scholarly journals Language Use in Group Discourse and Its Relationship to Group Processes

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402110018
Author(s):  
Lyn M. Van Swol ◽  
Paul Hangsan Ahn ◽  
Andrew Prahl ◽  
Zhenxing Gong
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Relationship

The study examined the relationship between language use and perception of group processes. In an experiment, participants discussed their views about climate change in a group chat. Afterward, participants ( n = 239) filled out their perception of themselves and group processes. Participants who perceived more similarity among group members used less complex language (cognitive processes language) and more assenting language. As participants felt more knowledgeable and credible about the topic, their use of “we” pronouns and word count increased and use of “I” pronouns decreased. Replicating past research, participants with more extreme opinions used more “you” pronouns, and participants who reported engaging in more perspective-taking used more complex language and “we” pronouns. Results are integrated within an input–process–output model of group processes and suggest that language is reflective of individual inputs and perception of group processes.

scholarly journals 1070 An Examination of the Relationship Between Language Use in Post-Trauma Nightmares and Psychological Sequelae in a Treatment Seeking Population

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A407-A408
Author(s):  
C Paquet ◽  
J Davis
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptom ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Studying language use in dreams and nightmares has become an increasingly used tool to understand underlying emotional and cognitive processes. Specifically, in regards to post-trauma nightmares (PTNMs), nightmare transcriptions can offer a lens to understand a survivor’s interpretation of their trauma. The current study will utilize a method of quantitative text analysis to analyze the relationship between specific psychological constructs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmare qualities. It is hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between words related to perceptual processes and negative emotions in nightmares and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. There will be a negative correlation between cognitive processes and positive emotion words, and PTSD symptom and nightmare severity. Methods Fifty-three nightmares were collected from participants that were recruited from the community in a Midwestern city as part of an ongoing investigation of the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention for PTNM, Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT). All participants were over the age of 18, have experienced a criterion A trauma, and have nightmares at least once weekly. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) was utilized to analyze the nightmare transcriptions. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Trauma-related Nightmare Survey (TRNS) were used to measure symptom severity. A Pearson’s correlation analysis was used for this exploratory study. Results Words related to perceptual processes were significantly positively correlated with PTSD symptom and nightmare severity (p<.05) Neither negative nor positive emotion words were significantly related to PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p>.05). Cognitive processing words were significantly negatively correlated with PTSD and nightmare symptoms (p<.05). Conclusion The results of this study support the hypothesis that language use in nightmares reveals important information about underlying cognitive and emotional functioning. The results of this study may have an important impact on treatment considerations for those who have experienced trauma. Analyzing language use in PTNM may help to understand the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Support Support for this study comes from the University of Tulsa Institute of Trauma, Adversity, and Injustice.

scholarly journals What is an image schema? Looking for an answer in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 142-158
Author(s):  
Marija Nikolajeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Concept Image ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Concept Location ◽  
Semantic Frames ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
Functional Units ◽  
The Relationship

Image schema is one of the key notions in the discussions of the semantics of spatial adpositions. The diversity of related topics and the abundance of literature on these conceptual primitives makes the concept image schema difficult to grasp. The aim of this article is to clarify this notion by explicating on some important aspects of the schematization and representation of spatial scenes using the CONTAINMENT schema as an example. The article also demonstrates that the cross-linguistic comparison of an image schema is an effective method employed to better understand the universal cognitive processes underlying language use. The article contains a comparison of the spatial functional units that express the CONTAINMENT schema in Latvian and Mandarin Chinese, a discussion of the blurriness of the boundary between the concepts containment and support and their relation to the concept location. The relationship between image schemas and semantic frames, the factors that influence schematization and the phenomenon of parallel usage of locative units are discussed too. Image schema transformations are characterized as the mechanism of extending the meanings of spatial phrases.

scholarly journals Principle of Madrasah Head Management in Realizing Effective Madrasah

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 218-228
Author(s):  
Amir Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Effective Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Effective Teaching And Learning ◽  
The Relationship

The ability of the head of the Madrasah to realize effectiveness is closely related to the comparison between the level of achievement of goals and the plans that have been prepared before, or the comparison of tangible results with the planned results. The effectiveness of madrasah management, as well as the effectiveness of education in general, can be seen based on system theory and time dimensions. That is, the criteria for effectiveness must reflect the entire cycle of input-process-output, not only output or results and must reflect the relationship - reciprocity between management and the surrounding environment. Effective Madrasas are Islamic educational institutions that have curricula, strategies, effective teaching and learning and there are interactions with interested parties (students, teachers, parents, the environment and related officials) and produce reliable output.

Distinctive Linguistic Styles in Children with ADHD

2009 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungil Kim ◽  
Chang Hwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Linguistic Inquiry

To assess whether the writing styles of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) combined type differ significantly from those of children in a nonclinical control group, writing samples from 17 children with ADHD combined type and 18 children in a nonclinical control group were compared using the language analysis program Korean Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. These writing samples, produced in response to instructions, served as dependent variables. Analysis showed that children with ADHD used fewer linguistic variables (e.g., sentences, phrases, and morphemes) than the control group. In addition, the ADHD group used fewer words reflecting cognitive processes and fewer pronouns than members of the control group. Also, the ADHD group showed a different pattern in the use of words referring to friends. This study provides preliminary descriptive data on language use among children diagnosed with a main subtype of ADHD.

Attitudes toward Immigrants, Beliefs about Causes of Poverty and Effects of Perspective-Taking

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Buraschi ◽  
Antonio Bustillos ◽  
Carmen Huici
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Central Element ◽  
African Immigrants ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Modern Racism ◽  
Slope Test ◽  
Simple Slope ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Modern Racism Scale ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe present work presents three studies that investigate the relationship between causal attributions of poverty in Africa, attitudes towards African immigrants and perspective-taking. The objective of preliminary study (N = 54) was to collect information to adapt the Perceived Causes of Third World Poverty Scale (Hine & Montiel, 1999), in the Spanish adaptation by Betancor et al. (2002) to Spanish adolescents. The Study 1 (N = 102) explores the factorial structure of the teenager questionnaire adaptation and to test the relationship with Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986). Correlational analysis reflects the existence of a central element in the new forms of racism: Victim blaming through Personal Attributions of Poverty. The objective of Study 2 (N = 62) was to determine whether empathic induction through empathic perspective-taking (Batson et al., 1997) can ameliorate the individual’s attributions of poverty concerning African immigrants among majority group members. However, the opposite effect was found, empathy induction increased Personal Attributions of poverty (η2 = .10). This effect was moderated by Modern Racism, simple slope test indicates t(52) = 2.49, p < .01, higher prejudiced participants increased Personal Attribution of poverty after empathic induction, blaming the victims for their situation.

scholarly journals Self-critical Rumination and Associated Metacognitions as Mediators of the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Self-esteem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Fearn ◽  
Claudia Marino ◽  
Marcantonio M. Spada ◽  
Daniel C. Kolubinski
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mediating Factors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPast research has shown that perfectionism, can negatively impact self-esteem. However, the mediating factors that explain this relationship remain unclear. The current study aimed to investigate whether specific cognitive processes, namely, self-critical rumination and associated metacognitions, mediate this relationship. An opportunity sample of 347 participants completed a battery of online questionnaires measuring clinical perfectionism, self-critical rumination, metacognitions about self-critical rumination, self-esteem, and levels of psychological distress. Several hypotheses were tested to examine the associations between the study variables. Following this, a path analysis was used to determine whether the influence of perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic striving on self-esteem is mediated by positive metacognitions about self-critical rumination, self-critical rumination, and negative metacognitions about self-critical rumination, serially. Positive metacognitions about self-critical rumination, self-critical rumination, and negative metacognitions about self-critical rumination partially mediated the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and self-esteem and fully mediated the relationship between perfectionistic striving and self-esteem. These results point towards possible interventions for those who struggle with low self-esteem due to their perfectionistic tendencies. Further investigations should explore additional factors that help to explain why perfectionism impacts self-esteem levels, whilst also addressing the limitations of this current research.

scholarly journals Canadian Citizens’ Helping Intentions toward Syrian Refugees

Spectrum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnoor Khan ◽  
Leah Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract  Since 2011, over 5 million refugees have fled civil war in Syria (UNHCR, 2018). Canada has responded tothe Syrian refugee crisis by resettling over 50,000 Syrian refugees and encouraging its citizens to supportthe integration process. Previous research has shown that when in-group members take the perspectiveof an out-group it leads to increased helping intentions toward that out-group (Mashuri, Hasanah,Rahmawati, 2013). To replicate and extend these findings in a Canadian context, the current study soughtto answer the question: How does national identity impact the relationship between perspective taking andhelping intentions toward Syrian refugees? The results indicated that when undergraduate participantsengaged in perspective taking, it led to increased financial helping intentions toward Syrian refugees,and this relationship was mediated by empathy. It was also found that individuals with a greater ethnicnational identity had lower levels of political and financial helping intentions toward Syrian refugees.  Keywords: Syrian Refugees, Immigrants, Newcomers, Canada, National Identity, Ethnic National Identity, Perspective Taking, Empathy, Helping Intentions

scholarly journals Multilingual awareness and metacognition in multilingually diverse classrooms

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-88
Author(s):  
Ulrike Jessner ◽  
Elisabeth Allgäuer-Hackl
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Diverse Classrooms ◽  
Multilingual Learning ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Relationship

Research interest in multilingual development and multilingual awareness (MLA) has been growing over the last years, and MLA has been defined as a key component of multilingual learning and multiple language use. The first part of the article focuses on the development of MLA in learners as a subcomponent of metacognition and a key factor of emergent properties in multilinguals as presented from a dynamic systems and complexity theory perspective in the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism (DMM) (Herdina and Jessner, 2002). The second part describes a DMM-based language teaching and learning approach, the Five Building Blocks of Holistic Language Education/Learning, which visualises the relationship between linguistic and cognitive processes and enables teachers and learners to reflect on language acquisition and use in order to develop MLA.

Usage-Based Linguistics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Diessel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Structural Knowledge ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Language System ◽  
System A ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
General Goal ◽  
The Relationship

Throughout the 20th century, structuralist and generative linguists have argued that the study of the language system (langue, competence) must be separated from the study of language use (parole, performance), but this view of language has been called into question by usage-based linguists who have argued that the structure and organization of a speaker’s linguistic knowledge is the product of language use or performance. On this account, language is seen as a dynamic system of fluid categories and flexible constraints that are constantly restructured and reorganized under the pressure of domain-general cognitive processes that are not only involved in the use of language but also in other cognitive phenomena such as vision and (joint) attention. The general goal of usage-based linguistics is to develop a framework for the analysis of the emergence of linguistic structure and meaning. In order to understand the dynamics of the language system, usage-based linguists study how languages evolve, both in history and language acquisition. One aspect that plays an important role in this approach is frequency of occurrence. As frequency strengthens the representation of linguistic elements in memory, it facilitates the activation and processing of words, categories, and constructions, which in turn can have long-lasting effects on the development and organization of the linguistic system. A second aspect that has been very prominent in the usage-based study of grammar concerns the relationship between lexical and structural knowledge. Since abstract representations of linguistic structure are derived from language users’ experience with concrete linguistic tokens, grammatical patterns are generally associated with particular lexical expressions.

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