scholarly journals Transcriptomic and metabolomic characterization of post-hatch metabolic reprogramming during hepatic development in the chicken

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi A. Van Every ◽  
Carl J. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Liver Growth ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Hepatic Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Artificial selection of modern meat-producing chickens (broilers) for production characteristics has led to dramatic changes in phenotype, yet the impact of this selection on metabolic and molecular mechanisms is poorly understood. The first 3 weeks post-hatch represent a critical period of adjustment, during which the yolk lipid is depleted and the bird transitions to reliance on a carbohydrate-rich diet. As the liver is the major organ involved in macronutrient metabolism and nutrient allocatytion, a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach has been used to evaluate hepatic metabolic reprogramming between Day 4 (D4) and Day 20 (D20) post-hatch. Results Many transcripts and metabolites involved in metabolic pathways differed in their abundance between D4 and D20, representing different stages of metabolism that are enhanced or diminished. For example, at D20 the first stage of glycolysis that utilizes ATP to store or release glucose is enhanced, while at D4, the ATP-generating phase is enhanced to provide energy for rapid cellular proliferation at this time point. This work has also identified several metabolites, including citrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and glycerol, that appear to play pivotal roles in this reprogramming. Conclusions At Day 4, metabolic flexibility allows for efficiency to meet the demands of rapid liver growth under oxygen-limiting conditions. At Day 20, the liver’s metabolism has shifted to process a carbohydrate-rich diet that supports the rapid overall growth of the modern broiler. Characterizing these metabolic changes associated with normal post-hatch hepatic development has generated testable hypotheses about the involvement of specific genes and metabolites, clarified the importance of hypoxia to rapid organ growth, and contributed to our understanding of the molecular changes affected by decades of artificial selection.

scholarly journals Characterization of Carrier Phase-Based Positioning in Real-World Jamming Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2680
Author(s):  
Søren Skaarup Larsen ◽  
Anna B. O. Jensen ◽  
Daniel H. Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Carrier Phase ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Baseline Length ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Single Versus ◽  
Selection Of

GNSS signals arriving at receivers at the surface of the Earth are weak and easily susceptible to interference and jamming. In this paper, the impact of jamming on the reference station in carrier phase-based relative baseline solutions is examined. Several scenarios are investigated in order to assess the robustness of carrier phase-based positioning towards jamming. Among others, these scenarios include a varying baseline length, the use of single- versus dual-frequency observations, and the inclusion of the Galileo and GLONASS constellations to a GPS only solution. The investigations are based on observations recorded at physical reference stations in the Danish TAPAS network during actual jamming incidents, in order to realistically evaluate the impact of real-world jamming on carrier phase-based positioning accuracy. The analyses performed show that, while there are benefits of using observations from several frequencies and constellations in positioning solutions, special care must be taken in solution processing. The selection of which GNSS constellations and observations to include, as well as when they are included, is essential, as blindly adding more jamming-affected observations may lead to worse positioning accuracy.

First person – Alexander Johnson

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (15) ◽  
pp. jcs251108
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Early Career ◽  
First Person ◽  
Plant Model ◽  
Early Career Researchers ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTFirst Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Alexander Johnson is first author on ‘Experimental toolbox for quantitative evaluation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the plant model Arabidopsis’, published in JCS. Alexander is a postdoc in the lab of Jiri Friml at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria, investigating the characterization of the molecular mechanisms of endocytosis in plants using a range of quantitative imaging and biochemical approaches.

scholarly journals Mutant p53 Gain-of-Function: Role in Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alvarado-Ortiz ◽  
Karen Griselda de la Cruz-López ◽  
Jared Becerril-Rico ◽  
Miguel Angel Sarabia-Sánchez ◽  
Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
The Impact

Frequent p53 mutations (mutp53) not only abolish tumor suppressor capacities but confer various gain-of-function (GOF) activities that impacts molecules and pathways now regarded as central for tumor development and progression. Although the complete impact of GOF is still far from being fully understood, the effects on proliferation, migration, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion, among others, certainly constitute major driving forces for human tumors harboring them. In this review we discuss major molecular mechanisms driven by mutp53 GOF. We present novel mechanistic insights on their effects over key functional molecules and processes involved in cancer. We analyze new mechanistic insights impacting processes such as immune system evasion, metabolic reprogramming, and stemness. In particular, the increased lipogenic activity through the mevalonate pathway (MVA) and the alteration of metabolic homeostasis due to interactions between mutp53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) that impact anabolic pathways and favor metabolic reprograming. We address, in detail, the impact of mutp53 over metabolic reprogramming and the Warburg effect observed in cancer cells as a consequence, not only of loss-of-function of p53, but rather as an effect of GOF that is crucial for the imbalance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, transcriptional activation of new targets, resulting from interaction of mutp53 with NF-kB, HIF-1α, or SREBP1, are presented and discussed. Finally, we discuss perspectives for targeting molecules and pathways involved in chemo-resistance of tumor cells resulting from mutp53 GOF. We discuss and stress the fact that the status of p53 currently constitutes one of the most relevant criteria to understand the role of autophagy as a survival mechanism in cancer, and propose new therapeutic approaches that could promote the reduction of GOF effects exercised by mutp53 in cancer.

Molecular and Environmental Regulation of Root Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Motte ◽  
Steffen Vanneste ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

In order to optimally establish their root systems, plants are endowed with several mechanisms to use at distinct steps during their development. In this review, we zoom in on the major processes involved in root development and detail important new insights that have been generated in recent studies, mainly using the Arabidopsis root as a model. First, we discuss new insights in primary root development with the characterization of tissue-specific transcription factor complexes and the identification of non-cell-autonomous control mechanisms in the root apical meristem. Next, root branching is discussed by focusing on the earliest steps in the development of a new lateral root and control of its postemergence growth. Finally, we discuss the impact of phosphate, nitrogen, and water availability on root development and summarize current knowledge about the major molecular mechanisms involved.

scholarly journals Developmental, molecular and genetic studies on grapevine response to temperature open breeding strategies for adaptation to warming

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Torregrosa ◽  
Antoine Bigard ◽  
Agnes Doligez ◽  
David Lecourieux ◽  
Markus Rienth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Aim: In the long term, genetic improvement is one of the major strategies to support sustainable wine production in a changing climate. Over the past 5 years, we have developed an interdisciplinary research program that aimed to: i) characterize the impact of temperature increase sensed by the entire plant or individual bunches on the development and functioning of the plant, ii) identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating the response of vegetative and reproductive development to heat stress and iii) develop tools to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of plant and berry development in duly controlled, stable, and contrasting environmental conditions.Methods and results: Performing high-throughput genomic analyses combined with the use of innovative experimental designs (fruiting cuttings, microvines, single berry sampling) was critical to decipher the ecophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the vine response to high temperature.Conclusion: Warming promotes vegetative growth and hampers plant carbon balance, disturbing flower set and young berry development. High temperatures modify primary and secondary fruit metabolisms, desynchronizing sugar and organic acid metabolisms and delaying sugar and polyphenol accumulation during ripening. The study of day and night transcriptomic and proteomic signatures associated with heat highlighted key players of the response to temperature in the fruit. Significance and impact of the study: Capitalizing on this knowledge, a new program is being proposed for the selection of cultivars limiting the accumulation of sugars in the berry while maintaining other qualitative compounds.

Calibrator material selection: a key criteria during biomarker assay method development

Bioanalysis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai P Thankamony ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Jon E Peterson ◽  
Rasa Santockyte ◽  
Timothy Olah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Context Of Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Biomarker assay method development is a multistep rigorous process and calibrant material selection is integral to ensuring the quality of such assays. However, the impact of selection of calibrator material may often get overlooked. In this article, we highlight three case studies where biomarker calibrant material selection was deemed an essential criterion for consideration. Through these case studies we highlight challenges faced, steps taken and discuss the impact on assay-related decision-making. We also provide additional perspectives for selection and characterization of calibrant proteins in the setting of an evolving biomarker context of use.

scholarly journals The Mesoamerican mid-summer drought: the impact of its definition on occurrences and recent changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin P. Maurer ◽  
Iris T. Stewart ◽  
Kenneth Joseph ◽  
Hugo G. Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Historical Record ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Drought Pattern ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Minimum Intensity ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. The mid-summer drought, veranillo or canícula, is a phenomenon experienced in many areas, including Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. It generally is experienced as reduced rainfall in July–August, in the middle of the typical rainy season (May–September). Many past studies have attempted to quantify changes in mid-summer drought characteristics during the recent past or for future climate projections. To do this, objective definitions of a mid-summer drought’s occurrence, strength and duration have been developed by many researchers. In this effort we adopt a recent set of definitions and examine the impact of varying these on the characterization of mid-summer droughts and the detected changes over the past four decades. We find the selection of a minimum intensity threshold has a dramatic effect on the results of both the area considered as experiencing a mid-summer drought and the changes detected in the recent historical record. The intensity chosen can affect both the magnitude and direction of changes reported in the recent observed record. Further, we find that the typical mid-summer drought pattern may not be occurring during the time it has historically; whether examining past or future changes or developing improved seasonal forecasts, the non-stationarity of its timing should be accommodated.

scholarly journals Developmental, molecular and genetic studies on grapevine response to temperature open breeding strategies for adaptation to warming

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Torregrosa ◽  
Antoine Bigard ◽  
Agnes Doligez ◽  
David Lecourieux ◽  
Markus Rienth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

<p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> In the long term, genetic improvement is one of the major strategies to support sustainable wine production in a changing climate. Over the past 5 years, we have developed an interdisciplinary research program that aimed to: i) characterize the impact of temperature increase sensed by the entire plant or individual bunches on the development and functioning of the plant, ii) identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating the response of vegetative and reproductive development to heat stress and iii) develop tools to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of plant and berry development in duly controlled, stable, and contrasting environmental conditions.</p><p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Performing high-throughput genomic analyses combined with the use of innovative experimental designs (fruiting cuttings, microvines, single berry sampling) was critical to decipher the ecophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the vine response to high temperature.</p><p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Warming promotes vegetative growth and hampers plant carbon balance, disturbing flower set and young berry development. High temperatures modify primary and secondary fruit metabolisms, desynchronizing sugar and organic acid metabolisms and delaying sugar and polyphenol accumulation during ripening. The study of day and night transcriptomic and proteomic signatures associated with heat highlighted key players of the response to temperature in the fruit. </p><p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> Capitalizing on this knowledge, a new program is being proposed for the selection of cultivars limiting the accumulation of sugars in the berry while maintaining other qualitative compounds.</p>

Virologic Aspects of Mucosal Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Zachary Ende ◽  
Martin J. Deymier ◽  
Eric Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Infected Individual ◽  
Genetic Bottleneck ◽  
Viral Quasispecies ◽  
Biological Characterization ◽  
Mucosal Transmission ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Stochastic Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The transmission of HIV is generally inefficient. Despite the development of a diverse viral quasispecies in a chronically infected individual, a severe genetic bottleneck is observed during transmission, leading to only one or a few genetic variants establishing infection. This genetic bottleneck is the result of both stochastic events and selection pressures, such that viruses with specific traits are favored during transmission. This chapter discusses current models of HIV mucosal transmission, evidence for selection of specific viral traits during this process, and the biological characterization of transmitted founder viruses based on monkey models and human cohorts. The impact of transmitted viral phenotypes on disease progression is also described. Understanding in greater depth the key viral features required for transmission will be essential to the development of effective interventions for HIV prevention.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics Corn Starch (TPCS) Reinforced Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) Composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8817-8821
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Flexural Testing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fibre Loading ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical characterization of bio-composites on thermoplastic corn starch (TPCS) reinforced with 2 mm length of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF). The selection of different weight percentages of fibres (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60) weight percentage (wt.%) of PALF contents were applied in this study. The mixtures of TPCS with different wt.% of PALF were made by using a hot compression moulding at 165 °C for 15 minutes. The mechanical testing that has been performed are tensile, flexural and impact testing to determine the effect of fibre loading on bio-composites characteristics. The results show that by incorporating 40 wt.% loading of PALF, the tensile strength and tensile modulus has increased to the maximum. However, the flexural testing result shows that 50 wt.% loading of PALF show the highest strength and modulus. Meanwhile, the impact testing result shows decrement when the loadings of PALF increases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the TPCS with 40 wt.% of PALF have a good miscibility between matrix/fibre in the bio-composites. Overall, the TPCS/PALF composites enhance the properties of the bio-composites for short-life application: that is, plate, container, disposable tray, packaging etc.

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