scholarly journals Significant Increase in Reporting of Transfusion Reactions with the Implementation of an Electronic Reporting System

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 4740-4740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanne St. Bernard ◽  
Matthew Yan ◽  
Shuoyan Ning ◽  
Alioska Escorcia ◽  
Jacob M Pendergrast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Medical Director ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Transfusion Reaction ◽  
Reaction Reporting ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction In robust hospital transfusion services, transfusion reaction reporting triggers a structured response to the assessment, diagnosis, and clinical management of the individual. At a population level, the feedback loop of hemovigilance permits the perception of signals applicable to donors, material production, patterns of use, infusion care, and recipient vulnerabilities. Transfusion reaction reporting therefore aims to improve the quality of patient care and safety in transfusion, which remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in medicine today. Large variations between passive/retrospective or active/prospective systems imply underreporting. Reasons for this may lie in unawareness of, nihilism on, or obstacles to this duty. In 2009, our center transitioned from a paper-based to an electronic reporting system (ERS) for suspected patient reaction events (PREs). This study sought to determine the impact of this change on PRE reporting rates. Methods This study was conducted in Toronto, Canada at the University Health Network, a 4-site, 767-bed, ternary care hospital with high transfusion activity (2014: 60,000 component and 30,000 derivative dispensations). In 05/2009, hardcopy mountsheets for transfusion labels were revised to provide space for recording corresponding vital signs, with instructions on PRE reporting. Medical director PRE review followed with event documentation in a transfusion laboratory database (recording imputability, reaction type, severity, and implicated product(s)). An Acute Transfusion Reaction policy was also developed to protocolize and further streamline the approach to various reactions, but was not implemented across all sites until 11/2009. At this time, electronic PRE reporting went live in the existing electronic medical record, with medical director review hereafter culminating in uploaded case conclusions. Technical tutorials on healthcare worker reporting spanned several months before implementation, without emphasizing the theory or evidence-based value of hemovigilance. The quantity and characteristics of reactions pre-/post-ERS implementation were compared. Results Prior to the ERS option (5/2009-11/2009), the reported PRE rate was 0.26/day. Subsequent to launch (11/2009-12/2009), the reported PRE rate was 0.66/day, representing a 2.54 fold increase (p<0.05) (Figure 1). This nearly-trebled rate has been sustained throughout subsequent years: 01/2010-12/2010: 0.88/day; 01/2011-12/2011: 0.87/day; 01/2012-12/2012: 0.87/day; 01/2013-12/2013: 0.88/day; 01/2014-12/2014: 0.93/day. The distribution of PRE conclusions pre-ERS was: febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) 40%; unrelated to transfusion (UTR) 34%; allergic transfusion reaction (ATR) 7.3%; query bacterial contamination (BaCON) 4.9%; transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) 3.6% and transfusion related circulatory overload (TACO) 2.4%. The distribution of PRE conclusions after ERS (11/2009-12/2014) was: ATR 28.8%; UTR 28.7%; FNHTR 19.9%; TACO 8.6%; transfusion associated dyspnea 4.7%; pain 3.2%; query BaCON 2.3% and TRALI 1.7%. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PRE reporting significantly increased and was sustained after the implementation of an ERS. This finding suggests that despite a dearth of strategies to address underreporting, the solution may lie in removing disincentives while facilitating action in familiar practice platforms. Two other studies investigated the implementation of an ERS for transfusion reaction reporting (Fujihara H. et al. 2015; Yeh, S et al. 2011), with one confounded by a significant increase in transfusion rates in the post-ERS period. In contrast, our denominator of blood utilization has been stable or decreasing across sites over the last five years, with 3% of product recipients nevertheless experiencing a PRE. Despite the significant increase in reported PREs, we did not see an increase in UTRs (34% vs 25%) to account for the difference, arguing against "junk inflations," while rather suggesting that reporter suspicions generally concur with specialist conclusions on transfusion imputability. Given the importance of accurate transfusion reaction reporting for patient safety, we suggest that this strategy be considered by other centers to improve reporting activity with its potential downstream benefits. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

FLT3 TKI Are Differentially Affected By Both Plasma Binding and Stromal Survival Factors

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 1570-1570
Author(s):  
Young J David ◽  
Hayley S Ma ◽  
Donald Small
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Plasma Binding ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Survival Factors ◽  
Flt3 Inhibitors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As such it represents an attractive target for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for the treatment of AML, a number of which have entered clinical trials. However, to date, these trials have demonstrated limited clinical efficacy. Evidence indicates that failure to achieved adequate inhibitory activity against FLT3, at least partially as a result of plasma protein binding, as well as survival factors provided by stroma, are among the reasons for the limited efficacy of FLT3 TKI. In this study we have characterized the effects of plasma binding and stromal survival factors on TTT-3002, a novel TKI that has demonstrated potent inhibition of the internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) as well as a large panel of clinically described kinase mutants (FLT3-KD), and compared it to the effects these same conditions have on other FLT3 TKI. Using plasma from pediatric/young adult patients of a variety of ages (n = 24, median 7.2 years, 4.1-36.9 years), the impact of human plasma binding on the activity of TTT-3002 against FLT3-ITD dependent proliferation. 50% human plasma results in a moderate decrease in activity of TTT-3002 (IC50 45.2 nM in human plasma, 2.4 nM in media with 10% FCS). This is a markedly smaller shift than several TKIs currently or previously in clinical trials including sorafenib, CEP-701, PKC-412, and AC-220 (50 to >500-fold increase in IC50). The data demonstrate a clear linear relationship between plasma alpha-1 acidglycoprotein (AGP), an acute-phase reactant, and fold-increase in IC50 of TTT-3002 (1.7 fold-increase per 10 mg/dL AGP). The data also demonstrate a wide variability in patient plasma AGP concentration that is dependent upon age, but also appears to be significantly impacted by position in treatment (median 117 mg/dL, 58-354 mg/dL). Plasma AGP strongly inhibits several FLT3 inhibitors including CEP-701 and PKC-412 (>100-fold increase in IC50); whereas other FLT3 inhibitors such as sorafenib and AC-220 are inhibited by human plasma in an AGP-independent manner. These data indicate the presence of several human plasma proteins whose binding leads to drug inhibition that TTT-3002 is nonetheless resistant to, in comparison to other clinically relevant FLT3 inhibitors. The identification of these proteins is ongoing. Using primary human bone marrow stromal cell co-culture with two FLT3-ITD cell lines increases the IC50 of TTT-3002 but to a lower extent than that of AC-220 (MV4-11: 1.1-1.9 fold versus 2.3-2.7 fold, MOLM-14: 2.2-2.3 fold versus 3.5-3.6 fold). The data are consistent across stromal cells cultured from several different pediatric patients (n = 5). These data suggest that TTT-3002 may be more resistant to some of the inhibitory effects that have led to disappointing results with other similar FLT3-targeted TKIs. As such, TTT-3002 represents an appealing candidate for clinical studies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Is There a Benefit of Adding Rituximab to CHOP in the Overall Survival of Patients with B-Cell Non-Hodgkin′s Lymphoma in a Developing Country ?

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 4892-4892
Author(s):  
Guillermo J. Ruiz-Delgado ◽  
David Gomez Almaguer ◽  
Luz C. Tarin-Arzaga ◽  
Olga Cantú-Rodríguez ◽  
Carlos Alarcon-Urdaneta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract 4892 Rituximab ( R ) has changed the prognosis of patients with non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma (NHL) in developed countries, but its role has not been analyzed in underprivileged circumstances. One hundred and two patients with NHL treated in a developing country were analyzed: 28 patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) and 74 diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLCL). Patients were treated upfront with either CHOP or R-CHOP; the decision to employ R depending solely on the ability of patients to defray it. In DLCL, 42 were given CHOP and 32 R-CHOP, whereas in FL 19 were given CHOP and 9 R-CHOP. The impact of the addition of R was found to be more clear in FL than in DLCL. In patients with DLCL, the overall survival (OS) was 87% at 80 months for those treated with R-CHOP and 84% at 145 months for those treated with CHOP (p NS). In patients with FL, the OS was 89% at 88 months for those treated with R-CHOP and 71% at 92 months for those treated with CHOP (p =.05). In a multivariate analysis, other variables were identified to be associated with the OS were IPI and number of cycles in DLCL. It is concluded that rituximab produced a mild positive impact in the OS of patients with FL, but not in those with DLCL. Since the addition of rituximab results in a 36 fold increase in treatment costs, these observations may be important to decide therapeutic approaches in NHL patients living in underprivileged circumstances. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Impact of a National Lockdown for COVID-19 on Morbidity and Mortality Among Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Uganda

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
Ruth Namazzi ◽  
Robert Opoka ◽  
Andrea L Conroy ◽  
Dibyadyuti Datta ◽  
Micheal Goings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anaemia ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 and its prevention has put considerable strain on health care systems in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). In Uganda, a national lockdown was declared on March 18, 2020, in response to COVID-19 pandemic and concern of spread of cases without aggressive measures to prevent spread. The lockdown consisted of closure of all offices except essential ones, orders to stay at home unless an emergency occurred, school closure, a ban on all meetings of more than 10 people, a ban on public and private transport, closing down of all shops, malls, restaurants, places of worship and other facilities in which group meetings might occur, keeping a distance of at least 2 metres from other people in public places and a 7:00 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. curfew. Hospitals however remained open and operational. We describe the impact of the lockdown in Uganda in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on the morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) at a tertiary hospital in Uganda. The number of clinic visits for SCA related complications and death were compared in the pre-lockdown (November 2019 to February 2020) and during COVID-19 lockdown periods (March 2020 to June 2020) in children aged 1- 4.99 years enrolled in a SCA research study [Zinc for Infection Prevention in Sickle cell anaemia (NCT03528434)] at Jinja Hospital, Uganda. In the study, children with SCA are asked to return to the hospital for evaluation whenever they are unwell. Follow up phone calls are made to ascertain the wellbeing of the children and identify any who are unable to come to the hospital. During the lockdown, follow up calls continued and facilitation was provided for caregivers to bring any child who was unwell to the hospital for evaluation. A total of 238 children with a mean (standard deviation) age of 2.7(1.1) years were enrolled and were being followed up when the pandemic started. The incidence of hospital sick visits pre-lockdown and during the lockdown period was 7.7 vs 4.0 person-year, (p= &lt;0.0001). Incidence of hospitalization, pain crises, severe anaemia, or malaria were all higher in the pre-lockdown period than during the lockdown period, 2.4 vs.1.0, 1.8 vs. 0.7, 0.7 vs. 0.4, 0.6 vs. 0.2 and per person year respectively (all p values &lt; 0.01). There were no deaths during the lockdown period compared to 1 death in the pre-lockdown period. Less than 1000 cases of COVID-19 were reported nationally in this period, and none of the study children had known COVID-19 infection, though testing capacity for this was limited. In this cohort of children with SCA, hospitalization and morbidity from SCA-related complications and malaria were are significantly lower during a lockdown period for COVID-19 pandemic than before the lockdown. Reduced access to hospital care is unlikely to explain these findings, as sick children still received care at the hospital, and there was no increase in mortality. Reduced interaction with peers because of the lockdown and social distancing, leading to fewer infections that may trigger SCA-complications, may explain the reduced incidence of SCA complications in this population during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Uganda. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Characterization of Leukemia-Initiating Cells in a Transgenic Model of Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 858-858
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yin Wei Ho ◽  
Sung-UK Lee ◽  
Takahiro Maeda ◽  
Claudia Huettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Myeloid Progenitors

Abstract Abstract 858 In normal hematopoiesis, only a small population of lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) cells with Flt3-CD150+48− immunophenotype has long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) capacity, whereas Flt3-CD150+CD48+ and Flt3-CD150-CD48+ LSK cells represent more differentiated multipotent progenitors (MPP1 and MPP2) without long-term engrafting capacity. Despite extensive investigation into BCR-ABL induced leukemogenesis, the impact of BCR-ABL expression on LSK subpopulations and the specific subpopulation with leukemia-initiating capacity remain unknown. Targeted expression of the BCR-ABL gene in murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), using a Tet-regulated SCL promoter, results in development of a chronic phase CML-like disorder (Blood 105:.324, 2005). Mice consistently develop leukocytosis, splenomegaly and expansion of bone marrow (BM) myeloid progenitors and primitive LSK cells following induction of BCR-ABL expression. Here we employed the SCL-tTA-BCR/ABL mouse model to investigate the effect of BCR-ABL expression on HSPC populations. BCR/ABL expression resulted in a 3-fold increase in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) and a 1.5-fold increase in LSK cell numbers compared with non-induced controls, whereas numbers of common myeloid progenitors (CMP) and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEP) were reduced. Despite expansion of total LSK cells, the number of LT-HSC was markedly reduced in the BM of BCR-ABL expressing mice (610±246 vs. 4,038±982). In contrast, an increase in MPP1 (6,150±1,813 vs. 3,185±1,247) and MPP2 (39,580±14,079 vs. 25,115±7,090) was seen. BCR-ABL mRNA expression was confirmed in each population by RT-PCR, with highest levels of expression seen in MPP cells. In vivo EdU labeling demonstrated increased cycling of LSK cells from BCR/ABL expressing mice compared to controls. We observed a vast increase in the number of GMP (11-fold), CMP (10-fold), MPP (4.5 fold) and LT-HSC (2.5 fold) in the spleen of BCR/ABL mice compared to controls. Since the functional potential of HSPC cannot be determined solely on the basis of cell surface markers, we also studied the ability of transplanted populations to generate leukemia in recipient mice. SCL-tTA/BCR-ABL transgenic mice were crossed with GFP transgenic mice to facilitate tracking of transplanted cells. Only LSK cells, but not CMP or GMP, from BM and spleen of BCR-ABL expressing mice were capable of generating CML-like disease and long term engraftment (>16 weeks) in recipient mice. The leukemic phenotype of donors was recapitulated in recipient mice; and leukemia could be transplanted to secondary and tertiary recipients. Further analysis revealed that the subpopulation of cells with a LT-HSC phenotype (Flt3-CD150+CD48-) within the LSK population was capable of generating CML-like disease and long term engraftment in recipient mice. Consistent with the diminished LT-HSC numbers demonstrated by flow cytometry, the frequency of functional HSC within the LSK population, as measured by competitive repopulation limiting dilution assays, was reduced in BCR-ABL expressing mice (1 in 234) compared to control mice (1 in 14). Interestingly, not all transplanted mice with long-term engrafted BCR-ABL-expressing cells developed leukemia. We determined that 1 in 6 Flt3-CD150+CD48- LSK cells possessed repopulation activity, whereas only 1 in 80 cells was capable of initiating leukemia in transplanted mice within 20 weeks, indicating that only a subset of BCR-ABL+ cells with long-term repopulating potential has leukemia-initiating capacity. In summary, BCR-ABL expression is associated with significant reduction in LT-HSC and expansion of MPP and GMP in the BM, and a marked increase in LT-HSC, MPP, CMP and GMP in the spleen of transgenic mice. Reduced LT-HSC numbers in BM may be explained by increased proliferation of BCR-ABL-expressing HSC and their enhanced egress from the BM to extramedullary locations such as the spleen. BCR-ABL expressing LT-HSC demonstrated long term engraftment and secondary transplantation capacity. However, only a fraction of BCR-ABL-expressing long-term repopulating cells has leukemia-initiating capacity, suggesting that additional cell intrinsic or extrinsic factors besides BCR-ABL expression may play a role in determining their leukemogenic potential. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The Impact of Revised Definitions for TACO and TRALI on Hemovigilance Reporting

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 3252-3252
Author(s):  
Yin Yuan ◽  
Peta Dennington ◽  
James J. Daly ◽  
John-Paul Tung ◽  
Shoma Baidya
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Revised Definitions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) are serious adverse transfusion reactions. Standardized surveillance definitions are important to ensure consistent and accurate reporting of cases. Recently, revised definitions have been developed for both TACO and TRALI, the latter which have not yet been widely implemented. The primary aim of this study is to assess the impact of the new TACO and TRALI definitions on hemovigilance reporting. The secondary aim is to collate a TRALI case series to describe the epidemiological and laboratory features of this uncommon condition. Methods The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Adverse Transfusion Reaction database, a passive reporting system, was accessed to identify all cases of suspected or confirmed TACO and TRALI referred from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2019. Cases were assessed against both the former and new definitions of TACO and TRALI and results compared. For confirmed cases of TRALI the following information was collected: patient demographics, antibody investigation results, type and age of products implicated, donor gender and donor outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results In total 99 cases were identified, of which 12 cases were excluded from analysis due to insufficient clinical details. A further 14 cases were excluded as they were deemed not to be transfusion related. The final number of cases assessed was 73. There were 48 TACO cases identified. Only 26 cases strictly met the former 2011 International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) definition of TACO; 6 cases did not meet the definition and 16 cases lacked sufficient clinical details due to the passive nature of the reporting system. In comparison, 46 cases met the revised 2018 ISBT definition, with only 2 cases having insufficient details. There were 24 cases of TRALI according to the 2004 Canadian Consensus Conference (CCC) definition compared with 25 cases according to the proposed 2019 revised definition. Of the 24 cases of TRALI, 15 were classified as TRALI and 9 as possible TRALI. One case was excluded from having TRALI or possible TRALI under the 2004 CCC definition as the patient had pre-existing acute respiratory distress syndrome from influenza A pneumonia, but could be diagnosed as a TRALI Type II under the revised definition as their respiratory status had been stable for more than 12 hours. A total of 62 components from 81 donors were associated with the 24 TRALI cases. Forty-nine (60%) of these donors were male, 31 (38%) female and 1 (1%) unknown (cadaveric liver). Thirty-three (41%) of these donors were deferred due to the presence of HLA antibodies or being the only donor associated with a case. Sixteen cases (67%) were associated with donor antibodies, most commonly HLA class I and HLA class II antibodies that were non-recipient specific. HNA antibodies were present in 3 cases. There were 8 cases in which an HLA or HNA antibody was not implicated. There was no difference in antibody detection rates between low plasma volume components (red cells, pooled platelets and cryoprecipitate) and high plasma volume components (fresh frozen plasma and apheresis platelets) (45% versus 34%, p=0.44). There was a trend towards higher antibody detection rates in female donors (46%) compared with male donors (29%), however this was not statistically significant (p=0.10). Conclusions The revised TACO definition appears to capture more cases than the former definition. There appears to be no significant difference in the number of TRALI cases under the proposed new definition compared to the definition currently in use. This is the first study to provide validation data for the revised TRALI definition. TRALI is a rare condition and further studies such as these are required to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology and laboratory findings. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Use of Nutrition Information and Understanding of “Percent Daily Value” on Nutrition Facts Tables: Evaluating the Impact of a National Public Education Campaign among Youth and Young Adults in Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Cormier ◽  
Lana Vanderlee ◽  
David Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Nutrition Information ◽  
Education Campaign ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Public Education Campaign ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Campaign Message ◽  
Health Canada ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: In 2010, Health Canada implemented a national campaign to improve understanding of “percent daily value” (%DV) in Nutrition Facts Tables (NFTs). This study examined sources of nutrition information and knowledge of %DV information communicated in the campaign. Methods: Respondents aged 16–30 years completed the Canada Food Study in 2016 (n = 2665). Measures included sources of nutrition information, NFT use, and %DV knowledge based on the campaign message (“5% DV or less is a little; 15% DV or more is a lot”). A logistic regression examined correlates of providing “correct” responses to %DV questions related to the campaign messaging. Results: Overall, 7.2% (n = 191) respondents correctly indicated that 5% is “a little”, and 4.3% (n = 115) correctly indicated 15% DV was “a lot”. Only 4.0% (n = 107) correctly answered both. Correct recall of %DV amounts was not associated with number of information sources reported, but was greater among those who were female, were younger, and reported greater NFT understanding and serving size information use (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Results show low awareness of messaging from the Nutrition Facts Education Campaign among young Canadians. Such a mass media campaign may be insufficient on its own to enhance population-level understanding of %DV.

Applying the Prototype Model into the Electronic Reporting System for the Elementary School Student Base on Android

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Tukino ◽  
Siti Masruroh ◽  
Daryanto Herdiana
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
System Method

Teaching and learning is an activity that is bound by goal directed and carried out specifically to achieve that goal. Because it is very important to seek knowledge for a bright future. Supervision of students by the guardians of the students made the results of their children's achievements not improving. As well as student assessment by the teacher is still not well managed because it is still in the form of a note report. The system method used is the Prototype model. With observation and direct interviews with the student section regarding the assessment system in the school where the author researched. The results of this study are applications that can be operated on an Android Smartphone. This application can provide fast information and update automatically in obtaining information on student learning outcomes.        

Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Controlling HIV and HSV Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Akilesh M ◽  
Ashish Wadhwani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Impact

: Infectious diseases have been prevalent since many decades and viral pathogens have caused global health crisis and economic meltdown on a devastating scale. High occurrence of newer viral infections in the recent years, in spite of the progress achieved in the field of pharmaceutical sciences defines the critical need for newer and more effective antiviral therapies and diagnostics. The incidence of multi-drug resistance and adverse effects due to the prolonged use of anti-viral therapy is also a major concern. Nanotechnology offers a cutting edge platform for the development of novel compounds and formulations for biomedical applications. The unique properties of nano-based materials can be attributed to the multi-fold increase in the surface to volume ratio at the nano-scale, tunable surface properties of charge and chemical moieties. Idealistic pharmaceutical properties such as increased bioavailability and retention times, lower toxicity profiles, sustained release formulations, lower dosage forms and most importantly, targeted drug delivery can be achieved through the approach of nanotechnology. The extensively researched nano-based materials are metal and polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles, nano-drug delivery vesicles, liposomes and lipid based nanoparticles. In this review article, the impact of nanotechnology on the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) viral infections during the last decade are outlined.

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