scholarly journals Narrowing of the Audiovisual Temporal Binding Window Due To Perceptual Training Is Specific to High Visual Intensity Stimuli

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 204166952097867
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Horsfall ◽  
Sophie M. Wuerger ◽  
Georg F. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Auditory Intensity ◽  
Temporal Binding Window ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli

The temporal binding window (TBW), which reflects the range of temporal offsets in which audiovisual stimuli are combined to form a singular percept, can be reduced through training. Our research aimed to investigate whether training-induced reductions in TBW size transfer across stimulus intensities. A total of 32 observers performed simultaneity judgements at two visual intensities with a fixed auditory intensity, before and after receiving audiovisual TBW training at just one of these two intensities. We show that training individuals with a high visual intensity reduces the size of the TBW for bright stimuli, but this improvement did not transfer to dim stimuli. The reduction in TBW can be explained by shifts in decision criteria. Those trained with the dim visual stimuli, however, showed no reduction in TBW. Our main finding is that perceptual improvements following training are specific for high-intensity stimuli, potentially highlighting limitations of proposed TBW training procedures.

scholarly journals The Magnitude of the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion does not Increase as a Function of Visual Stimulus Eccentricity in Peripheral Vision

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Gavin ◽  
David McGovern ◽  
Rebecca Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Temporal Binding Window ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
Illusory Percept ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Impact

The sound-induced flash illusion occurs when a rapidly presented visual stimulus is accompanied by two auditory stimuli, creating the illusory percept of two visual stimuli. While much research has focused on how the temporal proximity of the audiovisual stimuli impacts susceptibility to the illusion, comparatively less research has been dedicated to investigating the impact of spatial manipulations. Here, we aimed to assess whether manipulating the eccentricity of visual flash stimuli altered the properties of the temporal binding window associated with the SIFI. Twenty participants were required to report whether they perceived one or two flashes that were concurrently presented with one or two beeps. Visual stimuli were presented at one of four different retinal eccentricities (2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10 degrees below fixation) and audiovisual stimuli were separated by one of eight stimulus-onset asynchronies. In keeping with previous findings, increasing stimulus-onset asynchrony between the auditory and visual stimuli led to a marked decrease in susceptibility to the illusion allowing us to estimate the width and amplitude of the temporal binding window. However, varying the eccentricity of the visual stimulus had no effect on either the width or the peak amplitude of the temporal binding window, with a similar pattern of results observed for both the “fission” and “fusion” variants of the illusion. Thus, spatial manipulations of the audiovisual stimuli used to elicit the SIFI appear to have a weaker effect on the integration of sensory signals than temporal manipulations, a finding which has implications for neuroanatomical models of multisensory integration.

Enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release following intermittent sprint training

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. R152-R160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Ørtenblad ◽  
Per K. Lunde ◽  
Klaus Levin ◽  
Jesper L. Andersen ◽  
Preben K. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Ryanodine Receptors ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Intensity Training

To evaluate the effect of intermittent sprint training on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function, nine young men performed a 5 wk high-intensity intermittent bicycle training, and six served as controls. SR function was evaluated from resting vastus lateralis muscle biopsies, before and after the training period. Intermittent sprint performance (ten 8-s all-out periods alternating with 32-s recovery) was enhanced 12% ( P < 0.01) after training. The 5-wk sprint training induced a significantly higher ( P < 0.05) peak rate of AgNO3-stimulated Ca2+ release from 709 (range 560–877; before) to 774 (596–977) arbitrary units Ca2+ ⋅ g protein− 1 ⋅ min− 1(after). The relative SR density of functional ryanodine receptors (RyR) remained unchanged after training; there was, however, a 48% ( P < 0.05) increase in total number of RyR. No significant differences in Ca2+ uptake rate and Ca2+-ATPase capacity were observed following the training, despite that the relative density of Ca2+-ATPase isoforms SERCA1 and SERCA2 had increased 41% and 55%, respectively ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that high-intensity training induces an enhanced peak SR Ca2+ release, due to an enhanced total volume of SR, whereas SR Ca2+ sequestration function is not altered.

Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R392-R401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Daryl P. Wilkerson ◽  
Nicolas J. Berger ◽  
Jonathan Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knee Extension Exercise

We hypothesized that a period of endurance training would result in a speeding of muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) kinetics over the fundamental phase of the response and a reduction in the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component during high-intensity exercise. Six male subjects (age 26 ± 5 yr) completed 5 wk of single-legged knee-extension exercise training with the alternate leg serving as a control. Before and after the intervention period, the subjects completed incremental and high-intensity step exercise tests of 6-min duration with both legs separately inside the bore of a whole-body magnetic resonance spectrometer. The time-to-exhaustion during incremental exercise was not changed in the control leg [preintervention group (PRE): 19.4 ± 2.3 min vs. postintervention group (POST): 19.4 ± 1.9 min] but was significantly increased in the trained leg (PRE: 19.6 ± 1.6 min vs. POST: 22.0 ± 2.2 min; P < 0.05). During step exercise, there were no significant changes in the control leg, but end-exercise pH and [PCr] were higher after vs. before training. The time constant for the [PCr] kinetics over the fundamental exponential region of the response was not significantly altered in either the control leg (PRE: 40 ± 13 s vs. POST: 43 ± 10 s) or the trained leg (PRE: 38 ± 8 s vs. POST: 40 ± 12 s). However, the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component was significantly reduced in the trained leg (PRE: 15 ± 7 vs. POST: 7 ± 7% change in [PCr]; P < 0.05) with there being no change in the control leg (PRE: 13 ± 8 vs. POST: 12 ± 10% change in [PCr]). The attenuation of the [PCr] slow component might be mechanistically linked with enhanced exercise tolerance following endurance training.

scholarly journals Detraining Slows and Maintenance Training Over 6 Years Halts Parkinsonian Symptoms-Progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Hortobágyi ◽  
Dávid Sipos ◽  
Gábor Borbély ◽  
György Áfra ◽  
Emese Reichardt-Varga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Introduction: There are scant data to demonstrate that the long-term non-pharmaceutical interventions can slow the progression of motor and non-motor symptoms and lower drug dose in Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods: After randomization, the Exercise-only (E, n = 19) group completed an initial 3-week-long, 15-session supervised, high-intensity sensorimotor agility exercise program designed to improve the postural stability. The Exercise + Maintenance (E + M, n = 22) group completed the 3-week program and continued the same program three times per week for 6 years. The no exercise and no maintenance control (C, n = 26) group continued habitual living. In each patient, 11 outcomes were measured before and after the 3-week initial exercise program and then, at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months.Results: The longitudinal linear mixed effects modeling of each variable was fitted with maximum likelihood estimation and adjusted for baseline and covariates. The exercise program strongly improved the primary outcome, Motor Experiences of Daily Living, by ~7 points and all secondary outcomes [body mass index (BMI), disease and no disease-specific quality of life, depression, mobility, and standing balance]. In E group, the detraining effects lasted up to 12 months. E+M group further improved the initial exercise-induced gains up to 3 months and the gains were sustained until year 6. In C group, the symptoms worsened steadily. By year 6, levodopa (L-dopa) equivalents increased in all the groups but least in E + M group.Conclusion: A short-term, high-intensity sensorimotor agility exercise program improved the PD symptoms up to a year during detraining but the subsequent 6-year maintenance program was needed to further increase or sustain the initial improvements in the symptoms, quality of life, and drug dose.

scholarly journals The acute effect of high intensity aerobic training on ANP and Endothelin-1 in obese women

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Rouhollah Haghshenas ◽  
Samaneh Nazemian ◽  
Mohsen Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute high intensity aerobic training on ANP and Endothelin-1 in inactive obese women. In order to nineteen obese women mean age± SD: 27.94± 3.30, mean weight ±SD: 88.13 ±7.28, mean height ±SD: 163.00± 4.91, mean BMI ±SD: 32.96± 3.13 selected and were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. Experimental group performed a session acute aerobic exercise on ergometer at intensity 25w that increased every two minute 25w to workload and performed to exhaustion every subject. Samples blood were taken after 12 hours fasting, before and after of program training. For analyzed of biochemical variables used ELISA method and for analyses data used ANOVA. Results of this study showed that acute aerobic training causes significant increase in level of plasma ANP in obese women (p=0.006). But no significant differences observe in plasma level of Endothelin-1. Also, any significant difference didn’t observe between pre and post-training values, were separately compared data in each group. Finally, according to results of this study, acute aerobic training causes of the direct relationship between obesity and hypertension and cardiovascular disease probably beneficial effects of physical activity in obese people is due to change in these indicators.

scholarly journals High-intensity Interval Training Improves Inflammatory Mediators in Obese Women: Based on the Study of the UCP2 Ala55Val Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 871-875
Author(s):  
Susiana Candrawati ◽  
Emy Huriyati ◽  
Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro ◽  
Lantip Rujito ◽  
Aulia Nury Faza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
T Test ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Background: Increased inflammatory mediators in obesity are associated with metabolic syndrome. Exercise is an effective effort to reduce the incidence of obesity. The High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program is an exercise which include combination of high-intensity exercise and rest periods. The decrease in body fat levels due to physical training will further affect inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and TNFα. Besides training factor, genetic also play a role on obesity. One of the genes that influence obesity is the UCP2 Ala55Val gene. Objectives: This research aims to see the effect of HIIT on the levels of inflammatory mediators in obese patients based on the study of the Ala55Val UCP2 gene. Methods: This study was a Quasi-Experimental Pre and Post Design Without Control Group. Thirty obese women (BMI≥25 kg/m2) were given High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as an intervention by comparing the data before and after the intervention. The training intervention was conducted for 12 weeks, consisting of two weeks of adaptation and ten weeks of HIIT intervention. The body weight, BMI and inflammatory mediators (TNFα and IL 6) before and after the intervention were analyzed using the Dependent T-Test and Wilcoxon Test as a nonparametric test. Independent T-Test and Mann Whitney test used to determine the effect of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene on changes in body weight, BMI and the inflammatory mediator. The test results were considered significantly different if p<0.05. Results: Bivariate analysis using Dependent T-Test showed that HIIT significantly improved Body Weight, BMI and IL6 with p=0.0001. Wilcoxon Test showed that HIIT significantly improved TNFα with p=0.0001. Independent T-Test showed no difference in body weight (p=0.719), BMI (p=0.663) and TNFα (p=0.264) improvement in the two genotypes of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene. Mann Whitney Test showed no difference in IL6 (p=0.288) improvement in the two genotypes of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene. Conclusion: The research concluded that the 12-week HIIT interventions improved inflammatory mediators by reducing IL6 and TNFα in obese women. There was no effect of genetic variation on the response to training intervention.

scholarly journals Heart Rate, Systolic Blood Pressure and Autonomic Nerve Activity Before and After High Intensity Resistance Exercise

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira SYOUBO ◽  
Toshio SUSAKI ◽  
Noboru HIROSE ◽  
Toshiro OKU ◽  
Kstsuhiko TACHINO
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Autonomic Nerve Activity

Immediate and late acute effect of moderate continuous and high intensity interval training on hypertension stage I: case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Ana Luísa Freitas Siqueira ◽  
Gabriela Souza Faria ◽  
Pedro De Oliveira Neto ◽  
Maria Paula Fabrício de Andrade ◽  
Bruna Pereira Molina Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Hypotensive Effect ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Training Modalities

Physical training is used in the control of arterial hypertension (AH), especially in patients with higher levels of blood pressure (BP). However, there are still few studies on the effects of physical training on AH in less advanced stages of the disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the immediate and late acute effects of continuous moderate physical training (CMT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with mild AH, and to assess which training method induces a greater hypotensive effect. A female patient, 43 years old, sedentary, diagnosed with mild AH (stage 1), taking Losartana 50 mg twice a day was studied. She underwent one CMT and one HIIT session, one week apart. BP measurements were taken before and after each session, as well as 24 hours before and after the sessions. After the physical training sessions, we observed a drop in the patient's BP that lasted up to 60 minutes, and a reduction in blood pressure levels on the day after the training. We conclude that both training modalities were efficient in reducing the BP of the patient with mild acute immediate and delayed hypertension.

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