Development of Pencil Grip Position in Preschool Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Hui Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Developmental Assessment ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
American Children ◽  
Pencil Grip ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Pencil grip is an aspect of handwriting that has been addressed by occupational therapists who treat children with handwriting difficulties. However, there has been little research investigating the developmental progression of pencil grip in Taiwanese children. Without knowledge of normal development, therapists cannot justify a diagnosis of “unusual” or “bizarre” pencil grips. This study was designed to investigate the developmental progression in pencil grips in Taiwanese children. The subjects were 326 children aged 2.5 to 6.4 years. The type of grips each child used to perform a drawing task was videotaped. A developmental assessment of pencil grips compiled by Schneck and Henderson was used to rate children's grip positions. A developmental pregression was noted and 14 grip patterns were identified. About half of the 3- to 3.4-year old children were able to employ a mature grip when drawing in a 7.89 cm x7 cm box. By the age of 4, about three fourths of the children were able to use mature grips to draw. For children aged 5 years and older, the percentage increased to more than 90%. Comparison of the results with those of Schneck and Henderson (1990) suggests that Taiwanese children 3.5 to 5.9 years of age are more advanced than American children of the same age. In addition, the percentage of Taiwanese children using the lateral tripod is much higher than that of American children. Possible reasons for these differences are proposed. Implications for occupational therapy and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Exploring the Potential of a Gamified DEvelopmental Assessment on an E-Platform (DEEP) Tool to Measure Cognitive Development in Rural Indian Preschool Children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarati Mukherjee ◽  
Supriya Bhavnani ◽  
Akshay Swaminathan ◽  
Deepali Verma ◽  
Dhanya Parameshwaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Developmental Assessment

Coining Compounds and Derivations - A Crosslinguistic Elicitation Study of Word-Formation Abilities of Preschool Children and Adults in Polish and English

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Haman ◽  
Andrea Zevenbergen ◽  
Melissa Andrus ◽  
Marta Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Native Language ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Elicitation Study ◽  
American Children ◽  
To Come

Coining Compounds and Derivations - A Crosslinguistic Elicitation Study of Word-Formation Abilities of Preschool Children and Adults in Polish and English This paper examines word-formation abilities in coining compounds and derivatives in preschool children and adult speakers of two languages (English and Polish) differing in overall word-formation productivity and in favoring of particular word-formation patterns (compounding vs. derivation). An elicitation picture naming task was designed to assess these abilities across a range of word-formation categories. Adult speakers demonstrated well-developed word-formation skills in patterns both typical and non-typical for their native language. In contrast with adult results, preschool children predominantly coined innovations conforming to the general pattern of their language: Polish children favoring derivation and American children favoring compounding. The results show that although children are improving their wordformation skills during the preschool years, they need much more experience to come to the mature proficiency in using the variety of word-formation patterns available in their language.

scholarly journals The Japanese empathy questionnaire (EmQue) for preschool children: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110228
Author(s):  
Reina Takamatsu ◽  
Yung-Ting Tsou ◽  
Takashi Kusumi ◽  
Carolien Rieffe
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
High Measurement ◽  
Gender Groups

Empathy is assumed to be a universal human motivation to act altruistically toward others. Developmental models of empathy explaining when and how children acquire the capacity to empathize have been proposed. However, the existing knowledge is largely built upon studies conducted in the Western context. To fill this gap, a cross-culturally validated measure of empathy for children is needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the Japanese version of the Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue), a parent-reported measure of empathy in preschool children, including its construct validity, measurement invariance across genders, and reliability. A total of 550 children aged 1–6 years participated in this study ( M age = 4.17 years, SD = 1.21). Their mothers completed the Japanese EmQue. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the hypothesized three-factor structure (emotional contagion, attention to others’ feelings, and prosocial actions) in the 13-item Japanese EmQue. The internal consistencies of the three scales were high. Measurement invariance across gender groups was also supported. Overall, the results demonstrate that the Japanese EmQue is a reliable and valid measure of the empathy of Japanese preschool children. It can serve as a tool in future studies to elucidate the role of culture in shaping empathy in early childhood.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Study to Explore Ways to Observe Results of Engaging Activities in Clients with Dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ogawa ◽  
Seiji Nishida ◽  
Haruna Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Verbal Expression ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Severity Of Dementia ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background. Many occupational therapists face the challenge of helping clients with dementia to select and perform meaningful occupations, which may be difficult due to cognitive impairment. Understanding tacit knowledge of well-experienced occupational therapists could positively affect occupational therapy practice for clients with dementia. Objectives of Study. To explore the observations of experienced occupational therapists when evaluating the effects of activities in clients with dementia. Methods. Ten occupational therapists with over 10 years of clinical experience participated in this qualitative study. In-depth interviews were conducted to ask the question, “What do you observe in clients with dementia when you assess the effectiveness of activities among these clients?” Findings. From 47 cases, we found five major themes and 18 subthemes. Main themes were “engaging activity,” “emotional expression during activity,” “verbal expression during activity,” “social interaction through activity,” and “something obtained as outcome of activity.” Relevance to Clinical Practice. The 18 subthemes could be used as viewpoints to observe engagements of activity in clients with dementia. Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research. Future studies could examine which viewpoints were utilized for each type of activity and/or severity of dementia as this was not investigated in the current study.

Toys and Materials as Setting Events on the Social Interaction of Preschool Children

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Mark Carter ◽  
Catherine A. O’Gorman‐Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Setting Events ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Apply Research

This review examined the effects of toys and materials as setting events on social interactions of preschool children. A total of 11 studies were examined and the findings suggested an association with particular types of toys and materials and increases in social interaction. There are, however, several methodological weaknesses that need to be addressed in future studies. In particular, future studies need to make more extensive use of experimental rather than observational research designs, provide functional descriptions of extant social skills of participants, apply research designs that allow idiosyncratic responses to intervention to be examined and consider the effects of manipulation of effects of toys and materials in relation to age. With regard to studies involving children with special needs, a number of features of existing research, including small group sizes, unusual ratios of children with disabilities compared to typically developing children and atypical play areas, limit conclusions that can be drawn from the present data. Future research will need to address these issues and examine more typical preschool settings in order to clarify the role of toys and materials in encouraging positive social interactions between young children with disabilities and their regular peers.

scholarly journals Differences between preschool children using tablets and non-tablets in visual perception and fine motor skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Ling-Yi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Fine Motor Skills ◽  
Perceptual Skills

Background Numerous touch-screen applications designed to support visual perceptual skills and fine motor development for young children are available. Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether or not there were differences between children using tablets and non-tablets in visual perception and fine motor skills and to examine the association between visual perception and fine motor skills in two groups. Methods This study had tablet and non-tablet groups, each with 36 typically developing preschool children. Results Children in the non-tablet group yielded significantly higher scores in the subtests of visual discrimination, visual memory, spatial relationships, form constancy, visual figure ground, fine motor precision, fine motor integration, and manual dexterity than those in the tablet group. The association between visual perception and fine motor skills demonstrated different patterns in the two groups. Conclusion There are differences in visual perception and fine motor skills between children using tablets and non-using tablets. Different patterns of association relationship support the need for occupational therapists to consider the underlying mechanism.

Correlates of Race and Color Bias among Preschool Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna A. Boswell ◽  
John E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Race Bias ◽  
Maternal Attitudes ◽  
Color Bias ◽  
American Children ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Black Color

This paper reports the findings of an investigation of preschool Euro-American children in which were explored the relationship of individual differences in racial bias and white-black color bias to the children's general responses to light and darkness, and to certain maternal attitudes and personality traits. Using the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II and Color Meaning Test II procedures developed by Williams and his associates, significant ( p < .01) correlations were found between the child's white-black color bias and race bias, and between white-black color bias and reports of aversive experiences with darkness. There was also a significant ( p < .05) correlation between the racial attitudes of mothers and their children. Findings with a behavioral measure of dark avoidance and measures of the mother's anxiety and authoritarianism were inconclusive. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for the development of race and color bias in preschool children.

Naked Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Nanoparticles Exhibit Intrinsic Embryotoxicity During the Early Stages of Normal Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1454-1462
Author(s):  
Hadeel Kheraldine ◽  
Ishita Gupta ◽  
Hashim Alhussain ◽  
Ayesha Jabeen ◽  
Saghir Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Pamam Dendrimers ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the impact of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) in the embryo, we explored the outcome of different generations (G4 and G6) on the early stages of embryogenesis using the chicken embryo as a model. We also monitored their effect on angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Our data revealed that cationic PAMAMs provoke substantial embryotoxicity, as they significantly induce death (up to 50%, p < 0 05) and inhibit angiogenesis of the CAM (up to 30%, p < 0 05) in a generation-dependent manner in comparison to controls and other types of PAMAMs (anionic and neutral). Moreover, cationic PAMAMs alter the expression of genes related to cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, transcription factor, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, as shown by RT-PCR analysis. Our data suggest that PAMAM dendrimers exhibit intrinsic toxicity in embryos at the early stages and inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM. Thus, future studies are necessary to illustrate the exact mechanism of PAMAM dendrimers in embryotoxicity.

scholarly journals The effect of interpersonal synchrony with a robot on likeability and social motivation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Henschel ◽  
Emily S. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Interpersonal Synchrony ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Free Interaction ◽  
Interaction Period

A wealth of social psychology studies suggest that moving in synchrony with another person positively influences likeability and prosocial behavior towards that individual. Recently, human-robot interaction (HRI) researchers have started to develop real-time, adaptive synchronous movement algorithms for social robots. However, little is known how socially beneficial synchronous movements with a robot actually are. We predicted that moving in synchrony with a robot would improve its likeability and participants’ social motivation towards it, as measured by the number of questions asked during a free interaction period. Using a between-subjects design, we implemented the synchrony manipulation via a drawing task. Contrary to predictions, we found no evidence that participants who moved in synchrony with the robot rated it as more likeable or asked it more questions. By including validated behavioral and neural measures, future studies can generate a better and more objective estimation of synchrony’s effects on rapport with social robots.

scholarly journals Neuro-developmental status of children with congenital hypothyroidism: experience in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Nasreen Islam ◽  
Sayeeda Kabir ◽  
Fauzia Mohsin ◽  
Sharmin Mahbuba ◽  
Bedowra Zabeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Developmental Outcome ◽  
Developmental Assessment ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
And Behavior

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is fundamental for optimal neuro-developmental outcome in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones play crucial role in early neuro-development especially in the first 2-3 years of life. If left untreated or delayed initiation of treatment in congenital hypothyroidism results in neurological and psychological deficits. Aim of this study was to assess neuro-developmental status of children with congenital hypothyroidism who were on treatment (levo-thyroxine) started at different ages. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at paediatric endocrine outpatient department (OPD) and child development centre (CDC), BIRDEM General Hospital. Children with congenital hypothyroidism presenting at different ages who were followed up at pediatric endocrine OPD between January 2014 and January 2015 were included in the study.Their functional status in different domains were studied by rapid neuro-developmental assessment (RNDA) in CDC. Children with Down syndrome and perinatal asphyxia were excluded. Results: Neuro-developmental assessment was done in 34 children (male 21, female 13). Mean age during assessment was 36 months (standard deviation 18.56). Eighteen patients (53%) were diagnosed in BIRDEM General Hospital and rest 16 (47%) were diagnosed outside BIRDEM General Hospital. Patients were grouped into 4 on the basis of age of diagnosis and start of treatment: group I (age 0-1 month), n=6 (18%); group II (age >1-3 months), n=7 (21%); group III (age >3-12 months), n=9 (26%); group IV (age >12months), n=12 (35%). In group I, five (84%) had normal development and one had mild delay in cognition. In group II, three (43%) had normal development. Cognition and behavior was delayed in 3 patients (43% each), followed by delay in speech in 2 (29%). All patients (100%) in group III and IV had developmental delay, predominant domains affected were speech, cognition and behavior. Conclusion: We have found developmental delay especially in the domain of speech, cognition and behavior in children with congenital hypothyroidism who have started levo-thyroxin late. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is fundamental for optimal neuro-developmental outcome in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Birdem Med J 2021; 11(1): 63-66

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