Characterisation of tuberculosis mortality in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: analysis of data between 2002 and 2016

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the key public health problems in Africa. Due to multifaceted challenges, its burden is poorly described in informal settlements. We describe tuberculosis mortality in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods This is a secondary analysis of 2002–2016 verbal autopsy data from informal settlements in the Nairobi Urban Health Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS). A descriptive analysis of deaths assigned as caused by TB was done. Pearson chi-square tests were used to determine differences between socio-demographic factors. Logistic regression was carried out to examine the risk of death from TB within the characteristics. Results There were 6218 deaths in the NUHDSS within the period of analysis, of which 930 (14.96%) were deaths from TB. The average number of TB deaths per year was 62(SD 23.9). There was a reduction in TB deaths from 21.2% in 2005 to 1.7% in 2016. Males had 1.39 higher odds of dying from TB than females (AOR 1.39; 95% CI 1.18–1.64; p-value < 0.001). Compared to those aged 30–39 years, the ≥50-year-olds had a 42% lower chance of dying from TB (AOR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47–0.73; p-value < 0.001). Those dying at home had 1.39 odds of dying from TB as compared to those who died in a health facility(AOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.17–1.64; p value< 0.001). Conclusion There was a reduction in TB deaths over the study period. Males had the highest risk of death. There is a need to strengthen TB surveillance and access to TB diagnosis and treatment within informal settlements to enhance early diagnosis and treatment.

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Characterisation of Tuberculosis Mortality in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: Analysis of Data Between 2002 and 2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-451585/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Judy Gichuki ◽

Donnie Mategula

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Informal Settlements ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

P Value ◽

Background Characteristics ◽

Chi Square ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Dying At Home ◽

Tuberculosis Mortality

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the key public health problems in Africa. Due to multifaceted challenges, its burden is poorly described in informal settlements. We describe tuberculosis mortality in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of 2002-2016 verbal autopsy data from the Nairobi Urban Health Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS). A descriptive analysis of deaths assigned as caused by TB was done. Pearson chi-square tests were used to determine differences between background characteristics. Logistic regression was carried out to examine the risk of death from TB within the background characteristics.Results: There were 6,218 deaths in the NUHDSS within the period of analysis, of which 930 (14.96 %) were deaths from TB. There was a downward trend of TB deaths while the average number of TB deaths per year was 62(SD 23.9). Males had 1.39 higher odds of dying from TB than females (AOR 1.39; 95% CI 1.18-1.64; p-value <0.001). Compared to those aged 30-39 years, the ≥50-year-olds had a 42 % lower chance of dying from TB (AOR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47-0.73; p-value <0.001). Those dying at home had 1.39 odds of dying from TB as compared to those who died in a health facility(AOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.17-1.64; p value<0.001).Conclusion: There was a reduction in TB deaths over the study period. Males had the highest risk of death. There is a need to strengthen TB surveillance and access to TB diagnosis and treatment within informal settlements to enhance early diagnosis and treatment.

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Effectiveness of mechanically tenderized beef labels on influencing practices of cooking beef in British Columbia

BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal ◽

10.47339/ephj.2015.120 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Arunjit Heran ◽

BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽

Bobby Sidhu

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Safety Education ◽

Nominal Data ◽

Chi Square ◽

Food Safety Education ◽

Gender Education ◽

Beef Products ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

Chi Square Analysis

Background: Mechanically tenderized beef poses a higher risk for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection than intact beef and has been implicated in several outbreaks. As such, all products are mandated to be labeled in Canada. Purpose: This study assessed the effectiveness of mechanically tenderized beef labels on influencing practices of cooking beef in British Columbia. Methods: 74 adults within British Columbia who cooked beef were surveyed electronically using a snowball method. An inferential (Pearson chi-square analysis) and descriptive analysis was performed on the nominal data in PSPP and Microsoft Excel respectively. Results: Only 8% of respondents abided with information on mechanically tenderized beef labels. No statistically significant associations were found between practices of abiding with information on mechanically tenderized beef labels and various socio-demographic factors (e.g. age, gender, education level, and food safety education) (p<0.01). The practice of not using food thermometers was the major contributing factor that lowered the effectiveness of mechanically tenderized beef labels. Conclusion: Mechanically tenderized beef labels were ineffective in influencing behaviours of cooking beef in British Columbia. Therefore, other risk communication strategies are needed to persuade adults in British Columbia to adequately cook mechanically tenderized beef products. Recommendations: Future studies can assess whether the general public is properly cooling mechanically tenderized beef as the label does not address this practice.

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Socio-Demographic Factors and Health-Related Behaviors Associated with Gerontology

GIS Business ◽

10.26643/gis.v14i6.11943 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 359-370

Author(s):

Dr. Ravi S. Dalawai

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Work Culture ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

Health Related ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Socio Demographic Factors ◽

Insight Into

Indian population is in growing trend from 942.2 million in 1994 to 1.36 billion in 2019.Among this six per cent of India's population was of the age 65 and above (UNFPA, 2019). Today the work culture is totally changed. Both husband and wife are forced to work in the current scenario and unable to take care of their parents. The changing structure created increased problems for old age people leads to loneliness, psychological, physical health and financial insecurity. The study paper provides insight into the social and demographic factor and health related sickness of the oldest people. This research explained the cross-sectional study included a representative sample (n=116) of adults aged ≥60 years. The sample was chosen using a four-stage stratified random-cluster survey sampling method .The Chi Square test and ANOVA test was analyzed using SPSS20.

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Pengaruh Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi Terhadap Sindroma Mata Kering di Surabaya

Hang Tuah Medical journal ◽

10.30649/htmj.v17i2.418 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

WISNU TRI PAMUNGKAS ◽

INDIRA RA ◽

IRMA ANDRIANI PASARIBU

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Center ◽

Dry Eye ◽

Channel Blocker ◽

Antihypertensive Drugs ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Dry Eye Syndrome ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public Health Center

AbstrakLatar Belakang : Prevalensi Hipertensi di Indonesia semakin meningkat mencapai 25,8% pada penduduk berusia 18 tahun keatas. Amlodipin merupakan salah satu pilihan obat untuk terapi Hipertensi yang termasuk golongan Calsium Channel Blocker (CCB). Penggunaan obat antihipertensi sendiri merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang menyebabkan sindroma mata kering.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan obat antihipertensi terhadap sindroma mata kering pada penderita Hipertensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Jagir kota Surabaya.Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan metode cross-sectional. Subyek pada penelitian ini adalah 48 responden yang didapatkan dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yakni, kelompok minum obat antihipertensi >6 bulan dan tidak minum obat. Dilakukan pengisian kuesioner DEQ-5 dan pemeriksaan schirmer I.Hasil penelitian : Analisa deskriptif dari tes schirmer I frekuensi sindroma mata kering lebih tinggi pada responden yang mengkonsumsi obat antihipertensi dari pada responden yang tidak minum obat antihipertensi. Hasil analisa statistik menggunakan uji chi-square signifikansinya yaitu sebesar <0,001 atau dapat dikatakan bahwa p<α (0,05), menunjukkan ada pengaruh pemberian obat antihipertensi terhadap sindroma mata kering yang berdasarkan tes Schirmer pada pasien Hipertensi di wilayah kerja puskesmas Jagir kota Surabaya.Simpulan : Penggunaan obat antihipertensi berpengaruh terhadap sindroma mata kering pada penderita hipertensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Jagir kota SurabayaKata Kunci : Sindroma mata kering, obat antihipertensi, hipertensi AbstractBackground: Hypertension prevalence in Indonesia is increasing to reach 25.8% in the population aged 18 years and over. Amlodipine is one of the drugs for hypertension therapy which is included in the Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) class. The use of antihypertensive medication itself is one of the risk factors that cause dry eye syndrome.Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of the use of antihypertensive drugs on dry eye syndrome in patients with hypertension at Jagir Public Health Center in Surabaya working area.Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional method. The subjects in this study were 48 respondents found divided into 2 groups namely, the group taking antihypertensive drugs> 6 months and not taking medication. The DEQ-5 questionnaire was completed and Schirmer I was examined.Results: Descriptive analysis of the Schirmer I test for the frequency of dry eye syndrome was higher in respondents who took antihypertensive drugs than those who did not take antihypertensive drugs. The results of statistical analysis using the chi-square test of significance that is equal to <0.001 or it can be said that p <α (0.05), indicates there is an effect of antihypertensive drug administration on dry eye syndrome based on the Schirmer test in hypertension patients at Jagir Public Health Center in Surabaya..Conclusion: The use of antihypertensive drugs has an effect on dry eye syndrome in patients with hypertension at the Jagir Public Health Center in SurabayaKeywords: Dry eye syndrome, antihypertensive drugs, hypertension

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Changes in Six-Month Prevalence of Circulatory System Diseases among People Aged 20 Years and Older between 2013 and 2018 in Hunan, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052599 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2599

Author(s):

Zhenzhen Rao ◽

Junjie Hua ◽

Ruotong Li ◽

Yanhong Fu ◽

Jie Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Population Based ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Chi Square ◽

Circulatory System Diseases ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Recent changes in population-based prevalence for circulatory system diseases (CSDs) remain unreported either nationally or locally for China. Data were from the two-round health service household interview survey of Hunan Province, China, in 2013 and 2018. A Rao–Scott chi-square test was performed to examine prevalence differences across socio-demographic variables. The overall age-standardized prevalence of CSDs increased substantially between 2013 and 2018 for inhabitants aged 20 years and older (14.25% vs. 21.25%; adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.24–2.04). Hypertensive disease was the most prevalent type of CSD, accounting for 87.24% and 83.83% of all CSDs in 2013 and in 2018, respectively. After controlling for other socio-demographic factors, the prevalence of CSDs was significantly higher in 2018 (adjusted OR = 1.40), urban residents (adjusted OR = 1.43), females (adjusted OR = 1.12) and older age groups (adjusted OR = 5.36 for 50–59 years, 9.51 for 60–69 years, 15.19 for 70–79 years, and 12.90 for 80 years and older) than in 2013, rural residents, males and the youngest age group (20–49 years). The recent increase in the overall age-standardized CSD prevalence and the large prevalence disparities across urban/rural residents, sex and age groups merit the attention of policymakers and researchers. Further prevention efforts are needed to curb the increasing tendency and to reduce the prevalence of disparities across socio-demographic groups.

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Empty shelves: selected essential medicines stockouts in South Africa

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.490 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

L Wolvaardt ◽

R Nemuntandani ◽

I Kamungoma-Dada

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Treatment Interruption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Antiretroviral Medication

Abstract Background Access to essential medicines in South Africa has been compromised by stockouts in health facilities. This study describes the occurrence of stockouts for a selection of essential medicines. Methods This cross-sectional study used secondary data retrieved from the Stop Stock Outs Project (SSP). A descriptive analysis was conducted on data from the 2013-2015 SSP case management database of routinely reported stockouts. Chi square tests of independence was conducted on data from the SSP 2015 annual telephonic survey to investigate associations between the occurrence of stockouts, the level of health facility and the type of health professional. Results 231 facilities reported 609 stockouts. Antiretroviral medication had the most stockout reports (78%; n = 475/609), followed by anti-infectives (17.1%; n = 104/609) and tuberculosis medication (4.9%; n = 30/609). The highest number of stockout reports were received from Gauteng province and the majority (71.09%; n = 150/211) of facilities reporting stockouts were in urban areas. There were more stockouts at ambulatory, rather than inpatient care, facilities however, this was not statistically significant. Conclusions This study confirms that South Africa experiences medicine stockouts for many of the essential medicines, with antiretroviral medication being the category most affected. The stockouts vary between provinces and the urban-rural divide but are an equal threat to both ambulatory and inpatient facilities. Key messages The pattern of stockouts experienced over a three-year period suggest that stockouts are ‘normal’ despite the substantive effects of treatment interruption – especially patients with HIV and/or TB. Antiretroviral therapy is at risk as a result of stockouts.

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Assessing the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of COVID-19 among Quarantine Hotel Workers in China

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9060772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 772

Author(s):

Yi-Man Teng ◽

Kun-Shan Wu ◽

Wen-Cheng Wang ◽

Dan Xu

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Hotel Workers ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

During the pandemic, quarantine hotel workers face a higher risk of infection while they host quarantine guests from overseas. This study’s aim is to gain an understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of quarantine hotel workers in China. A total of 170 participants took part in a cross-sectional survey to assess the KAP of quarantine hotel workers in China, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chi-square test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), descriptive analysis, and binary logistic regression were used to examine the sociodemographic factors associated with KAP levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that 62.41% have good knowledge, 94.7% have a positive attitude towards COVID-19, but only 78.2% have good practices. Most quarantine hotel workers (95.3%) are confident that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled and that China is handling the COVID-19 crisis well (98.8%). Most quarantine hotel workers are also taking personal precautions, such as avoiding crowds (80.6%) and wearing facemasks (97.6%). The results evidence that quarantine hotel workers in China have acquired the necessary knowledge, positive attitudes and proactive practices in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study can provide a reference for quarantine hotel workers and their targeted education and intervention.

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Study of magnitude and socio-demographic factors associated with anaemia among children of a school for mentally challenged in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182663 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 3141

Author(s):

Pritish K. Raut ◽

Shubhada S. Avachat ◽

Sachin Gupta ◽

Rutuja D. Pundkar

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Care Providers ◽

Feeding Problems ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Nutrition ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Anaemia is one of the important silent morbidity in childhood that affects the development of a child. Disabled children are more vulnerable for nutritional problems like under-nutrition or anaemia due to inadequate nutrient intake either due to feeding problems or poor feeding knowledge among care providers. However there are very few studies regarding nutritional problems of intellectually disabled. The aims of the study were to assess the nutritional status and magnitude of anaemia among mentally challenged children and to study the socio-demographic variables associated with anaemia among them.Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted in a Day School for mentally challenged in Ahmednagar. All 45 children (Day scholars) were enrolled in the study. Data collection was done using a predesigned proforma for detail history. Anthropometric measurements and Body mass index were used for assessment of nutritional status. Haemoglobin estimation was done by using Sahali's Haemoglobinometer. The details of socioeconomic status and intelligence quotient (I.Q.) were taken from the official records of the school. Percentages, proportions and Chi square test were used for Statistical Analysis.Results: The mean age was 12.5 years, mean IQ was 37.8. More than half of the children were undernourished (64% had BMI<18.5). Mean Haemoglobin was 10.3 and 33 (73%) children were suffering from mild to moderate anaemia. Significant association was observed between degree of mental retardation and anaemia.Conclusions: Majority of mentally challenged children in our study were suffering from under nutrition and anaemia.

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Gloves Perforations in Minor Oral Surgical Procedures: A Comparison of Latex and Nitrile Gloves

Journal of The Pakistan Dental Association ◽

10.25301/jpda.302.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (02) ◽

pp. 103-106

Author(s):

Ajeet Kumar ◽

◽

Naveed Iqbal ◽

Javaria Farooq ◽

Saad Uddin Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Local Anesthesia ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Chi Square ◽

Oral Surgical Procedures ◽

Latex Gloves ◽

Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to compare incidence of perforations in Latex and Nitrile examination gloves during Minor Oral surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia. METHODOLOGY: 100 pairs of latex and 100 pairs of Nitrile examination gloves where used to perform 200 minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia. After completion of every minor oral surgical procedure each gloves was examined by Water Inflation method to observe presence or absence of Perforations. A data sheet was used to collect data including type of Gloves used (Latex or Nitrile) presence of perforations, sites of perforations and nature of minor oral surgical procedures. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis was conducted to calculate frequency and percentages of Number and sites of perforations for both Nitrile and latex examination gloves. Chi Square test was used to find out statistical significance of difference of perforations rate between Nitrile and Latex gloves. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 200 latex gloves 23 (11.5) had 29 perforations whereas out of total 200 Nitrile gloves 28 (14%) had 22 perforations. Nitrile gloves had a statistically significant higher rate of perforations as compared to Latex gloves. (P value 0.043). For both Nitrile and Latex gloves left non dominant hand had highest frequency of perforations Latex 18 (81.81%) perforations and Nitrile 18(62.06%). Index finger and thumb were most frequent sites of perforations in both Latex and Nitrile gloves. CONCLUSION: Gloves perforations were more common in Nitrile examination gloves however total number of perforations was more in Latex examination gloves.

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The perceived satisfaction with emergency remote teaching (ERT) amidst COVID-19: An exploratory case study in higher education

The Education and science journal ◽

10.17853/1994-5639-2021-5-116-130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 116-130

Author(s):

K. Fuchs ◽

S. Karrila

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Online Education ◽

Student Perceptions ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Perceived Satisfaction ◽

Traditional Classroom Teaching ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Introduction. Online learning is a well-established pedagogical paradigm that has been researched and discussed from a number of perspectives. Educators associate a variety of opportunities and challenges with online education, and recently an unprecedented global pandemic, COVID-19, made traditional classroom teaching temporarily impossible. Emergency remote teaching (ERT) is a newly emerging sub-paradigm that possesses characteristics and challenges that differ from traditional online learning.Methodology and research methods. This study quantitatively examined undergraduate students' (n = 219) perspectives on the most important attributes that are associated with ERT. Moreover, the students' satisfaction with ERT was assessed, and the relationships between socio-demographic factors were analysed.Results and scientific novelty. A descriptive analysis revealed that most students preferred a traditional on-site classroom arrangement, while they were satisfied with the alternative ERT having fully virtual delivery. Also, the study highlighted that the students rated being knowledgeable, friendly, and patient as the most important characteristics of their lecturer in these unusual circumstances.Practical significance. The current research informs educators about student perceptions and preferences during these extraordinary circumstances of uncertain duration.

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