Introduction:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used by an estimated 29 million Americans. PPIs increase the levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data from a select population of patients with CVD suggest that PPI use is associated with an increased risk of stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease. The impact of PPI use on incident CVD is largely unknown in the general population.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that PPI users have a higher risk of incident total CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure compared to nonusers. To demonstrate specificity of association, we additionally hypothesized that there is
not
an association between use of H
2
-blockers - another commonly used class of medications with similar indications as PPIs - and CVD.
Methods:
We used the Rochester Epidemiology Project’s medical records-linkage system to identify all residents of Olmsted County, MN on our baseline date of January 1, 2004 (N=140217). We excluded persons who did not grant permission for their records to be used for research, were <18 years old, had a history of CVD, had missing data for any variable included in our model, or had evidence of PPI use within the previous year.We followed our final cohort (N=58175) for up to 12 years. The administrative censoring date for CVD was 1/20/2014, for coronary heart disease was 8/3/2016, for stroke was 9/9/2016, and for heart failure was 1/20/2014. Time-varying PPI ever-use was ascertained using 1) natural language processing to capture unstructured text from the electronic health record, and 2) outpatient prescriptions. An incident CVD event was defined as the
first
occurrence of 1) validated heart failure, 2) validated coronary heart disease, or 3) stroke, defined using diagnostic codes only. As a secondary analysis, we calculated the association between time-varying H
2
-blocker ever-use and CVD among persons not using H
2
-blockers at baseline.
Results:
After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and body-mass-index, PPI use was associated with an approximately 50% higher risk of CVD (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.51 [1.37-1.67]; 2187 CVD events), stroke (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.49 [1.35-1.65]; 1928 stroke events), and heart failure (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.56 [1.23-1.97]; 353 heart failure events) compared to nonusers. Users of PPIs had a 35% greater risk of coronary heart disease than nonusers (95% CI: 1.13-1.61; 626 coronary heart disease events). Use of H
2
-blockers was also associated with a higher risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI]: 1.23 [1.08-1.41]; 2331 CVD events).
Conclusions:
PPI use is associated with a higher risk of CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure. Use of a drug with no known cardiac toxicity - H
2
-blockers - was also associated with a greater risk of CVD, warranting further study.
Cardiovascular disease in transgendered people: A review of the literature and discussion of risk
