Development of a rubber sole with an integral cushioning system for casual sport shoes

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (11) ◽  
pp. 2253-2266
Author(s):  
Hugo Cardoso ◽  
Marco Guimarães ◽  
Lígia Lopes ◽  
Jorge Lino Alves
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
The Impact

The footwear industry has been experiencing a rapid growth with a constant demand for new and comfortable models of footwear by its consumers. In response to this challenge, a sole with innovative cushioning system, dedicated to a casual segment of sports shoes and aimed at the female audience, was designed. This work reports the shoe sole design process and the study of its behavior under the action of loads equivalent to the human walk. The initial study of the foot and its role in the biomechanics of gait allowed identifying the regions that suffer the most pressure and need more cushioning. Based on that, the selected concept uses a system whose cushioning would be provided by the compression of the sole structure on the most affected areas of the foot during gait. The work focused on the bi- and three-dimensional design of the sole and cushioning system, using 3D scanners, 3D modeling and rendering software, and finite element analysis. In terms of material selection, through the application of loads to the heel and toe sole parts, simulating the human walk, and the use of different types of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber materials, the von Mises stresses and the sample surfaces displacement were analyzed so that it was possible to suggest the most adequate materials and possible design changes. Samples with three rubber mixtures were produced and evaluated through impact tests. It was possible to verify that the most suitable rubber for the shoe sole would be the one that presented low rigidity and high yield strength. Ethylene vinyl acetate was also proposed as a shoe material, taking into account its low density. From the impact tests, it was concluded that the material with a better commitment between the damping and resilience properties is a natural rubber polymer-based mixture that was selected for the industrial production.

scholarly journals ON THE IMPACT OF SILICA AND BLACK CARBIDE IN IMPROVING THE ANTI-VIBRATION OF THE RUBBER BLENDS BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER (NR) AND STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2A) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Le Ngoc Tu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Engine Mounts ◽  
Vibration Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents some results on the survey of the impact of silica and black carbide on the mechanical – physical properties and vibration resistance of the rubber blended on natural rubber (NR) and synthetic styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), for application in manufacturing diesel engine mounts. Based on this research, the article also introduces some results in building up anti-vibration rubber and the process of diesel engine mounts manufacture. Development of the method to test the vibration resistance of the diesel engine mounts has initially resulted in some good results such as the natural frequencies are lower than 20 Hz and the damping factor is higher than 10.

Finite Element Modeling and Critical Plane Analysis of a Cut-and-Chip Experiment for Rubber

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Robertson ◽  
Jesse D. Suter ◽  
Mark A. Bauman ◽  
Radek Stoček ◽  
William V. Mars
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Critical Plane ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Rate Laws ◽  
Plane Analysis ◽  
Chip Experiment ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Rubber surfaces exposed to concentrated, sliding impacts carry large normal and shearing stresses that can cause damage and the eventual removal of material from the surface. Understanding this cut-and-chip (CC) effect in rubber is key to developing improved tread compounds for tires used in off-road or poor road conditions. To better understand the mechanics involved in the CC process, an analysis was performed of an experiment conducted on a recently introduced device, the Coesfeld Instrumented Chip and Cut Analyser (ICCA), which repetitively impacts a rigid indenter against a rotating solid rubber wheel. The impact process is carefully controlled and measured on this lab instrument, so that the contact time, normal force, and shear force are all known. The numerical evaluation includes Abaqus finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the stress and strain fields during impact. The FEA results are combined with rubber fracture mechanics characteristics of the material as inputs to the Endurica CL elastomer fatigue solver, which employs critical plane analysis to determine the fatigue response of the specimen surface. The modeling inputs are experimentally determined hyperelastic stress-strain parameters, crack growth rate laws, and crack precursor sizes for carbon black–filled compounds wherein the type of elastomer is varied in order to compare natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). At the lower impact force, the simulation results were consistent with the relative CC resistances of NR, BR, and SBR measured using the ICCA, which followed the order BR > NR > SBR. Impact-induced temperature increases need to be considered in the fatigue analysis of the higher impact force to provide lifetime predictions that match the experimental CC resistance ranking of NR > SBR > BR.

Highly epoxidized soybean oil in replacement of mineral oil for high performance on silica-filled tread rubber compounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110290
Author(s):  
Leandro Hernán Esposito ◽  
Angel José Marzocca
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Epoxidized Soybean Oil ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
The Impact

The potential replacement of a treated residual aromatic extract mineral oil (TRAE) by a highly epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) into a silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compound was investigated. In order to determine if ESO compounds performance are suitable for tread tire applications, processing properties cure and characteristics were evaluated. The impact of ESO amount on the silica dispersion was confirmed by Payne Effect. The presence of chemical or physical interactions between ESO and silica improves the filler dispersion, enabling the compound processability and affecting the cure kinetic rate. An adjusted rubber compound with 2 phr of ESO and 2 phr of sulfur presented the higher stiffness and strength values with lower weight loss from a wear test compared with TRAE compound at an equal amount of oil and curing package. Furthermore, wet grip and rolling resistance predictors of both compounds gave comparable results, maintaining a better performance and reducing the dependence of mineral oil for tire tread compounds.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Modification of Oligohydroxyethers in Organic Solvent Solution with Rubbers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Vitalii Bezgin ◽  
Agata Dudek ◽  
Adam Gnatowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
The Impact

This paper proposes and presents the chemical modification of linear hydroxyethers (LHE) with different molecular weights (380, 640, and 1830 g/mol) with the addition of three types of rubbers (polysulfide rubber (PSR), polychloroprene rubber (PCR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)). The main purpose of choosing this type of modification and the materials used was the possibility to use it in industrial settings. The modification process was conducted for a very wide range of modifier additions (rubber) per 100 g LHE. The materials obtained in the study were subjected to strength tests in order to determine the effect of the modification on functional properties. Mechanical properties of the modified materials were improved after the application of the modifier (rubber) to polyhydroxyether (up to certain modifier content). The most favorable changes in the tested materials were registered in the modification of LHE-1830 with PSR. In the case of LHE-380 and LHE-640 modified in cyclohexanol (CH) and chloroform (CF) solutions, an increase in the values of the tested properties was also obtained, but to a lesser extent than for LHE-1830. The largest changes were registered for LHE-1830 with PSR in CH solution: from 12.1 to 15.3 MPa for compressive strength tests, from 0.8 to 1.5 MPa for tensile testing, from 0.8 to 14.7 MPa for shear strength, and from 1% to 6.5% for the maximum elongation. The analysis of the available literature showed that the modification proposed by the authors has not yet been presented in any previous scientific paper.

Tensile Behavior after Oxidative Aging of Gum and Black-Filled Vulcanizates of SBR and NR

1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Oxidative Aging ◽  
Prolonged Aging ◽  
Aging Period ◽  
Early Aging ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract Typical sulfur-cured vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) were prepared, and subjected to air-oven aging at 100 °C. Gum specimens exhibited an initial aging period in which stiffness was unchanged, while tensile strength and strain-to-break were significantly reduced. In contrast, black-filled vulcanizates stiffened during early aging. After intermediate aging times, NR specimens softened, while SBR stiffened. With prolonged aging, all compositions became hard and inextensible.

Response of Mild Steel Pipes Under High Mass Low Velocity Impacts

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsoon Fareed ◽  
Ian May
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Impact Energy ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Accidental loads, for example, due to heavy dropped objects, impact from the trawl gear and anchors of fishing vessels can cause damage to pipelines on the sea bed. The amount of damage will depend on the impact energy. The indentation will be localized at the contact area of the pipe and the impacting object, however, an understanding of the extent of the damage due to an impact is required so that if one should occur in practice an assessment can be made to determine if remedial action needs to be taken to ensure that the pipeline is still serviceable. There are a number of parameters, including the pipe cross section and impact energy, which influence the impact behaviour of a pipe. This paper describes the response, and assesses the damage, of mild steel pipes under high mass low velocity impacts. For this purpose full scale impacts tests were carried out on mild steel pipe having diameter of 457 mm, thickness of 25.4 mm and length of 2000 mm. The pipe was restrained along the base and a 2 tonnes mass with sharp impactor having a vertical downward velocity of 3870 mm/sec was used to impact the pipe transversely with an impact energy of 16 kJ. It was found from the impact tests that a smooth indentation was produced in the pipe. The impact tests were then used for validation of the non-linear dynamic implicit analyses using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Deformations at the impact zone, the rebound velocity, etc, recorded in the tests and the results of the finite element analysis were found to be in good agreement. The impact tests and finite element analyses described in this paper will help to improve the understanding of the response of steel pipes under impact loading and can be used as a benchmark for further finite element modelling of impacts on pipes.

scholarly journals Design Analysis of Chassis used in Self-Propelled Onion Harvester using FEA Tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 3099-3105
Author(s):  
Kiran Gosavi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Selection Strength ◽  
Comparative Results

Onion farming is more commonly practiced for an irrigated crop, resulting in a high yield with large sized bulbs. Manual harvesting of an onion being meticulous requires a large amount of manpower as well as time. Thus, we have constructed and evaluated a self-propelled onion harvester which will have good performance in terms of productivity, fuel economy, less damage to crop and operator comfort. This paper is intended to discuss the results of the design and analysis of the chassis under the guidelines of the SAE TIFAN rulebook [1]. The chassis is designed using tool CATIA V5 followed by Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS and the consequent results have been plotted and comparative results of old and modified chassis has proposed. During chassis designing and analysis, several factors are taken into account like material selection, strength, durability, boundary conditions, force distribution, induced stresses, optimum factor of safety, ergonomics and aesthetics. All the decisions for design are based on all pros and cons from testing and results of previous competitions.

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