EXPRESS: Order Processing of Number Symbols is Influenced by Direction, but not Format

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110268
Author(s):  
Becky Wong ◽  
Rebecca Bull ◽  
Daniel Ansari ◽  
David M. Watson ◽  
Gregory Arief D. Liem
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Mathematical Achievement ◽  
Number Sequence ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Number Sequences ◽  
Numerical Order ◽  
The Relationship

This study probed the cognitive mechanisms that underlie order processing for number symbols, specifically the extent to which the direction and format in which number symbols are presented influence the processing of numerical order, as well as the extent to which the relationship between order processing and mathematical achievement is specific to Arabic numerals or generalisable to other notational formats. Seventy adults who were bilingual in English and Chinese completed a Numerical Ordinality Task, using number sequences of various directional conditions (i.e., ascending, descending, mixed) and notational formats (i.e., Arabic numerals, English number words, and Chinese number words). Order processing was found to occur for ascending and descending number sequences (i.e., ordered but not non-ordered trials), with the overall pattern of data supporting the theoretical perspective that the strength and closeness of associations between items in the number sequence could underlie numerical order processing. However, order processing was found to be independent of the notational format in which the stimuli were presented, suggesting that the psychological representations and processes associated with numerical order are abstract across different formats of number symbols. In addition, a relationship between the processing speed for numerical order and mathematical achievement was observed for Arabic numerals and Chinese number words, and to a weaker extent, English number words. Together, our findings have started to uncover the cognitive mechanisms that could underlie order processing for different formats of number symbols, and raise new questions about the generalisability of these findings to other notational formats.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive Psychometrics of Intelligence: How Measurement Advancements Unveiled the Role of Mental Speed in Intelligence Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Lena Schubert ◽  
Gidon T. Frischkorn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
The Relationship

More intelligent individuals typically show faster reaction times. However, individual differences in reaction times do not represent individual differences in a single cognitive process but in multiple cognitive processes. Thus, it is unclear whether the association between mental speed and intelligence reflects advantages in a specific cognitive process or in general processing speed. In this article, we present a neurocognitive-psychometrics account of mental speed that decomposes the relationship between mental speed and intelligence. We summarize research employing mathematical models of cognition and chronometric analyses of neural processing to identify distinct stages of information processing strongly related to intelligence differences. Evidence from both approaches suggests that the speed of higher-order processing is greater in smarter individuals, which may reflect advantages in the structural and functional organization of brain networks. Adopting a similar neurocognitive-psychometrics approach for other cognitive processes associated with intelligence (e.g., working memory or executive control) may refine our understanding of the basic cognitive processes of intelligence.

scholarly journals The semantic control network mediates the relationship between symbolic numerical order processing and arithmetic performance in children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Sommerauer ◽  
Karl-Heinz Grass ◽  
Roland H. Grabner ◽  
Stephan E. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Control Network ◽  
List Type ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Numerical Order ◽  
Arithmetic Performance ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBehavioral and neuroimaging studies have recently demonstrated that symbolic numerical order processing (i.e., deciding whether numbers are in an increasing/decreasing sequence or not) may engages different cognitive mechanisms and brain regions compared to symbolic numerical magnitude processing (e.g., deciding which of two numerals is larger). Because of this behavioral dissociation, growing interest has emerged to better understand the neurocognitive mechanisms of symbolic numerical order processing and their relationship to individual differences in arithmetic performance. In the present functional imaging work, we further investigated this link in a group of thirty children (7.2-10.25 years) from elementary school, who completed a symbolic numerical order verification (are the numbers going up? e.g., 1-2-3), a symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task (which is the larger number? e.g., 5-7), as well as an arithmetic fluency test outside the scanner. Behavioral results demonstrated the unique role of numerical order to predict children’s arithmetic skills and confirmed its mediating power to explain the association between numerical magnitude and arithmetic performance. Imaging results showed a significant association between numerical order and arithmetic in the intersection of the right inferior frontal gyrus and insula, as well as the posterior middle temporal gyrus. An age-dependent change in brain activity was found in the left intraparietal sulcus. These findings solidify the developmental importance of symbolic numerical order processing in children and provides new evidence that the semantic control network mediates the relationship with arithmetic performance.HighlightsReaction times of numerical order are a unique predictor of arithmetic (73)Numerical order mediates the relationship of numerical magnitude with arithmetic (83)Brain activation of numerical order processing changes with age in the left IPS (82)The semantic control network mediates the relationship with arithmetic (79)

scholarly journals Processing the order of symbolic numbers: A reliable and unique predictor of arithmetic fluency

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan E. Vogel ◽  
Trent Haigh ◽  
Gerrit Sommerauer ◽  
Melanie Spindler ◽  
Clemens Brunner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Association ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Numerical Order ◽  
Unique Predictor ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Symbolic Number ◽  
High Test

A small but growing body of evidence suggests a link between individual differences in processing the order of numerical symbols (e.g., deciding whether a set of digits is arranged in ascending/descending order or not) and arithmetic achievement. However, the reliability of behavioral correlates measuring symbolic and non-symbolic numerical order processing and their relationship to arithmetic abilities remain poorly understood. The present study aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the behavioral correlates of numerical and non-numerical order processing and their unique associations with arithmetic fluency at two different time points within the same sample of individuals. Thirty-two right-handed adults performed three order judgment tasks consisting of symbolic numbers (i.e., digits), non-symbolic numbers (i.e., dots), and letters of the alphabet. Specifically, participants had to judge as accurately and as quickly as possible whether stimuli were ordered correctly (in ascending/descending order, e.g., 2-3-4; ●●●●-●●●-●●; B-C-D) or not (e.g., 4-5-3; ●●●●-●●●●●-●●●; D-E-C). Results of this study demonstrate that numerical order judgments are reliable measurements (i.e., high test-retest reliability), and that the observed relationship between symbolic number processing and arithmetic fluency accounts for a unique and reliable portion of variance over and above the non-symbolic number and the letter conditions. The differential association of symbolic and non-symbolic numbers with arithmetic support the view that processing the order of symbolic and non-symbolic numbers engages different cognitive mechanisms, and that the ability to process ordinal relationships of symbolic numbers is a reliable and unique predictor of arithmetic fluency.

scholarly journals Relationship between fractional anisotropy and neuropsychological evaluation in sports-related concussion

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (23 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S17.1-S17
Author(s):  
Haruo Nakayama ◽  
Yu Hiramoto ◽  
Yuriko Numata ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Nozomi Hirai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Mri ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Significant Fluctuation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between functional anisotropy (FA) and neuropsychological evaluation in concussion.MethodsDiffusion tensor MRI included FA of the Brain and neuropsychological evaluation were conducted on 10 patients with concussion who were diagnosed from April 2017 to March 2018. FA was extracted from 2 regions of interest in Corpus callosum (CC) and corticospinal tract (CT). Detailed neuropsychological testing with an emphasis on Working memory (WM) and Processing speed (PS) was also conducted. The FA value in that 2 regions were compared between the 2 groups of 5 patients (group F) who failed either in WM or PS and 5 cases (group NF) who did not admit it.ResultsMean FA values in CC and CT in the Group F were 0.70 and 0.52. Mean FA values in CC and CT in the Group NF were 0.48 and 0.55.ConclusionsOur result suggests that the FA value of CC did not explain the significant fluctuation of the neuropsychological function. However, FA value in CT were shown to explain the fluctuation of WM and PS.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory Functioning in Youth with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Aliyah Snyder ◽  
Christopher Sheridan ◽  
Alexandra Tanner ◽  
Kevin Bickart ◽  
Molly Sullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neurobehavioral Outcomes ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may play an important role in the development and maintenance of persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Post-injury breathing dysfunction, which is influenced by the ANS, has not been well-studied in youth. This study evaluated cardiorespiratory functioning at baseline in youth patients with PPCS and examined the relationship of cardiorespiratory variables with neurobehavioral outcomes. Participants were between the ages of 13–25 in two groups: (1) Patients with PPCS (concussion within the past 2–16 months; n = 13) and (2) non-injured controls (n = 12). Capnometry was used to obtain end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), oxygen saturation (SaO2), respiration rate (RR), and pulse rate (PR) at seated rest. PPCS participants exhibited a reduced mean value of EtCO2 in exhaled breath (M = 36.3 mmHg, SD = 2.86 mmHg) and an altered inter-correlation between EtCO2 and RR compared to controls. Neurobehavioral outcomes including depression, severity of self-reported concussion symptoms, cognitive catastrophizing, and psychomotor processing speed were correlated with cardiorespiratory variables when the groups were combined. Overall, results from this study suggest that breathing dynamics may be altered in youth with PPCS and that cardiorespiratory outcomes could be related to a dimension of neurobehavioral outcomes associated with poorer recovery from concussion.

Creativity from paradoxical experience: a theory of how individuals achieve creativity while adopting paradoxical frames

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Calic ◽  
Sebastien Hélie ◽  
Nick Bontis ◽  
Elaine Mosakowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Important Benefit ◽  
Paradox Theory ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeExtant paradox theory suggests that adopting paradoxical frames, which are mental templates adopted by individuals in order to embrace contradictions, will result in superior firm performance. Superior performance is achieved through learning and creativity, fostering flexibility and resilience and unleashing human capital. The creativity mechanism of paradox theory is limited by a few propositions and a rough underlying theoretical logic. Using the extant theoretical base as a platform, the paper aims to develop a more powerful theory using a computational simulation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper relies on a psychologically realistic computer simulation. Using a simulation to generate ideas from stored information, one can model and manipulate the parameters that have been shown to mediate the relationship between paradoxes and creative output – defined as the number of creative ideas generated.FindingsSimulation results suggest that the relationship between paradoxical frames and creative output is non-monotonic – contrary to previous studies. Indeed, findings suggest that paradoxical frames can reduce, rather than enhance, creative output, in at least some cases.Originality/valueAn important benefit of adopting paradoxical frames is their capacity to increase creative output. This assumption is challenging to test, because one cannot measure private cognitive processes related to knowledge creation. However, they can be simulated. This allows for the extension of current theory. This new theory depicts a more complete relationship between paradoxical frames and creativity by accounting for subjective differences in how paradoxical frames are experienced along two cognitive mechanisms – differentiation and integration.

Age of Acquisition Norms for a Large Set of Object Names and Their Relation to Adult Estimates and Other Variables

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona M. Morrison ◽  
Tameron D. Chappell ◽  
Andrew W. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Name Agreement ◽  
Object Familiarity ◽  
The Relationship

Studies of lexical processing have relied heavily on adult ratings of word learning age or age of acquisition, which have been shown to be strongly predictive of processing speed. This study reports a set of objective norms derived in a large-scale study of British children's naming of 297 pictured objects (including 232 from the Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980, set). In addition, data were obtained on measures of rated age of acquisition, rated frequency, imageability, object familiarity, picture-name agreement, and name agreement. We discuss the relationship between the objective measure and adult ratings of word learning age. Objective measures should be used when available, but where not, our data suggest that adult ratings provide a reliable and valid measure of real word learning age.

scholarly journals Auditory word recognition across the lifespan

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrike K. Blumenfeld ◽  
Scott R. Schroeder ◽  
Susan C. Bobb ◽  
Max R. Freeman ◽  
Viorica Marian
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Auditory Word Recognition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Recent research suggests that bilingual experience reconfigures linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive processes. We examined the relationship between linguistic competition resolution and nonlinguistic cognitive control in younger and older adults who were either bilingual or monolingual. Participants heard words in English and identified the referent among four pictures while eye-movements were recorded. Target pictures (e.g., cab) appeared with a phonological competitor picture (e.g., cat) and two filler pictures. After each eye-tracking trial, priming probes assessed residual activation and inhibition of target and competitor words. When accounting for processing speed, results revealed that age-related changes in activation and inhibition are smaller in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Moreover, younger and older bilinguals, but not monolinguals, recruited similar inhibition mechanisms during word identification and during a nonlinguistic Stroop task. Results suggest that, during lexical access, bilinguals show more consistent competition resolution and recruitment of cognitive control across the lifespan than monolinguals.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Poverty and Economic Development: A Study on the Regions of Turkey

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ay ◽  
Emine Fırat ◽  
Fatih Mangır
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Is Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The concept of development has been evaluated by several economic scholars within different historical processes. The meaning of the concept has changed towards the direction from a single theoretical perspective into a multi-theoretical perspective. One of these perspectives is alleviation of poverty. Poverty appears when people cannot meet basic needs for their lives. Poverty level is total amount of expenditure which is necessary to meet the basic needs. Poverty level is the determinant of welfare level of a country and its regions. Poverty numbers and poverty level are criteria indicating to what extent is development achieved. Income distribution is another issue which must be handled with poverty. Fair distribution of income must be an important policy in alleviating poverty. In this context, impact of income distribution must be positive on development level. In this study, the relationship between poverty and development has been presented within the context of Turkey and its regions.

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