relations between pain and other events provides the possibility to predict (Pavlovian conditioning) and control (operant conditioning) harmful events. Avoidance is adaptive in the short term but paradoxically may have detrimental long-term effects. Pain and pain-related responses compete with other demands in the environment. Exposure-based treatments share the aim of facilitating or restoring the pursuit of individual valued life goals in the face of persistent pain, and further improvements in pain treatment may require a paradigm shift toward more personalized approaches.

scholarly journals An exploration of individual experiences of constant organisational change

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Williams ◽  
A. Crafford ◽  
L. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Change Management ◽  
South African ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

Ongoing change is an inevitable part of the current organisational context. Change management practices are oftencited as a reason for resistance to change, and as a cause of stress for individuals during change interventions. A qualitative study was undertaken in a technical division of a large South African organisation to explore the individual experiences of employees in the face of constant organisational change. Grounded theory analysis confirmed that constant organisational change and the related change management practices were indeed a source of unpleasant individual experience for employees at the time. Yet, no serious long-term effects of stress were evident. It is suggested that Strümpfer’s (1983–2000) work on salutogenesis and fortigenesis may be useful in explaining the outcome. Further research incorporating larger sample sizes and multiple triangulation methods in the data gathering process is recommended.Opsomming Kontinue verandering is ’n onvermydelike deel van die huidige organisasiekonteks. Veranderingsbestuurspraktyke word gereeld geopper as ’n rede vir die weerstand teen verandering asook die oorsaak van spanning by individue tydens veranderingsintervensies. ‘n Kwalitatiewe studie in die tegniese divisie van ’n groot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappy is onderneem om die individuele ervaring van werknemers tydens konstante organisasieverandering te ondersoek. ’n Begronde teorie- ontleding het aangetoon dat konstante organisasieverandering en die gepaardgaande veranderingsbestuurspraktyke inderdaad ’n bron van onaangename ervaring vir werknemers is. Desnieteenstaande was ernstige langtermyn gevolge van spanning nie waarneembaar nie . Dit word aangevoer dat Strümpfer (1983–2000) se werk oor salutogenese en fortigenese nuttig mag wees in die verklaring van die bevindings. Verdere navorsing wat groter steekproefgroottes en intermetodiese kruisvalidering tydens die data-insamelingsproses insluit, word voorgestel.

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