Experimental research in expatriation and its challenges: A literature review and recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-283
Author(s):  
Daniela Noethen ◽  
Rocio Alcazar
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Expatriate Management ◽  
The Many

Via a systematic literature review, this article draws attention to the alarming scarcity of experimental studies and the ensuing shortness of evidence for causality in the field of expatriate management. Only 17 articles could be identified, published over more than 20 years, which utilize randomized experiments or quasi-experiments on topics of expatriation. Moreover, these articles show specific patterns, such as dealing exclusively with pre-departure and on-assignment issues, or, in their majority, sampling individuals who interact with expatriates rather than expatriates themselves. This lack of experimental studies is problematic, as it is difficult to establish causality between different variables without conducting experimental studies. Yet many critical issues in expatriation are precisely questions of causality. Hence, in this article, we provide resources to help move the expatriation field toward a more balanced use of different research methodologies and, thus, a greater understanding of the many relationships uncovered in past research. First, we identify four main challenges unique to conducting experimental research in the context of expatriation: Challenging data access, global sample dispersion, restricted manipulability of variables, and cultural boundedness of constructs and interpretations. Second, we provide strategies to overcome these challenges, based on studies included in the review as well as taking ideas from neighboring fields such as cross-cultural psychology. The article concludes with a discussion of how experimental research can take the field of expatriation forward and improve the decision-making process of practitioners managing international assignees.

Introduction to medical mycology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Warnock
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Medical Mycology ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

The pattern of fungal diseases has changed with the emergence of new pathogens and the resurgence of old ones. Many factors have contributed to this, including medical progress, environmental changes, and the development of drug resistance. The impact of these diseases on human health is not widely recognized, largely because of the many gaps in epidemiological surveillance data. Access to affordable diagnostics and antifungal drugs are critical issues in the developing world. New approaches to prevention and control will be needed if we are to reduce the substantial global burden of ill health and death due to fungal diseases.

scholarly journals A literature review of experimental studies in fundraising

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Bhati ◽  
Ruth Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Warm Glow ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Nonprofit Administration ◽  
Economics Journals

This paper extends previous literature reviews focusing on fundraising and the mechanisms motivating charitable giving. We analyze 187 experimental research articles focusing on fundraising, published in journals across diverse disciplines between 2007-2019. Interest in studying fundraising spans many disciplines, each of which tends to focus on different aspects, supporting earlier claims that fundraising has no single academic “home.” Most of the literature focuses on two key areas: the philanthropic environment in which fundraising occurs, largely focused on potential donors’ experiences, preferences, and motivations; and testing fundraising tactics and techniques that result in different behavior by potential donors. More than 40% of the experiments were published in Economics journals. Correspondingly, topics such as warm glow and mechanisms such as lotteries, raffles, and auctions are well represented. Experimental studies largely omit the practical and the ethical considerations of fundraisers and of beneficiaries. For instance, studies focusing on the identified victim phenomenon often stereotype beneficiaries in order to foster guilt among donors and thereby increase giving. We identify several opportunities for research to examine new questions to support ethical and effective fundraising practice and nonprofit administration.

The Impact of Classroom Chatter Noise on Comprehension: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110059
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Lamotte ◽  
Aziz Essadek ◽  
Gérard Shadili ◽  
Jean-Michel Perez ◽  
Julien Raft
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Student Comprehension ◽  
The Impact

Communication through discussion and conversations is fundamental to human life; but when such discourse escapes the control of a teacher in the classroom, it becomes little more than chatter. This noise challenges teaching methods and the teaching stance with students. Yet, its impact on comprehension has rarely been studied. The aim of this literature review was to examine the research on the impact of classroom noise generated by chatter on students’ comprehension performance. We adopted the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis) guidelines to examine this literature. This review covered a 10-year period (papers written between 2009 and 2019), with nine experimental studies selected from the 2,954 papers screened. In 89% of these nine studies, there were significant comprehension differences on all tests, revealed when comprehension took place in a noisy environment due to chatter. This review indicated an essential need for a field survey to better understand the impact of chatter on comprehension. Other studies are recommended to highlight any correlation between measured chatter and student comprehension in a real classroom environment.

Results of an experimental study of hydrogel drainage containing ranibizumab in antiglaucoma operations

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
I.I. Khusnitdinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Glaucoma Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphological Studies

Purpose. Еxperimental substantiation of the effectiveness of biocompatible biodegradable hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and chitosan succinate as a carrier of ranibizumab in antiglaucoma operations. Material and methods. Hydrogel drainage (HD) was obtained immediately before surgery. A solution of ranibizumab (0.23 ml) was mixed with a solution of hyaluronic acid dialdehyde (0.5 ml), then a solution of chitosan succinate (0.5 ml) was added. Experimental studies were performed in 12 (12 eyes) healthy rabbits. The first group consisted of 6 eyes – 0.187 ml of ranibizumab per 1 ml of gel. In the control group, HD was used intraoperatively without the addition of ranibizumab (6 eyes). Morphological studies were performed on 7th, 21st, and 42nd days. Results. In experimental studies in vitro and in vivo, it was proved that ranibizumab, administered as a part of 0.1 ml of hydrogel drainage in the antiglaucoma surgery area is released within 3 weeks and suppresses vascularization, scarring of the operating area, and preserves the intrascleral cavity. The optimal concentration of ranibizumab was selected-0.02 ml in 0.1 ml of gel. Conclusion. The safety and effectiveness of the use of hydrogel drainage with ranibizumab based on hyaluronic acid dialdehyde and chitosan succinate in anti-glaucoma operations has been proven. Key words: experimental research, hydrogel drainage, ranibizumab, glaucoma surgery.

Anton Bruckner

Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Aschauer
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Full Time ◽  
University Of Vienna ◽  
Upper Austria ◽  
Anton Bruckner ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Music Theorist ◽  
The University ◽  
Full Time Employment

Bruckner was born in Ansfelden (rural Upper Austria) in 1824 and was originally trained as a schoolmaster. He only left this career path in his early thirties when he assumed the organist position at the Linz cathedral, his first full-time employment as a musician. It was also in Linz that he completed six years of training in harmony and counterpoint with Simon Sechter (1855–1861) as well as lessons in form and orchestration with Otto Kitzler (1861–1863) after which he commenced work on his first symphony in 1865. Bruckner’s three large masses also date from his Linz period. Concert tours to France in 1869 and England in 1871 brought Bruckner major successes as organ improvisor. In 1868 Bruckner became professor of counterpoint and thoroughbass as well as professor of organ at the Vienna conservatory. Success as a composer did not follow suit as quickly. His passionate admiration of Wagner—to whom he dedicated his Third Symphony in 1873—rendered Bruckner the target of hostility from the supporters of Brahms in Vienna, especially of music critic Eduard Hanslick. The latter was also instrumental in obstructing Bruckner’s employment at the University of Vienna until 1875, when Bruckner finally became lecturer of harmony and counterpoint at the university. Despite his fame as an organist and music theorist, Bruckner saw himself, above all else, as a symphonic composer and it is the development of the symphony as a genre that occupied most of his compositional interest throughout his career. Accordingly, the multiple versions of Bruckner’s symphonies have long been a main focal point of Bruckner scholarship. These revisions were variously motivated. Earlier works, including the three masses and symphonies 1–5, underwent reworking during Bruckner’s “revision period” (1876–1880), largely as a result of the composer’s evolving notions of phrase and period structure. Later revisions were often the results of performances or were made to prepare the manuscripts for publication. Bruckner’s former students, most notably Franz and Josef Schalk and Ferdinand Löwe, were involved in these revisions, although the extent of this involvement has never been entirely revealed. Starting in the 1920s, scholars began to raise questions about the validity of the revisions made during the preparations of the editions published during the 1880s and 1890s. While some accepted the authenticity of these texts, other influential figures—among them Robert Haas, coeditor of the first Bruckner complete edition—claimed that Bruckner’s students had urged the composer, wearied by rejection in Vienna, into making ill-advised changes or, worse yet, altered his scores without his knowledge and permission. The resulting debate, the Bruckner Streit, involved serious source-critical issues, but eventually devolved on ideological claims more than factual analysis. The process led to the first Bruckner Gesamtausgabe, which published the manuscript versions of Bruckner’s works starting in 1934, first under the editorship of Robert Haas and later of Leopold Nowak. However, these editions are now largely outdated due to the many manuscript sources that have become available since the mid-20th century. Haas’s work has also been criticized in more recent years for rather subjectively mixing sources. Therefore, two new complete editions have recently been started. Another topic that has fascinated Bruckner scholarship for much of the last century is the unfinished finale of the 9th symphony and its possible completion.

THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON PERFORMANCE AS SHOWN BY EXERCISE TESTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-741
Author(s):  
D. B. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Distance Runner ◽  
Indiana University ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Harvard School

THE STUDY of work performance as related to age began in this country when Sid Robinson joined the group at the Fatigue Laboratory of the Harvard School of Business Administration. In the winter of 1936-7, he persuaded five champion milers who were in Boston for indoor meets to run on the Laboratory's treadmill on week-ends. Simultaneously, he was chiefly engaged in studying treadmill performance as related to age. This was the subject of his doctorate thesis published later under the title: "Experimental Studies of Physical Fitness as Related to Age". The 91 subjects ranged in age from boys 6 years of age to one man of 91. There were eight 6-year-olds, 10 between 8 and 13 and 20 between 48 and 76. Robinson's background as an Olympic middle-distance runner and as an assistant track coach at Indiana University gave him skill in dealing with the many diverse problems that confronted him. Often he was faced with sociological-psychological problems more difficult to solve than the physiological problems. Indicative of his success is the fact that the subjects were volunteers—no money was offered as an inducement to come to the laboratory. Also worthy of note is that there was no untoward incident throughout the study. Robinson's plan included respiratory, circulatory and metabolic observations in the basal state and in two grades of exercise. He describes the work experiments as follows: (pp. 251-3, reference 2) "After the above observations were completed, the subject performed two grades of work on a motor-driven treadmill, set at an angle of 8.6% in all experiments. Each subject below 73 years of age first walked at 5.6 km per hour for 15 minutes; this raises the oxygen consumption 7 or 8 times the basal level. After resting 10 minutes, he ran or in some cases, walked, at a rate which exhausted him in 2 to 5 minutes.

scholarly journals Validity of a frustration-induction procedure

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Henna ◽  
Monica L Zilberman ◽  
Valentim Gentil ◽  
Clarice Gorenstein
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Induction Procedure ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Before And After

OBJECTIVE: To test a reliable and easily administered frustration-induction procedure for experimental research. METHOD: One hundred volunteers (81 women, mean age ± SD 34.2 ± 8 years) physically and psychiatrically healthy submitted to the frustration induction procedure were prevented from reaching reward level scores. Subjective aggressiveness feelings related to frustration were self-rated in a 13-item visual analogue scale before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Significant increases in aggressiveness-related feelings were detected in 12 of the 13 items. This was consistent with the observed overt behavior of the subjects during the task. CONCLUSIONS: The frustration-induction procedure is a simple, easy to administer frustration-induction procedure that can be used in experimental studies in normal subjects.

scholarly journals An Overview of Olfactory Displays in Education and Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Garcia-Ruiz ◽  
Bill Kapralos ◽  
Genaro Rebolledo-Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Information Recall ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
And Training

This paper describes an overview of olfactory displays (human–computer interfaces that generate and diffuse an odor to a user to stimulate their sense of smell) that have been proposed and researched for supporting education and training. Past research has shown that olfaction (the sense of smell) can support memorization of information, stimulate information recall, and help immerse learners and trainees into educational virtual environments, as well as complement and/or supplement other human sensory channels for learning. This paper begins with an introduction to olfaction and olfactory displays, and a review of techniques for storing, generating and diffusing odors at the computer interface. The paper proceeds with a discussion on educational theories that support olfactory displays for education and training, and a literature review on olfactory displays that support learning and training. Finally, the paper summarizes the advantages and challenges regarding the development and application of olfactory displays for education and training.

scholarly journals Thematic atlas of Italian oncological research: the analysis of public IRCCS

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Corrado Cuccurullo ◽  
Luca D’Aniello ◽  
Maria Spano
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
The Many

This paper has been developed in the frame of the research project “V:ALERE 2019” focused on Italian public-owned Academic Medical Centers. The main aim of the project is to provide evidence, advice, and remarks to help the agents of the public health system to address the many challenges that they face. In recent years, there is an increasing recognition of the potential value of research evidence as one of the many factors considered by policymakers and practitioners. Even more, in the case of medical science, the analysis of research and its impact is indispensable, in light of its implications for public health. The starting point for mapping a research area is to review the related scientific literature because by synthesizing past research findings, it is possible to effectively use the existing knowledge base and advance lines of future researches. In this sense, bibliometrics becomes useful, by providing a structured analysis to a large body of information, to infer trends over time, themes researched, and to show the “big picture” of extant research. In particular, in this work, we focus our attention on the scientific production of the last 20 years of the Scientific Institutes for Research, Hospitalization, and Healthcare (IRCCS “Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico”) specialized in the oncology research. IRCCS are biomedical institutions of relevant national interest that drive clinical assistance in strong relation to research activities. They are committed to being a benchmark for the whole public health system for both the quality of patient care and the innovation skills in the field of the organization. All the analyses were carried out by using the Bibliometrix, an open-source tool for quantitative research in scientometrics and bibliometrics that includes all the main bibliometric methods of analysis.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Simple Hand Washing Station terhadap Perilaku Cuci Tangan dalam Pencegahan Penularan Covid-19 di Desa Dilem Kecamatan Kepanjen

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Yuyud Wahyudi ◽  
Lilis Sulistiya Nengrum ◽  
Icca Presilia Anggreyanti
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Many ◽  
Global Threat

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that is now a global threat where this virus causes many people to die every day in various countries, one of which is Indonesia, this disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2. The many impacts caused by COVID-19 make Simple Handwashing Station (SHS) one of the prevention efforts that can build proper handwashing behavior. Based on the results of research conducted from 13-18 April 2020 which is divided into 4 strategic points in Dilem Village. This study uses a Quasi-experimental research design with a One Group Pre Post-test design approach with a sample of residents of Dilem Village precisely RT 5 and 6 RW 1 Lemah Dhuwur. The analysis technique uses Paired Sample T-Test with the results that show that there is an influence of the application of simple handwashing station on the proper handwashing behavior of the residents of Dilem Village with a P-value <0.05, based on these results it can be concluded that there is an effect of the application of simple hand washing station for handwashing behavior in preventing COVID-19 transmission in Dilem Village Kepanjen District, with this result it is expected to be able to add a simple handwashing station in several other strategic points in Dilem Village in COVID-19 prevention.

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