scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 as Enteric Virus in Wastewater: Which Risk on the Environment and Human Behavior?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863612199967
Author(s):  
Yousra Sbaoui ◽  
Faïza Bennis ◽  
Fatima Chegdani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
New Host ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Partial Elimination ◽  
Human Infections

Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa are the cause of many waterborne human infections. These microbes are either naturally present in aquatic environments or transferred within them by fecal sources. They remain in these environments for varying lengths of time before contaminating a new host. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies have reported the presence of viral nucleic acids in stool samples from COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was thereby detected in the wastewater of symptomatic and asymptomatic people with a risk to human and environmental health. In this work, we try to discuss the different potential sources of this contamination, the forms of persistence in the environment, the techniques of partial elimination, and the possibility of creating new reservoirs.

Is strongyloidiasis currently autochthonous in Croatia? A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Balen Topić ◽  
Ena Marjanović ◽  
Domagoj Tomasović ◽  
Mario Sviben
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Human Infections

Abstract Background Autochthonous human infections with Strongyloides stercoralis have been well documented in many European regions. By exploring patients’ data, we aimed to find elements for its current endemicity in Croatia. Methods This retrospective descriptive study analysed epidemiological and clinical data of patients treated for strongyloidiasis from January 2010 to May 2019 at a teaching hospital in Zagreb, Croatia. The diagnosis was made by direct methods using light microscopy and/or serology. Results Among 65 patients with strongyloidiasis, 60% were men, and 78.5% were 50–79 y of age. The sensitivity of the examination of three stool samples after concentration, saline provocation and serology was 26.2, 80.7 and 86.2%, respectively. Clinical presentation included asymptomatic patients with eosinophilia (41.5%), chronic symptomatic infection (33.8%), acute infection (18.5%) and hyperinfection (6.2%). Twenty patients (30.8%) were immunosuppressed; among four of whom developed hyperinfection, two died. Initially 71.7% of patients were treated with albendazole and 13.3% with ivermectin, with an equal parasitological cure rate (72.2% and 75%; p=0.09). In 11 patients, acute infection was autochthonous in its origin. Conclusions Strongyloidiasis is currently endemic in Croatia and immunosuppressed travellers to this region should be advised to take precautions. Patients undergoing immunosuppression and organ donors from Croatia should be screened.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis withSphingomonas koreensis

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wallner ◽  
Reno Frei ◽  
Felix Burkhalter
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Human Infections

Sphingomonas species are ubiquitous gram-negative, aerobic bacteria frequently found in aquatic environments such as drinking water and very seldom in hemodialysis fluids or supposedly sterile drug solutions. Human infections with the gram-negative Sphingomonas species are rare and peritonitis with these organisms even rarer. Here we report a case of polymicrobial peritonitis due to Sphingomonas koreensis and Escherichia coli in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD).

scholarly journals An optimised protocol for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in stool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Li ◽  
E Garcia-Gutierrez ◽  
J Scadden ◽  
J Davies ◽  
C Hutchins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractAimSARS-CoV-2 has been detected in stool samples of COVID-19 patients, with potential implications for faecal-oral transmission. Compared to swab samples, the complexity of the stool matrix poses a challenge in the detection of the virus that has not yet been solved. The aim of this study was to establish a sensitive and reliable method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples.MethodsStool samples from individuals free of SARS-CoV-2 were homogenised in saline buffer and spiked with a known titre of inactivated virus ranging from 50 to 750 viral particles per 100 mg stool. Debris was removed via centrifugation and supernatants were concentrated by ultrafiltration. RNA was then extracted from the concentrated material using a commercial kit and SARS-CoV-2 was detected via real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using the CDC primers and probes.ResultsThe RNA extraction procedure we used allowed the detection of SARS-CoV-2 via RT-qPCR in most of the stool samples tested. We could detect as few as 50 viral particles per 100 mg of stool. However, high variability was observed across samples at low viral titres. The primer set targeting the N1 region provided more reliable and precise results and for this primer set our method had a limit of detection of 1 viral particle per mg of stool.ConclusionsHere we describe a sensitive method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples. This method can be used to establish the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in stool and ensure the safety of clinical practices such as faecal microbiota transplant (FMT).

Aquatic Stewardship Education in Theory and Practice

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Sport Fishing ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Communication Program ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

<i>Abstract</i>.—Patterns of human behavior, consumption, and resource use have contributed to declines in fisheries populations and degradation of aquatic habitat. Recreational anglers and boaters are among the key stakeholders who should be concerned about such changes and empowered to adopt behaviors that minimize adverse impacts on aquatic environments. Definitions of aquatic stewardship should include focus on human behaviors, which may be externally or internally motivated, and contribute to a local, regional, or global impact. The National Outreach and Communication Program, prepared and implemented through the collaborative efforts of the Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council and the Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation, sets forth a vision for increasing sportfishing and boating participation and enhancing aquatic stewardship. Many other government and nongovernment organizations also strive to enhance aquatic stewardship. This proceedings volume results from a symposium on The Theory and Practice of Aquatic Stewardship Education, held at the 135th annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Anchorage, Alaska. The goal of the symposium and this text is to advance our understanding of (1) how stewardship is defined in theory and practice, (2) the approaches that are necessary to promote and foster desirable stewardship behaviors, and (3) how measures of aquatic stewardship might be used to evaluate progress toward goals. We emphasize the importance of including both recreational fishing and boating activities in discussions of aquatic stewardship.

scholarly journals Bacterial Stabilization of a Panel of Picornaviruses

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Aguilera ◽  
Y Nguyen ◽  
Jun Sasaki ◽  
Julie K. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Pulldown Assay ◽  
Surface Polysaccharides

ABSTRACTSeveral viruses encounter various bacterial species within the host and in the environment. Despite these close encounters, the effects of bacteria on picornaviruses are not completely understood. Previous work determined that poliovirus (PV), an enteric virus, has enhanced virion stability when exposed to bacteria or bacterial surface polysaccharides such as lipopolysaccharide. Virion stabilization by bacteria may be important for interhost transmission, since a mutant PV with reduced bacterial binding had a fecal-oral transmission defect in mice. Therefore, we investigated whether bacteria broadly enhance stability of picornaviruses from three different genera:Enterovirus(PV and coxsackievirus B3 [CVB3]),Kobuvirus(Aichi virus), andCardiovirus(mengovirus). Furthermore, to delineate strain-specific effects, we examined two strains of CVB3 and a PV mutant with enhanced thermal stability. We determined that specific bacterial strains enhance thermal stability of PV and CVB3, while mengovirus and Aichi virus are stable at high temperatures in the absence of bacteria. Additionally, we determined that bacteria or lipopolysaccharide can stabilize PV, CVB3, Aichi virus, and mengovirus during exposure to bleach. These effects are likely mediated through direct interactions with bacteria, since viruses bound to bacteria in a pulldown assay. Overall, this work reveals shared and distinct effects of bacteria on a panel of picornaviruses.IMPORTANCERecent studies have shown that bacteria promote infection and stabilization of poliovirus particles, but the breadth of these effects on other members of thePicornaviridaefamily is unknown. Here, we compared the effects of bacteria on four distinct members of thePicornaviridaefamily. We found that bacteria reduced inactivation of all of the viruses during bleach treatment, but not all viral strains were stabilized by bacteria during heat treatment. Overall, our data provide insight into how bacteria play differential roles in picornavirus stability.

scholarly journals Identifying Enteropathogens in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis Presenting with Isolated Vomiting–Appetite Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S360-S361
Author(s):  
Bonita Lee ◽  
Xiao-Li Pang ◽  
Ran Zhuo ◽  
Brendon Parsons ◽  
Linda Chui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
D 12

Abstract Background As diarrheal stool samples are the recommended specimen for testing in acute gastroenteritis (AGE), etiological investigations are rarely performed in children presenting with isolated vomiting. This study identifies enteropathogens in children with AGE presenting with isolated vomiting. Methods Children &lt;18 years old with ≥3 episodes of vomiting/diarrhea in 24 hours and &lt;7 days of symptoms were recruited in 2 pediatric emergency departments, a public health clinic and via Health Link, a provincial nurse advice phone line. Rectal swabs and stool samples were collected and tested using the Luminex xTAG GPP, an in-house 5-virus RT-qPCR panel and enteric bacterial culture. Vomiting and diarrhea data were collected at enrollment (day 0) and at day 14. Results Between Dec 9, 2014 and Apr 14, 2016, 2,184 children were enrolled and tested: 784 (36%) presented with isolated vomiting, 250 (11%) with isolated diarrhea (ID), 1,138 (52%) with both vomiting and diarrhea (V&D), 12 had missing data. The detection of enteropathogens was 56% when presenting with isolated vomiting, 55% with ID and 83% with V&D. Of the 784 children with isolated vomiting, 54% (n = 424) had one or more viruses: the most common was norovirus (NoV) (n = 244, 50%), followed by adenovirus (Adv) (91, 19%), rotavirus (Rota) (57, 12%), sapovirus (84, 17%) and astrovirus (10, 2%). Fifty-eight cases had &gt;1 virus; co-infection with NoV and Adv was the most common (n = 23). Ten of these 424 patients also had enteric bacteria (2 Aeromonas, 2 ETEC, 2 Salmonella, 2 Yersinia, 1 Campylobacter, 1 E coli O157) and 8/9 (89%) of these patients reported development of diarrhea at day 14. In comparison, 212/383 (55%) of patients with virus only reported diarrhea at follow up. Enteric bacteria with no virus was detected in 11 patients (3 Aeromonas, 3 Salmonella, 3 STEC, 1 Campylobacter, 1 E coli O157) and 3/10 of these patients reported diarrhea. Conclusion Over 50% of AGE presented with isolated vomiting had enteric virus identified in stool or rectal swabs, representing a significant pathogen-based disease burden not previously included in healthcare planning (e.g., Rota vaccine). NoV was the predominant agent followed by Adv and Rota. Finding enteric bacteria in these cases is novel and requires further study. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Stimulation of Elemental Mercury Oxidation by SH Compounds in Aquatic Environments (Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on Toxicology and Environmental Health)

Eisei kagaku ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. P43-P43
Author(s):  
MEGUMI YAMAMOTO ◽  
HIDEMITSU HOU ◽  
KUNIHIKO NAKAMURA ◽  
ATSUHIRO NAKANO ◽  
TETSUO ANDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Mercury Oxidation ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Population Structure of Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:b:− Strains and Likely Sources of Human Infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (17) ◽  
pp. 5121-5129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Toboldt ◽  
Erhard Tietze ◽  
Reiner Helmuth ◽  
Ernst Junker ◽  
Angelika Fruth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar 4,[5],12:b:− is a monophasic serovar not able to express the second-phase flagellar antigen (H2 antigen). In Germany, the serovar is occasionally isolated from poultry, reptiles, fish, food, and humans. In this study, a selection of 67 epidemiologically unrelatedSalmonella entericaserovar 4,[5],12:b:− strains isolated in Germany between 2000 and 2011 from the environment, animal, food, and humans was investigated by phenotypic and genotypic methods to better understand the population structure and to identify potential sources of human infections. Strains of this monophasic serovar were highly diverse. Within the 67 strains analyzed, we identified 52 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis XbaI profiles, 12 different multilocus sequence types (STs), and 18 different pathogenicity array types. The relatedness of strains based on the pathogenicity gene repertoire (102 markers tested) was in good agreement with grouping by MLST.S. entericaserovar 4,[5],12:b:− is distributed across multiple unrelated eBurst groups and consequently is highly polyphyletic. Two sequence types (ST88 and ST127) were linked toS. entericaserovar Paratyphi B (d-tartrate positive), two single-locus variants of ST1583 were linked toS. entericaserovar Abony, and one sequence type (ST1484) was associated withS. entericaserovar Mygdal, a recently defined, new serovar. From the characterization of clinical isolates and those of nonhuman origin, it can be concluded that the potential sources of sporadic human infections withS. entericaserovar 4,[5],12:b:− most likely are mushrooms, shellfish/fish, and poultry.

scholarly journals Monitoring and genotyping of Norovirus in edible shellfish in Northern Italian seas (2018-2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Galuppini ◽  
V Filipello ◽  
E Galuppini ◽  
F Righi ◽  
S Rubini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Shellfish Farming ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Bivalve Shellfish ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

Abstract Background Norovirus is an enteric virus with foodborne transmission. Bivalve shellfish are a main source of infections and outbreaks, which in the last years are showing an increasing trend. Therefore, in Italy a voluntary based monitoring plan to control the safety of bivalve shellfish was set up at provincial level. This study describes the occurrence and distribution of Norovirus in different areas of Northern Italy seas. Methods Between the years 2018-2020 622 samples (n = 173 oysters, n = 139 mussels, n = 300 clams, n = 10 other bivalve shellfish) were tested by OneStep RT Real Time PCR for Norovirus GI and GII and quantified according to the ISO 15216:2017. Positive samples were further analyzed to determine genotype by sequencing of the ORF1/ORF2 junction of the Norovirus genome. Results A total of 111 (18%) samples were positive for Norovirus (mussels 22%; oysters 18%; clams 16%, other molluscs 20%), positive samples were found mainly in the winter season. The mean contamination was 103 ge/µL and ranged 100-105 ge/µL. Thirty-two samples were typeable (GI n = 10; GII n = 22) with GI samples belonging to four genotypes and GII samples belonging to five genotypes. GII.4, particularly Sydney 2012 subtype (found in three oysters and three clams samples), was the most prevalent, followed by GII.3. Often more than one genotype was found in samples collected simultaneously in the same sampling site. The virus was found with relatively high occurrence both in samples collected close to the coast (38%) and in those harvested from farms located 3-6 nautical miles offshore (73%). Conclusions The overall prevalence of Norovirus in edible shellfish, particular those to be eaten raw, is moderately high (18%). No difference in contamination was highlighted among the different species or different sampling sites. One of the most prevalent variants found (i.e. GII.4 Sydney 2012) is a leading cause of infections worldwide. Key messages Given the moderately high proportion of positive samples (18%), oysters (which are often eaten raw), regardless of the origin, represent the main risk of infection. The presence of genotypes frequently involved in human infections strengthens the need for ongoing monitoring, which should be extended to all provinces involved in shellfish farming.

scholarly journals Epidemiological approximation of the enteric manifestation and possible fecal-oral transmission in COVID-19: A preliminary systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Pamplona ◽  
Rubén Solano ◽  
Cristina Soler ◽  
Miriam Sàbat
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Stool Samples

Abstract Objectives: to conduct a systematic review to describe the epidemiological scientific evidence on gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), enteric involvement and fecal excretion of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and to discuss the possible fecal-oral transmission pathway of COVID-19.Methods: We have reviewed GIS, enteric involvement, and fecal test results of SARS CoV-2 from case reports and retrospective observational studies related to the digestive system published about the outbreak.Results: The prevalence of GIS in patients infected with SARS CoV-2 ranges from 1.7% (1/56)-100% (10/10), GIS included diarrhea 1/99(1%)-8/10(80%), nausea/vomiting 1/28(3.6%)-5/10 (50%), abdominal pain 2/103(1.9%)-1/3(33.3%). A total of 3% of infected patients may experience GIS in the absence of respiratory symptoms. A pooled analysis of the results showed 16.1% GIS, 8.3% diarrhea and 12% nausea-vomiting. A higher percentage of diarrhea in patients with severe disease (5.8%) than in non-severe disease (3.5%), and a more severe course in patients with GIS (22.97%) than in those without GIS (8.12%) was found. Histological studies demonstrated the presence of ACE2 receptors and the nucleocapsid of the virus in gastrointestinal. The RNA of the virus has been detected in 27-53% of patients with COVID-19 in whom respiratory and stool samples have been analyzed, and it may persist in stool for up to an average of 11.2 days after negativization of the respiratory samples.Conclusions: GIS are common in SARS CoV-2 infection at the time of patient admission, sometimes represent the only clinical manifestation. Infection of the GI tract is possible due to the presence of ACE2 receptors, and there may be viral replication with fecal elimination.

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