scholarly journals Temporal salt stress-induced transcriptome alterations and regulatory mechanisms revealed by PacBio long-reads RNA sequencing in Gossypium hirsutum

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delong Wang ◽  
Xuke Lu ◽  
Xiugui Chen ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Junjuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Long Reads

Abstract Background Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is considered a fairly salt tolerant crop however, salinity can still cause significant economic losses by affecting the yield and deteriorating the fiber quality. We studied a salt-tolerant upland cotton cultivar under temporal salt stress to unfold the salt tolerance molecular mechanisms. Biochemical response to salt stress (400 mM) was measured at 0 h, 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h post stress intervals and single-molecule long-read sequencing technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) combined with the unique molecular identifiers approach was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG). Results Antioxidant enzymes including, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found significantly induced under temporal salt stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen species scavenging antioxidant machinery is an essential component of salt tolerance mechanism in cotton. We identified a wealth of novel transcripts based on the PacBio long reads sequencing approach. Prolonged salt stress duration induces high number of DEGs. Significant numbers of DEGs were found under key terms related to stress pathways such as “response to oxidative stress”, “response to salt stress”, “response to water deprivation”, “cation transport”, “metal ion transport”, “superoxide dismutase”, and “reductase”. Key DEGs related to hormone (abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) biosynthesis, ion homeostasis (CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase genes, calcium-binding proteins, potassium transporter genes, potassium channel genes, sodium/hydrogen exchanger or antiporter genes), antioxidant activity (POD, SOD, CAT, glutathione reductase), transcription factors (myeloblastosis, WRKY, Apetala 2) and cell wall modification were found highly active in response to salt stress in cotton. Expression fold change of these DEGs showed both positive and negative responses, highlighting the complex nature of salt stress tolerance mechanisms in cotton. Conclusion Collectively, this study provides a good insight into the regulatory mechanism under salt stress in cotton and lays the foundation for further improvement of salt stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Cong An ◽  
Hailin Guo ◽  
Xiangyang Yang ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Z011 may have improved salt tolerance by reducing Na+ transport from the roots to the leaves, increasing K+ absorption in the roots and reducing K+ secretion from the leaves to maintain a significantly greater K+/Na+ ratio. Twenty-four hours might be a relatively important time point for the salt-stress response of zoysiagrass. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation. This study provides fundamental information concerning the salt-stress response of Zoysia and improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms in salt-tolerant plants.

scholarly journals Knockdown of Cytochrome P450 Genes Gh_D07G1197 and Gh_A13G2057 on Chromosomes D07 and A13 Reveals Their Putative Role in Enhancing Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Odongo Magwanga ◽  
Pu Lu ◽  
Joy Nyangasi Kirungu ◽  
Qi Dong ◽  
Xiaoyan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Tetraploid Cotton ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Drought And Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Responsive Genes

We identified 672, 374, and 379 CYPs proteins encoded by the CYPs genes in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum, respectively. The genes were found to be distributed in all 26 chromosomes of the tetraploid cotton, with chrA05, chrA12, and their homeolog chromosomes harboring the highest number of genes. The physiochemical properties of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes varied in terms of their protein lengths, molecular weight, isoelectric points (pI), and even grand hydropathy values (GRAVY). However, over 99% of the cotton proteins had GRAVY values below 0, which indicated that the majority of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes were hydrophilic in nature, a common property of proteins encoded by stress-responsive genes. Moreover, through the RNA interference (RNAi) technique, the expression levels of Gh_D07G1197 and Gh_A13G2057 were suppressed, and the silenced plants showed a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a significant reduction in the concentration levels of glutathione (GSH), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and proline compared to the wild types under drought and salt stress conditions. Furthermore, the stress-responsive genes 1-Pyrroline–5-Carboxylate Synthetase (GhP5CS), superoxide dismutase (GhSOD), and myeloblastosis (GhMYB) were downregulated in VIGS plants, but showed upregulation in the leaf tissues of the wild types under drought and salt stress conditions. In addition, CYP450-silenced cotton plants exhibited a high level of oxidative injury due to high levels of oxidant enzymes, in addition to negative effects on CMS, ELWL, RLWC, and chlorophyll content The results provide the basic foundation for future exploration of the proteins encoded by the CYP450 genes in order to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance in plants.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improved Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Sun ◽  
Mengying An ◽  
Liebao Han ◽  
Shuxia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used turfgrass. In this study, the effect of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass was investigated. The results indicated that pretreatment with four concentrations of EBR (0, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM) improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Exogenous EBR treatment decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 contents and enhanced the leaf relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content under salt stress condition. Meanwhile, EBR reduced the accumulation of Na+ and increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents in leaves after salt treatment. Moreover, EBR pretreatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, as well as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents. These results suggested that EBR improved salt tolerance by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems in perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals An AP2/ERF Gene, HuERF1, from Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) Positively Regulates Salt Tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Qu ◽  
Quandong Nong ◽  
Shuguang Jian ◽  
Hongfang Lu ◽  
Mingyong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Hylocereus Undatus ◽  
Ethylene Response Factors

Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a high salt-tolerant fruit, and ethylene response factors (ERFs) play important roles in transcription-regulating abiotic tolerance. To clarify the function of HuERF1 in the salt tolerance of pitaya, HuERF1 was heterogeneously expressed in Arabidopsis. HuERF1 had nuclear localization when HuERF1::GFP was expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts and had transactivation activity when HuERF1 was expressed in yeast. The expression of HuERF1 in pitaya seedlings was significantly induced after exposure to ethylene and high salinity. Overexpression of HuERF1 in Arabidopsis conferred enhanced tolerance to salt stress, reduced the accumulation of superoxide (O2 · ¯ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and improved antioxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that HuERF1 is involved in ethylene-mediated salt stress tolerance, which may contribute to the salt tolerance of pitaya.

Effects of ABA and NaCl on physiological responses in selected bryophyte species

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 639-650
Author(s):  
Marija Ćosić ◽  
Milorad M. Vujičić ◽  
Marko S. Sabovljević ◽  
Aneta D. Sabovljević
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Common Response

The effects of NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA) on selected bryophyte species were studied. Two phylogenetically unrelated halophyte mosses, namely, Entosthodon hungaricus (Boros) Loeske and Hennediella heimii (Hedw.) R.H. Zander in addition to one model non-halophyte moss, Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp, were selected to compare the variability in certain biochemical and physiological parameters under salt-stress alone and salt-stress upon ABA pretreatment. The results showed different patterns of effects from ABA in all three of the studied species, as well as no common response to salt stress. In general, all of the tested species reacted to exogenous ABA, which definitely contributed to changes observed in morphological development under salt stress, and to the functioning of the salt-tolerance mechanisms. Physcomitrella patens proved to be a salt-tolerant species. Although it is not ecologically classified as a halophyte, these results highlighted that various stress-resistance pathways are supported by similar reactions to different stresses. Significant differences in stress tolerance were documented between the two bryo-halophytes tested by comparing biochemical and physiological parameters. Our findings suggest that different salt-stress-tolerance strategies characterize these two species, both enhanced by exogenous ABA.

scholarly journals Response of Lettuce Germplasm to Salt Stress at Different Developmental Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavli OI ◽  
◽  
Kempapidis K ◽  
Maggioros L ◽  
Foti C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Salinity is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses leading to considerable yield and economic losses worldwide. Lettuce is a relatively salt sensitive species, thus placing the interest in the release of salt-tolerant cultivars to enhance production in saline soils. This study aimed at investigating the response of lettuce germplasm to salt stress at the germination and at the whole plant level and to examine possibilities of early selection for salt tolerant genotypes. Fifteen lettuce commercial varieties were initially screened for salt tolerance on the basis of seed germination and seedling growth potential under salt stress conditions (0, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl). The in vitro evaluation revealed the existence of considerable genetic variation related to salt tolerance at germination and allowed for the classification of genotypes into tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive to salt stress. Based on this classification, six cultivars were assessed at the whole plant level using plant height, chlorophyll content and fresh and dry biomass weight as evaluation criteria. Overall findings point to the existence of a satisfactory association of genotype performance between germination and later growth stages, thus suggesting the feasibility of screening for salt tolerance at early growth stages. This approach may considerably upgrade the efficiency of selecting suitable germplasm material for cultivation in saline soils or introgression into relevant breeding programs.

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Cong An ◽  
Hailin Guo ◽  
Xiangyang Yang ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K + /Na + ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Z011 may have improved salt tolerance by reducing Na + transport from the roots to the leaves, increasing K + absorption in the roots and reducing K + secretion from the leaves to maintain a significantly greater K + /Na + ratio. Twenty-four hours might be a relatively important time point for the salt-stress response of zoysiagrass. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation. This study provides fundamental information concerning the salt-stress response of Zoysia and improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms in salt-tolerant plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of salt tolerance in Eruca sativa accessions based on morpho-physiological traits

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9749
Author(s):  
Sadia Afsar ◽  
Gulnaz Bibi ◽  
Raza Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Tatheer Alam Naqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Geographical Regions

Background Salinity is one of the most lethal abiotic stresses which affect multiple aspects of plant physiology. Natural variations in plant germplasm are a great resource that could be exploited for improvement in salt tolerance. Eruca sativa (E. sativa) exhibits tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, thorough evaluation of its salt stress tolerance and screening for traits that could be reliably applied for salt tolerance needs to be studied. The current study was designed to characterize 25 E. sativa accessions, originating from diverse geographical regions of Pakistan, for the salt stress tolerance. Methods Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) was applied for 2 weeks to the plants at four leaf stage in hydroponics. Data of the following morpho-physiological traits were collected from control and treated plants of all the accessions: root length (RL), shoot length (SL), plant height (PH), leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), chlorophyl content (SPAD), electrolyte leakage (EL), relative water content (RWC), gas exchange parameters and mineral ion content. Salt tolerance was determined based on membership function value (MFV) of the tested traits. Results Compared with control, the salt-stressed group had significantly reduced mean SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and SPAD. NaCl treatment triggered a slight increase in EL in few accessions. Mean RWC of control and treated groups were not significantly different although few accessions exhibited variation in this trait. Salt stress caused a significant reduction in photosynthesis rate (PR), transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC) but intercellular CO2 (Ci) was not significantly different between control and treated groups. Compared with control, the salt-stressed plants accumulated significantly higher Na+, K+ and Ca2+ while significantly lower Mg2+. K+/Na+ ratio was significantly decreased in salt-stressed plants compared with control. Importantly, significant inter-accession variations were found for all the tested traits. The principal component analysis identified SL, RL, PH, LN, LA, FW, DW and PR as the most significant traits for resolving inter-accession variability. Based on MFV of the tested traits, accessions were categorized into five standard groups. Among 25 accessions, one accession was ranked as highly tolerant, four as tolerant while 15 accessions were ranked as moderately tolerant. Of the remaining five accessions, four were ranked as sensitive while one accession as highly sensitive. Conclusion E. sativa accessions were found to exhibit significant genetic diversity in all the tested traits. A few most significant traits for dissecting the genetic variability were identified that could be used for future large-scale germplasm screening in E. sativa. Salt tolerant accessions could be a good resource for future breeding programs aiming to improve salt stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Cong An ◽  
Hailin Guo ◽  
Xiangyang Yang ◽  
Jingbo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots were identified as a significant time point and tissue type. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Z011 may have improved salt tolerance by reducing Na+ transport from the roots to the leaves, increasing K+ absorption in the roots and reducing K+ secretion from the leaves to maintain a significantly greater K+/Na+ ratio. Twenty-four hours might be a relatively important time point for the salt-stress response of zoysiagrass. The auxin signal transduction family, ABA signal transduction family, WRKY TF family and bHLH TF family may be the most important families in Zoysia salt-stress regulation. This study provides fundamental information concerning the salt-stress response of Zoysia and improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms in salt-tolerant plants.

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