Integration of scheduled structural health monitoring with airline maintenance program based on risk analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhong Sun ◽  
Dan Chen ◽  
Chaoyi Li ◽  
Hongsheng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
System Level ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Operational Concept ◽  
Maintenance Process

The aerospace industry is striving to reduce the aircraft operating costs while maintaining required safety level. Emerging technologies such as the structural health monitoring to reduce long-term maintenance cost and increase aircraft availability are promoted by the manufacturers. To successfully integrate the structural health monitoring technology into the current maintenance process of modern commercial aviation, a clear definition of the structural-health-monitoring-based maintenance operational concept and the system level requirements is required. This article proposed a structural health monitoring operational concept and the associated maintenance cost modeling and risk assessment methods for the implementation of the structural health monitoring in commercial aviation industry. The developed methodology provides a tool to determine the optimal scheduled structural health monitoring inspection interval and repair decision thresholds for approved scheduled structural health monitoring task. A simulated case study is carried out to demonstrate the structural health monitoring operational concept and how an optimal maintenance strategy can be determined using the proposed methodology. Preliminary results show that the integration of the structural health monitoring into the existing maintenance process can reduce the maintenance cost compared to that of the current practice using the traditional Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques while maintaining the risk below an acceptable level.

Cost-Effectiveness of Structural Health Monitoring in Fuselage Maintenance of the Civil Aviation Industry †

Aerospace ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Dong ◽  
Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
The Cost

Although structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies using sensors have dramatically been developed recently, their capability should be evaluated from the perspective of the maintenance industry. As a first step toward utilizing sensors, the objective of the paper is to investigate the possibility of using sensors for inspecting the entire fuselage during C-check. First, we reviewed various sensors for their detection range, detectable damage size, and installed weight, which revealed that the piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS) is the most promising sensor for aircraft SHM. Second, we performed a case study of inspecting the fuselage of Boeing-737NG using PWAS. To maintain the same detecting capability of manual inspection in C-check, we estimated the total number of sensors required. It turned out that utilizing sensors can reduce the maintenance downtime and thus, maintenance cost. However, even with a very conservative estimate, the lifetime cost was significantly increased due to the weight of sensor systems. The cost due to the weight increase was an order of magnitude higher than the cost saved by using SHM. We found that a large number of sensors were required to detect damage at unknown locations, which was the main cause of the weight increase. We concluded that to make SHM cost-effective, it would be necessary either to improve the current sensor technologies so that a less number of sensors are used or to modify the aircraft design concept for SHM.

Federal Aviation Administration’s Probability of Detection Testing Results for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Swindell ◽  
Danielle Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atlantic City ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Set Up

Abstract The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been participating with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Industry Steering Committee (AISC) to develop a methodology for calculating the Probability of Detection (POD) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for damage detection on commercial aviation. Two POD methodologies were developed: one by Dr. William Meeker, Iowa State University, and the other by Dennis Roach, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). With Dr. Seth Kessler, Metis Design Corp, a test program of 24 samples of aluminum strips to be fatigued on MTS machines was developed. The samples were designed to meet the ASTM E647. Twelve samples had two SHM modalities on the front and back from Metis (PZT and carbon nanotubes), and the other twelve had SHM sensors from Structural Monitoring Systems (SMS) (comparative vacuum monitoring – CVM) and Acellent Technologies (PZT). The tests were performed at the FAA William J Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, NJ. The samples were cycled every 1500 cycles and then stopped for SHM data collection. Once the crack exceeded 0.125 inches and provided for a minimum of 15 inspections, a new sample was tested until all 12 samples were completed. The data was provided to each company to be set up in the format needed to run through the POD methodologies. Then the data was provided to Dr. Meeker and Dr. Roach for analysis. This paper will provide the results of those tests.

Durability of Embedded PZTs in Structural Health Monitoring Systems under Cyclic Loading

2014 ◽  
Vol 891-892 ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyun Yoo ◽  
Akbar Afaghi Khatibi ◽  
Everson Kandare
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Service Conditions

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems are developed to decrease the maintenance cost and increase the life of engineering structures by fundamentally changing the way structural inspections are performed. However, this important objective can only be achieved through the consistent and predictable performance of a SHM system under different service conditions. The capability of a Piezoelectric lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)-based SHM system in detecting structural flaws strongly depends on the sensor signals as well as actuator performance. But service conditions can change the behaviour of transducers, raising questions about long term SHM system capability. Although having a clear understanding of the reliable sensor life is important for surface mounted systems, however, this is particularly critical for embedded sensors. This is due to the fact that opportunity for replacement of sensors exists for surface bonded transducers while for the embedded systems, sensor replacement is not straightforward. Therefore, knowledge of the long term behaviour of embedded-SHM systems is critical for their implementation. This paper reports a study on the degradation of embedded PZT transducers under cyclic loadings. Carbon/epoxy laminates with an embedded PZT were subjected to fatigue loading and their performance was monitored using Scanning Laser Vibrometery (SLV). The functionality of PZT transducers under sensing and actuating modes were studied. High and low cycle fatigue tests were performed to establish strain-voltage relationships which can be used to identify critical cyclic loading parameters (number of cycles and R value) under sensing and actuating modes.

scholarly journals Wireless Sensor Networks Composed of Standard Microcomputers and Smartphones for Applications in Structural Health Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Morgenthal ◽  
Jan Frederick Eick ◽  
Sebastian Rau ◽  
Jakob Taraben
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Modal Identification ◽  
System Level ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Structural Health

Wireless sensor networks have attracted great attention for applications in structural health monitoring due to their ease of use, flexibility of deployment, and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a software framework for WiFi-based wireless sensor networks composed of low-cost mass market single-board computers. A number of specific system-level software components were developed to enable robust data acquisition, data processing, sensor network communication, and timing with a focus on structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The framework was validated on Raspberry Pi computers, and its performance was studied in detail. The paper presents several characteristics of the measurement quality such as sampling accuracy and time synchronization and discusses the specific limitations of the system. The implementation includes a complementary smartphone application that is utilized for data acquisition, visualization, and analysis. A prototypical implementation further demonstrates the feasibility of integrating smartphones as data acquisition nodes into the network, utilizing their internal sensors. The measurement system was employed in several monitoring campaigns, three of which are documented in detail. The suitability of the system is evaluated based on comparisons of target quantities with reference measurements. The results indicate that the presented system can robustly achieve a measurement performance commensurate with that required in many typical SHM tasks such as modal identification. As such, it represents a cost-effective alternative to more traditional monitoring solutions.

Fatigue in aerostructures—where structural health monitoring can contribute to a complex subject

2006 ◽  
Vol 365 (1851) ◽  
pp. 561-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Boller ◽  
Matthias Buderath
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Fatigue Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maintenance Process ◽  
Complex Subject

An overview of the aircraft design and maintenance process is given with specific emphasis on the fatigue design as well as the phenomenon of the ageing aircraft observed over the life cycle. The different measures taken to guarantee structural integrity along the maintenance process are addressed. The impact of structural health monitoring as a means of possibly revolutionizing the current aircraft structural monitoring and design process is emphasized and comparison is made to jet engines and helicopters, where health monitoring has already found the respective breakthrough.

scholarly journals Research on Green Habitat Design Based on Field Wireless Sensing Hazardous Substance Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Wei Xiong ◽  
Liangquan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
System Level ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Network System ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Habitat Environment

Field wireless sensor network is the current global engineering field research hotspot for structural health monitoring wireless sensor network that is one of the important branches to real-time monitoring of the safety status of the upper wood engineering structure to avoid the occurrence of many safety accidents caused by major structural and equipment damage and to guide the maintenance of major structures; the establishment of a wireless sensor network system is one of the current research priorities. This paper researches and designs a wireless sensor network system level scheme for structural health monitoring that is divided into two parts based on the hardware platform design and software development based on the system that focuses on the time synchronization protocol and synchronous acquisition method featuring synchronous acquisition start time scheme, time separation method, and flexible optimization model of time information. The method applies to high-frequency acquisition to guarantee the time of sampling points in structural environmental measurement. The accuracy of the information and the reliability of the field diagnosis, for the detection of harmful substances, as well as leading to the construction of green habitat environment have a qualitative leap, for the design of green habitat environment that has enough progress.

scholarly journals Assessment of embedded fiber Bragg gratings for structural health monitoring of composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Yeager ◽  
Michael Todd ◽  
William Gregory ◽  
Chris Key
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Fiber Bragg Gratings ◽  
Bragg Gratings ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
System Level ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Reinforced Polymer

This work provides a system-level investigation into the use of embedded fiber Bragg grating optical sensors as a viable sensing architecture for the structural health monitoring of composite structures. The practical aspects of the embedding process are documented for both carbon fiber–reinforced polymer and glass fiber–reinforced polymer structures manufactured by both oven vacuum bag and vacuum-assisted resin transfer method processes. Initially, embedded specimens were subject to long-term water submersion to verify performance in an underwater environment. A larger, more complex jointed specimen was also fabricated with a fully embedded sensor network of fiber Bragg gratings and subjected to incrementally induced bearing damage. Using commercially available interrogation hardware, a damage detection structural health monitoring algorithm was developed and deployed. The results permit statistically precise detection of low levels of connection damage in the composite specimen.

DETECTION OF DAMAGE LOCATION USING A NOVEL SUBSTRUCTURE-BASED FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION APPROACH WITH A WIRELESS SENSING SYSTEM

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250029 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. LIN ◽  
S. L. HUNG ◽  
C. S. HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Health Monitoring System ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Damage Location ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring System

This paper intends to detect the damage locations for building structures under an earthquake excitation using a novel substructure-based FRF approach with a damage location index (SubFRFDI). An Imote2.NET-based wireless structural health monitoring system was developed and employed in the experimental studies for the sake of deployment flexibility, low maintenance cost, low power consumption, self-organization capability, and wireless communication capability. The feasibility of the proposed approach for damage detection was examined using the numerical response of a six-storey shear plane frame structure subjected to a base excitation. The results demonstrate that the SubFRFDI can be successfully used to identify the damage of different levels at a single site or multiple sites. The SubFRFDI is independent of the responses to various input earthquake excitations. Even with the addition of noises, the SubFRFDI still functions well. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed Imote2.NET-based wireless structural health monitoring system were assessed using a 1/8-scale three-storey steel-frame model. Following this, the proposed SubFRFDI was further applied to identifying the damage locations in a 1/4-scale six-storey steel structure with the proposed Imote2.NET-based wireless monitoring system. It was confirmed experimentally that good data transportation quality can be achieved via reliable data transmission and sensing protocol in identifying the structural dynamic properties, and the proposed SubFRFDI can be used to identify the damage locations effectively.

scholarly journals Aircraft Scheduled Airframe Maintenance and Downtime Integrated Cost Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remzi Saltoğlu ◽  
Nazmia Humaira ◽  
Gökhan İnalhan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Overhead Cost ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Integrated Cost ◽  
Maintenance Process ◽  
Minimum Operating

Aviation industry has grown rapidly since the first scheduled commercial aviation started one hundred years ago. There is a fast growth in the number of passengers, routes, and frequencies, with high revenues and low margins, which make this industry one of the most challenging businesses in the world. Every operator aims to undertake the minimum operating cost and gain profit as much as possible. One of the significant elements of operator’s operating cost is the maintenance cost. During maintenance scheduling, operator calculates the maintenance cost that it needs to budget. Previous works show that this calculation includes only costs that are directly related to the maintenance process such as cost of labor, material, and equipment. In some cases, overhead cost is also included. Some of previous works also discuss the existence of another cost throughout aircraft downtime, which is defined as cost of revenue loss. Nevertheless, there is not any standard model that shows how to define and calculate downtime cost. For that reason, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a new model and analysis technique that can be used to calculate aircraft downtime cost due to maintenance.

scholarly journals Development of a Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Integrated Structural Health Monitoring System for Impact Monitoring and Impedance Measurement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Guo ◽  
Tianxiang Huang ◽  
Kai-Uwe Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Impact Monitoring

Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, which are also considered as online nondestructive testing methods, are significant in modern structural engineering due to their ability to guarantee structure safety while reducing maintenance cost. It is often necessary to combine different SHM methods to achieve a more reliable damage detection result. However, the hardware of the SHM systems is usually expensive, bulky, and heavy when they are designed separately. Therefore, this paper proposes a three-layer architecture for designing an integrated multi-function SHM system to achieve a small, lightweight, and low power consumption SHM system. Based on the architecture, an integrated SHM system with impact monitoring and electromechanical impedance measurement is developed. In addition, a scheduling module is developed to manage the two functions of the system. Furthermore, an integrated interface is developed to transfer the data and the command. Then, an integrated printed circuit board is designed and manufactured to achieve the aforementioned functions. The designed system is applied for impact monitoring and damage detection for a supporting structure of a sailplane.

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