Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative study in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria

Introduction: The COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 which has infected over 74 million people, killing more than 1,600,000 million people around the world as of 17th December 2020. Accumulation of free radicals coupled by weakened antioxidant system leads to oxidative stress, which will further worsen respiratory diseases, COVID-19 inclusive. This study aimed to examine the levels of some antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study in which 50 COVID-19 symptomatic patients who were on admission at the COVID-19 isolation center in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria, were recruited. Twenty one (21) apparently healthy individuals were included as controls. Levels of antioxidant trace elements (Se, Zn, Mg, Cu and Cr), 8-isoprostaglandin F2 alpha and malondialdehyde in the plasma and erythrocytes activity of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were determined. Results: The plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E were significantly lower ( p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients than controls. Activities of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were lower in COVID-19 subjects than controls ( p < 0.001). The concentrations of Se, Zn, Mg and Cu were significantly lower ( p < 0.001; p = 0.039; p < 0.001; and p < 0.001), respectively, in COVID-19 patients than controls, while chromium showed no significant difference ( p = 0.605). Oxidative stress marker, 8-isoprostaglandin F2 alpha, was significantly higher ( p = 0.049), while malondialdehyde was lower ( p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients than controls. Conclusion: In conclusion, COVID-19 patients are prone to depleted levels of antioxidant substances due to their increase utilization in counterbalancing the negative effect of free radicals. Furthermore, COVID-19 infection with other comorbidities, such as malaria, hypertension and diabetes, are at higher risk of developing oxidative stress.

Download Full-text

Effects of Three Types of Massage on Serum Levels of Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase After One Session of Exhaustive Exercise in Female Futsal Players

Complementary Medicine Journal ◽

10.32598/cmja.10.4.631.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 328-339

Author(s):

Bahare Heydari ◽

◽

Mohsen Ghofrani ◽

Mohammad Ebrahim Bahram ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Serum Levels ◽

The Body ◽

Exhaustive Exercise ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: The production of reactive oxygen species in exercise causes oxidative stress which disturbs the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, causing destructive effects on cells. The present study aims to investigate the effect of three types of massage (Swedish, Russian, Thai) on serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) following one session of exhaustive exercise. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 female futsal players aged 17-22 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into four groups of Swedish massage (Long strokes with pressing and tapping using hands), Russian massage (Medium to high pressure), Thai massage (Pressure to certain parts of the body) and Control. The exercise program was based on Bruce protocol. Serum levels of MDA, GPX and SOD were measured by before and immediately after exercise and after massage. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, considering a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: In all three types of massage, there was a significant decrease in serum level of MDA (0.22±0.08), and a significant increase in GPX (1.84±0.46) and SOD (10.02±2.86) levels after exhaustive (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the control group. Conclusion: It seems that Russian, Thai, and Swedish types of massage can affect the serum levels of the MDA (as an oxidative stress marker) and the antioxidant enzymes of GPX and SOD during the post-exercise recovery period.

Download Full-text

Abstract TP210: The Genetic Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress Genes, Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase, Correlated With Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.tp210 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Binod Kumar Yadav ◽

Renu Yadav ◽

Byoung-Soo Shin

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Biochemical Parameter ◽

Antioxidant Systems ◽

Stress Genes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pcr Rflp

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are controlled by endogenous antioxidant systems that include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and antioxidant vitamins. Defect in these systems may develop oxidative stress, and different studies have shown the profound effect of oxidative stress in the stroke because of high susceptibility of the brain to ROS-induced damage. Superoxide is dismutated to H 2 O 2 by SOD which is further converted to H 2 O and O 2 by GPx or catalase in the mitochondria and the lysosomes. The present study was aimed to investigate the association of SOD and GPx polymorphisms in the development of stroke. Methods: A total 982 subjects ( 674 patients, 308 controls) were recruited in this study. Genotyping of SOD1 ( rs1041740 ), SOD2 ( rs4880 ), GPx1 ( rs1050450 ) were performed by LightCycler real-time PCR using LightSNiPreagents and FastStartDNAMasterHybProbe while genotyping of GPx4 ( rs713041 ) were done by PCR-RFLP were done by PCR-RFLP. All biochemical parameter were measured in automated clinical chemistry analyzer, at department of laboratory medicine. Results: Our study demonstrated that the CC+CT/TT genotype of rs4880 significantly increased the risk of stroke (AOR=1.57, 95%CI=1.10-2.24) and SAD-stroke (AOR=1.64, 95%CI=1.17-2.41) compared with CC genotype. In GPx polymorphsims, rs1050450 showed no association with stoke, while rs713041 and the combination analysis of rs1050450 with rs713041 demonstrated the significant association for the stroke development. Interestingly, the inter-combined effect of genetic polymorphism of SOD/GPx showed the significant association for the stroke. Most of the genotypes of these SNPs demonstrated significant difference between control and stroke cases on different biochemical parameters. Conclusion: This study suggests a possible role for oxidative stress in the risk of stroke and clearly states that genetic component of stroke is polygenic as altered SOD and GPx genes interaction showed increased risk for stroke development

Download Full-text

Reduction of Superoxide Dismutase 1 Delays Regeneration of Cardiotoxin-Injured Skeletal Muscle in KK/Ta-Ins2Akita Mice with Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5491

Author(s):

Yuya Takahashi ◽

Tatsunori Shimizu ◽

Shunsuke Kato ◽

Mitsuhiko Nara ◽

Yumi Suganuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Muscle Regeneration ◽

Diabetic Mouse ◽

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Regeneration Capacity ◽

Cross Sectional

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a major antioxidant enzyme for superoxide removal, and cytoplasmic SOD (SOD1) is expressed as a predominant isoform in all cells. We previously reported that renal SOD1 deficiency accelerates the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) via increasing renal oxidative stress. To evaluate whether the degree of SOD1 expression determines regeneration capacity and sarcopenic phenotypes of skeletal muscles under incipient and advanced DN conditions, we investigated the alterations of SOD1 expression, oxidative stress marker, inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration capacity in cardiotoxin (CTX)-injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of two Akita diabetic mouse models with different susceptibility to DN, DN-resistant C57BL/6-Ins2Akita and DN-prone KK/Ta-Ins2Akita mice. Here, we report that KK/Ta-Ins2Akita mice, but not C57BL/6-Ins2Akita mice, exhibit delayed muscle regeneration after CTX injection, as demonstrated by the finding indicating significantly smaller average cross-sectional areas of regenerating TA muscle myofibers relative to KK/Ta-wild-type mice. Furthermore, we observed markedly reduced SOD1 expression in CTX-injected TA muscles of KK/Ta-Ins2Akita mice, but not C57BL/6-Ins2Akita mice, along with increased inflammatory cell infiltration, prominent fibrosis and superoxide overproduction. Our study provides the first evidence that SOD1 reduction and the following superoxide overproduction delay skeletal muscle regeneration through induction of overt inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of progressive DN.

Download Full-text

Serum Cotinine, Serum F2-isoprostane and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Male Tobacco Users

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.604 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 62-67

Author(s):

Haymar Soe Win ◽

Win Yu Aung ◽

Ohn Mar

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Adult Male ◽

High Serum ◽

Betel Quid ◽

Oxidative Stress Marker ◽

Serum Cotinine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Significant Difference

Data on risk of metabolic syndrome among various forms of tobacco consumption in Myanmar tobacco users are currently limited. The present study aimed to determine and compare nicotine metabolites serum cotinine, oxidative stress marker serum F2-isoprostane in adult male tobacco users, and to find out relationships between these parameters and risk of metabolic syndrome. This cross-sectional study was done in 30 to 45 years old males: 84 cigarette smokers, 84 cheroot smokers and 84 betel quid with tobacco chewers. Metabolic syndrome was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Serum cotinine concentration of cigarette smokers was significantly higher than that of cheroot smokers (p=0.026), however, no significant difference was seen between cigarette smokers and betel quid with tobacco chewers (p=1.000), and between cheroot smokers and betel quid with tobacco chewers (p=0.248). Serum F2-isoprostane concentration was significantly higher (p=0.001) in cigarette smokers than cheroot smokers and betel quid with tobacco chewers, but no significant difference was observed between cheroot smokers and betel quid with tobacco chewers (p=1.000). Compared with betel quid with tobacco chewers, cigarette smokers had 5.2 times (95% CI, 2.3-11.4) (p<0.001) and cheroot smokers had 1.4 times (95% CI, 0.62-3.3) (p=0.402) higher risk of having metabolic syndrome. There was a significant association between the presence of metabolic syndrome and high serum cotinine as well as high serum F2-isoprostane. A significant correlation between serum cotinine and serum F2-isoprostane was found in betel quid with tobacco chewers, but not in cigarette smokers and cheroot smokers. The present study showed that both nicotine and oxidative stress take part in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Cigarette smoking has the highest risk of having metabolic syndrome, however, cheroot smoking as well as betel quid with tobacco chewing is related to metabolic syndrome as well.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Oxidative Status in Foot Diseases of Sheep

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.89402 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Ibrahim Yurdakul ◽

Betul Apaydin Yildirim

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Control Group ◽

Foot Diseases ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Foot Disease ◽

Interdigital Dermatitis

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology and/or progression of various diseases in the livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between foot diseases and oxidant and antioxidant levels, determining catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in sheep with foot disease such as interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection (biflex canal inflammation).Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 70 sheep aged between 1 and 3, 20 sheep with interdigital dermatitis, 20 with foot-rot, 10 with interdigital pouch inflammation and 20 clinically healthy Akkaraman sheep, were used. The blood samples collected from the V. Jugularis of the sheep were centrifuged and their serums were obtained. MDA and NO levels of the sheep with interdigital dermatitis, footrot and interdigital pouch infection were found to be significantly higher than those of animals in the control group (P < 0.001). CAT activity was determined to be significantly lower in all diseased animals than in the animals in the control group (P < 0.001). GSH-Px and GSH levels were significantly lower in the animals with interdigital dermatitis than in the control group (respectively P < 0.001, P < 0.05).Discussion: Oxidative stress regulates the metabolic activity of some organs and plays an important role in productivity in livestock. The oxidative stress is reported that caused by the increase in the production of excessive free radicals resulting from the exposure of animals to various stress factors and by the weakening of the antioxidant defense has an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as foot diseases. In the presence of various stress factors, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) increases. MDA is determine the degree of cellular damage in tissues. Nitric oxide is produced in large quantities by macrophages in case of bacterial infections and exhibits antibacterial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. For this reason, NO is very high levels in inflammatory diseases. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) is some of the important antioxidants and play an important role in the oxidative defense of tissues. In this study, the increase in serum MDA and NO levels was mostly found in interdigital dermatitis cases, then in footrot cases and finally in interdigital pouch infection cases. Serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). In this study, the highest decrease in serum CAT levels was detected in interdigital dermatitis cases and followed by footrot cases and interdigital pouch infection cases, respectively. Serum GSH-Px and GSH levels were found to be significantly lower in interdigital dermatitis cases than those in the control group (respectively P < 0.001, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference found between the serum GSH-Px and GSH levels of footrot and interdigital pouch infection cases, and the control group (P > 0.05). We found that serum MDA and NO levels were found to significantly increase in sheep with foot disease and serum CAT levels were found to be significantly lower. The results of this research indicate that MDA, NO and CAT activities may be more reliable parameters than GSH-Px and GSH activities in order to determine oxidative stress in sheep with foot diseases. In conclusion, this study reveals that there is a relationship between foot diseases and oxidant/antioxidant balance in sheep and it shows that the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation develop due to the increase of free radicals.

Download Full-text

Effects of the oxidative stress and genetic changes in varicose vein patients

Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease ◽

10.1177/0268355518814124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 406-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Devrim Saribal ◽

Eyup Murat Kanber ◽

Fatma Sinem Hocaoglu-Emre ◽

Mehmet C Akyolcu

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Patient Group ◽

Varicose Veins ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Compensatory Response ◽

Stress Indicator ◽

Significant Difference

Background Etiology of the varicose veins is still partly known. It has been proposed that varicose veins formation might be a cause of the oxidative stress and/or cause from genetical reasons. Method The levels of antioxidant defense system enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and an oxidative stress indicator, malondialdehyde, were measured in saphenous vein samples of varicose veins patients. Additionally, genetical polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase theta-1 has been studied. Result In this study, measurements revealed significant increase in catalase and malondialdehyde levels in the patient group, whereas superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity and comparison of the null mutation frequency in the glutathione S-transferase theta-1 gene did not show a statistically significant difference. Conclusion We propose that the increase in catalase and malondialdehyde activities in our patient group may be related to each other. Increase in catalase levels, an antioxidant enzyme might be a compensatory response to the increase in malondialdehyde levels, an oxidative molecule.

Download Full-text

State of the enzyme link of antioxidant protection in boys with hypoandrogenism

Problems of Uninterrupted Medical Training and Science ◽

10.31071/promedosvity2020.04.032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

L. K. Parkhomenko ◽

◽

L. A. Strashok ◽

S. I. Turchina ◽

G. V. Kosovtsova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Free Radical ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Free Radical Oxidation ◽

Conjugated Dienes ◽

Delayed Puberty ◽

Control Group ◽

Antioxidant Protection ◽

Radical Oxidation

Recently, interest in the problem of free radical oxidation in biological membranes, which is directly related to both the normal functioning of cells and the occurrence, course and outcome of many pathological conditions, has increased again in clinical medicine. The aim was to determine the role and impact of antioxidant defense in boys with hypoandrogenism. The study involved 75 adolescents with hypoandrogenism aged 13–18 years, who underwent a complex of clinical and laboratory examinations. All patients were conducted complex of anthropometric research and determination of the degree of delayed puberty, laboratory and instrumental examination. Free radical oxidation was determined by the levels of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, carbonated proteins, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the serum, and restored glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in whole blood. Based on their determination, the coefficient of oxidative stress was calculated. Statistical processing of results was performed using parametric and nonparametric methods. The study of indicators of the free radical oxidation process found that adolescents with hypoandrogenism have multidirectional changes in the oxidation of proteins and lipids, namely: the level of conjugated dienes increases, the concentration of malondialdehyde remains at the level of the control group, and the level of carbonated proteins tends to decrease. As for the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes, a significant decrease in the level of glutathione peroxidase was detected, while the level of superoxide dismutase and catalase remained at the level of normative indicators. Oxidative stress accompanies and is one of the pathogenetic links in the formation or maintenance of the state of hypoandrogenism in boys. This requires the use of antioxidants, the complex of which must be selected individually.

Download Full-text

Immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes in testis of rams submitted to long-term heat stress

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199419000467 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 432-435

Author(s):

Thais Rose dos Santos Hamilton ◽

Gabriela Esteves Duarte ◽

José Antonio Visintin ◽

Mayra Elena Ortiz D’Ávila Assumpção

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Cell Types ◽

Treated Group ◽

Oxidative Balance ◽

Testicular Cells

SummaryLong-term heat stress (HS) induced by testicular insulation generates oxidative stress (OS) on the testicular environment; consequently activating antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The aim of this work was to immunolocalize antioxidant enzymes present in different cells within the seminiferous tubule when rams were submitted to HS. Rams were divided into control (n = 6) and treated group (n = 6), comprising rams subjected to testicular insulation for 240 h. After the testicular insulation period, rams were subjected to orchiectomy. Testicular fragments were submitted to immunohistochemistry for staining against SOD, GR and GPx enzymes. We observed immunolocalization of GPx in more cell types of the testis after HS and when compared with other enzymes. In conclusion, GPx is the main antioxidant enzyme identified in testicular cells in an attempt to maintain oxidative balance when HS occurs.

Download Full-text

Oxidative Stress in Rats After 60 Days of Hypergalactosemia or Hyperglycemia

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/109158180302200603 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 423-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mary Otsyula ◽

Matthew S. King ◽

Tonya G. Ketcham ◽

Ruth A. Sanders ◽

John B. Watkins

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Insulin Treatment ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Glutathione Disulfide ◽

Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

Two of the models used in current diabetes research include the hypergalactosemic rat and the hyperglucosemic, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Few studies, however, have examined the concurrence of these two models regarding the effects of elevated hexoses on biomarkers of oxidative stress. This study compared the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase and the concentrations of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and thiobarbituric acid reactants (as a measure of lipid peroxidation) in liver, kidney, and heart of Sprague-Dawley rats after 60 days of either a 50% galactose diet or insulin deficiency caused by streptozotocin injection. Most rats from both models developed bilateral cataracts. Blood glucose and glycosy-lated hemoglobin A1c concentrations were elevated in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Streptozotocin diabetic rats exhibited elevated activities of renal superoxide dismutase, cardiac catalase, and renal and cardiac glutathione peroxidase, as well as elevated hepatic lipid peroxidation. Insulin treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats normalized altered markers. In galactosemic rats, hepatic lipid peroxidation was increased whereas glutathione reductase activity was diminished. Glutathione levels in liver were decreased in diabetic rats but elevated in the galactosemic rats, whereas hepatic glutathione disulfide concentrations were decreased much more in diabetes than in galactosemia. Insulin treatment reversed/prevented all changes caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Lack of concomitance in these data indicate that the 60-day galactose-fed rat is not experiencing the same oxidative stress as the streptozotocin diabetic rat, and that investigators must be cautious drawing conclusions regarding the concurrence of the effects of the two animal models on oxidative stress biomarkers.

Download Full-text

Peripheral levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in youths in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a pilot study

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852917000803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (03) ◽

pp. 333-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maiara Zeni-Graiff ◽

Adiel C. Rios ◽

Pawan K. Maurya ◽

Lucas B. Rizzo ◽

Sumit Sethi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

At Risk ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

High Risk ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Healthy Control Group ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Ultra High Risk ◽

Healthy Control

IntroductionOxidative stress has been documented in chronic schizophrenia and in the first episode of psychosis, but there are very little data on oxidative stress prior to the disease onset.ObjectiveThis work aimed to compare serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in young individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis with a comparison healthy control group (HC).MethodsThirteen UHR subjects and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Clinical assessment included the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I (SCID-I) or the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Activities of SOD and GPx were measured in serum by the spectrophotometric method using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and years of education, there was a significant lower activity of SOD and lower GPX activity in the UHR group compared to the healthy control group (rate ratio [RR]=0.330, 95% CI 0.187; 0.584, p<0.001 and RR=0.509, 95% CI 0.323; 0.803, p=0.004, respectively). There were also positive correlations between GAF functioning scores and GPx and SOD activities.ConclusionOur results suggest that oxidative imbalances could be present prior to the onset of full-blown psychosis, including in at-risk stages. Future studies should replicate and expand these results.

Download Full-text