scholarly journals Characterisation of Tuberculosis Mortality in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: Analysis of Data Between 2002 and 2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Gichuki ◽  
Donnie Mategula
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Dying At Home ◽  
Tuberculosis Mortality

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the key public health problems in Africa. Due to multifaceted challenges, its burden is poorly described in informal settlements. We describe tuberculosis mortality in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of 2002-2016 verbal autopsy data from the Nairobi Urban Health Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS). A descriptive analysis of deaths assigned as caused by TB was done. Pearson chi-square tests were used to determine differences between background characteristics. Logistic regression was carried out to examine the risk of death from TB within the background characteristics.Results: There were 6,218 deaths in the NUHDSS within the period of analysis, of which 930 (14.96 %) were deaths from TB. There was a downward trend of TB deaths while the average number of TB deaths per year was 62(SD 23.9). Males had 1.39 higher odds of dying from TB than females (AOR 1.39; 95% CI 1.18-1.64; p-value <0.001). Compared to those aged 30-39 years, the ≥50-year-olds had a 42 % lower chance of dying from TB (AOR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47-0.73; p-value <0.001). Those dying at home had 1.39 odds of dying from TB as compared to those who died in a health facility(AOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.17-1.64; p value<0.001).Conclusion: There was a reduction in TB deaths over the study period. Males had the highest risk of death. There is a need to strengthen TB surveillance and access to TB diagnosis and treatment within informal settlements to enhance early diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Characterisation of tuberculosis mortality in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: analysis of data between 2002 and 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Gichuki ◽  
Donnie Mategula
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Autopsy Data ◽  
Dying At Home ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Tuberculosis Mortality

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the key public health problems in Africa. Due to multifaceted challenges, its burden is poorly described in informal settlements. We describe tuberculosis mortality in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods This is a secondary analysis of 2002–2016 verbal autopsy data from informal settlements in the Nairobi Urban Health Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS). A descriptive analysis of deaths assigned as caused by TB was done. Pearson chi-square tests were used to determine differences between socio-demographic factors. Logistic regression was carried out to examine the risk of death from TB within the characteristics. Results There were 6218 deaths in the NUHDSS within the period of analysis, of which 930 (14.96%) were deaths from TB. The average number of TB deaths per year was 62(SD 23.9). There was a reduction in TB deaths from 21.2% in 2005 to 1.7% in 2016. Males had 1.39 higher odds of dying from TB than females (AOR 1.39; 95% CI 1.18–1.64; p-value < 0.001). Compared to those aged 30–39 years, the ≥50-year-olds had a 42% lower chance of dying from TB (AOR 0.57; 95% CI 0.47–0.73; p-value < 0.001). Those dying at home had 1.39 odds of dying from TB as compared to those who died in a health facility(AOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.17–1.64; p value< 0.001). Conclusion There was a reduction in TB deaths over the study period. Males had the highest risk of death. There is a need to strengthen TB surveillance and access to TB diagnosis and treatment within informal settlements to enhance early diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Gloves Perforations in Minor Oral Surgical Procedures: A Comparison of Latex and Nitrile Gloves

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
Ajeet Kumar ◽  
◽  
Naveed Iqbal ◽  
Javaria Farooq ◽  
Saad Uddin Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Oral Surgical Procedures ◽  
Latex Gloves ◽  
Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to compare incidence of perforations in Latex and Nitrile examination gloves during Minor Oral surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia. METHODOLOGY: 100 pairs of latex and 100 pairs of Nitrile examination gloves where used to perform 200 minor oral surgical procedures under local anesthesia. After completion of every minor oral surgical procedure each gloves was examined by Water Inflation method to observe presence or absence of Perforations. A data sheet was used to collect data including type of Gloves used (Latex or Nitrile) presence of perforations, sites of perforations and nature of minor oral surgical procedures. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis was conducted to calculate frequency and percentages of Number and sites of perforations for both Nitrile and latex examination gloves. Chi Square test was used to find out statistical significance of difference of perforations rate between Nitrile and Latex gloves. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 200 latex gloves 23 (11.5) had 29 perforations whereas out of total 200 Nitrile gloves 28 (14%) had 22 perforations. Nitrile gloves had a statistically significant higher rate of perforations as compared to Latex gloves. (P value 0.043). For both Nitrile and Latex gloves left non dominant hand had highest frequency of perforations Latex 18 (81.81%) perforations and Nitrile 18(62.06%). Index finger and thumb were most frequent sites of perforations in both Latex and Nitrile gloves. CONCLUSION: Gloves perforations were more common in Nitrile examination gloves however total number of perforations was more in Latex examination gloves.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MOTIVASI TERHADAP KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU PAI PASCASERTIFIKASI MTS NEGERI SE-KOTA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

Conciencia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Nur Laila
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
Pedagogical Competence

This study aims to provide an overview of multicultural approaches to the pedagogic competence of teachers PAI MTs Negeri pascasertifikasi as Palembang City. This research is a quantitative research used is explanatory survey method (explanatory survey method). The sample of 17 teachers of PAI consists of 9 teachers PAI M.Ts Negeri 1 and 8 teachers PAI M.Ts Negeri 2. Techniques of collecting data using tests, questionnaires, documentation. Validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques using descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, The results showed pedagogical competence of teachers PAI (52.2%), included in the category of being. including high categories of 5 people (29.4%), and low category amounted to 12 people (70.6%). Hypothesis test concluded There is a significant influence of motivation factors on the pedagogic competence of teachers PAI MTs Negeri as Palembang City. Chi Square statistical test results obtained p value = 0.768, while the value of Odds Ratio (OR) obtained by 1,000 with the level of confidence interval 0.903 - 14.153.

scholarly journals Relationship between Melanoma Stage at the Diagnosis and Survival During a period of 30 Years (1982-2011)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talal M Alkhaldi ◽  
Sakhr A Dawari ◽  
Sami A Aldaham
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Primary Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
The U.S

Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, and is a potentially aggressive cancer. The incidence of melanoma is rising at a greater rate than any other cancer in the U.S. The aim of this study was to examine the association between melanoma stage at the time of diagnosis and survival among U.S. adult melanoma patients during 1982-2011. This was a secondary analysis of a non-concurrent cohort study conducted on 185219 U.S. adult patients who were diagnosed with primary cutaneous melanoma between 1982-2011. Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to analyze the data. Significance was assessed using p-value and 95% confidence interval. Men had more cutaneous melanoma. Black non-Hispanic patients were diagnosed less frequently. Patients who were married or in a domestic partnership were most likely to be diagnosed. The adjusted HR for distant melanoma was 141-fold that of in situ (95% CI 126.38-157.19). The adjusted HR was the highest in the first decade of diagnosis (1.7; 95% CI 1.6 1.75). In conclusion, survival is highly affected by melanoma stage at diagnosis. Black non-Hispanic patients had the lowest hazard ratio of all races. The sample size was large, which enhances the generalizability to the U.S. population.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Fungsi Kognitif Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Unissula dengan IPK Kurang dari 3 dan IPK Lebih sama dengan 3 Yudisium Tahun 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Ahmadi NH ◽  
Elly Noerhidajati ◽  
Siti Maesaroh
Keyword(s):  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The One ◽  
State Examination

Cognitive function varies in each human being, from simple to complex, requiring attention, concentration, and coordination. Cognitive is related to a person's ability to think, solve problems, organize and also to communicate and interact with others and the environment. Methods: cross-sectional research, samples involve the students of medical faculty of Unissula-Semarang with GPA less than 3 and more than 3 graduated in 2018, instrument Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test. Results and Discussion: samples are 56 students, the highest gender is men (51%), the range of age 18-21 years old (53.6%), the number of GPA is the same as the one below and above 3 there are 28 (50%). Test Chi Square gender difference with P value of 0.422 GPA gender does not have significant difference to the GPA, based on the age of the results of T-test p-value 0.000, showed age had significant difference to the GPA, where the age is getting younger GPA is getting better, based on the scores of MMSE test, it was obtained p 1.000, MMSE score has no significant difference with the GPA. Conclusion: Gender and MMSE value have no difference with GPA, there is difference between age and GPA, the younger the students the better GPA the students achieve.

Gender and University: Factors that Influence Peruvian Midwives’ Employment and Wages

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Vicentina Pacovilca-Alejo ◽  
Cesar Cipriano Zea-Montesinos ◽  
Rafael Reginaldo-Huamaní ◽  
Gelber Sebasti Pacovilca-Alejo ◽  
Michael Cristian Villa-Jurado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Low Wages

Although a reduction in economic inequality has been reported in Peru, there are wage differences for professionals in the labour market mediated by structural determinants. Gender and university could be related to this problem. A secondary analysis of the “National Survey of University Graduates and Universities, 2014” was performed to analyse the influence of gender and university on employment and wages in the Peruvian midwifery labour market through a multivariate analysis. The chi square, p-value, odds ratio – crude and adjusted – and a 95 per cent confidence interval were calculated. The results allow concluding that gender and university determine unemployment and low wages in the Peruvian midwifery labour market. Female health workers experience a higher risk of unemployment, working in jobs that are not related to their professional training, and low payment. Midwives from public or upcountry universities experience a higher risk of unemployment and low wages. Working in jobs that are not related to the professional training was determined by coming from private and upcountry universities; it was a factor associated with low wages and the probability for having to do two jobs. It is necessary to improve governmental interventions to eliminate these barriers, of which the issue of remuneration is the most important.

Race and ethnicity: Not factors in the prescribing of hydrocodone- and codeine-containing products in two pediatric emergency departments

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233
Author(s):  
Chris A. Rees, MD, MPH ◽  
Melanie Brooke Bernhardt, PharmD ◽  
Elizabeth A. Camp, PhD ◽  
Jessica S. Lin, BA ◽  
Corrie E. Chumpitazi, MD, MS
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Patient Race ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Caucasian Patients

Objective: To describe the prescription of hydrocodone-containing products (HCPs) and codeine-containing products (CCPs) by patient and provider race and ethnicity at two pediatric emergency departments (EDs) before and after the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) rescheduling of HCPs in 2014.Design and setting: The authors performed a secondary analysis of data describing the prescription of HCPs and CCPs for 6 months before and after the DEA rescheduling of HCPs in two academic, urban pediatric EDs.Patients, participants: The authors included all children for whom race and ethnicity data were available and who were prescribed HCPs or CCPs at the time of discharge from the ED during a 12-month period (n = 1,246). The authors sent a three-question survey soliciting name, race, and ethnicity to all providers who prescribed an HCP or a CCP during the study period.Main outcome measures: Chi-square comparisons were made between the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions for primary ED diagnosis and patient ethnicity or race. The number of HCP and CCP prescriptions before and after the DEA rescheduling were compared to patient and provider race and ethnicity using the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity.Results: There were no significant differences in the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions between the pre- and post-DEA rescheduling periods across all racial and ethnic groups. When comparing the number of HCP and CCP prescriptions to patient race, Caucasian patients (84.4 percent) were prescribed more HCPs and CCPs than African Americans (15.6 percent) for abdominal pain (p value = 0.02). Non-Hispanic providers prescribed CCPs more often (n = 38, 55.2 percent) than Hispanic providers (n = 0, 0.0 percent) after DEA rescheduling (Breslow-Day p value = 0.01). Providers of all races wrote similar numbers of HCP and CCP prescriptions before and after the DEA rescheduling (Breslow-Day p value = 0.99).Conclusions: Pediatric patients of all races and ethnicities received fewer HCP prescriptions after the 2014 DEA rescheduling of HCPs. However, Caucasian patients were prescribed HCPs and CCPs for abdominal pain more frequently than African American patients. There were no significant differences in the number of prescriptions of HCPs and CCPs by provider race.

scholarly journals MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Mansoori ◽  
Imran Bakar ◽  
Naveen Shahid ◽  
Syed Muhammad Mubeen
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants

Introduction: Toothbrushes play an essential role in oral hygiene and is commonlypracticed on daily basis to clean the oral cavity. It can serve as a reservoir for microorganismsin healthy and infected person. Objectives: To isolate the bacterial contaminants on usedtoothbrushes and to compare the type of bacterial growth in capped and uncapped toothbrushesamong general population of Karachi. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Study wasconducted among general population of Karachi. Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry,Hamdard University, Karachi. Period: February to September 2014. Methodology: Usingconvenient sampling technique, data was collected from subjects of different socioeconomicstatus. Toothbrushes for culture was collected under standard precautions to observe asepticconditions. Descriptive analysis was done for all independent variables using SPSS version20. The frequency of various bacterial contaminants on used toothbrushes were determinedand chi square test was used to observe the association of bacterial growth among cappedand uncapped toothbrushes. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:Out of the total 106, 51 (48.1%) were female and 55 (51.9%) male participants. Substantialnumber of toothbrushes 91 (85.8%) were found to have bacterial contamination. Majority ofthe participants (82.1%) were between 19 . 59 years of age, intermediate or above (61.3%),monthly income rupees . 20000 (46%), using same brush >3 months (50.0%), brushing teethtwice a day (62.3%) and keeping toothbrushes uncapped were (66.0%). Statistically significant(P<0.05) difference was found between capped and uncapped toothbrushes and presenceof Klebsiella and Pseudomonas. Conclusion: The study concluded that used toothbrushesare significantly contaminated with bacteria which may cause serious health problems amongindividuals and families.

scholarly journals Community Pharmacists’ Opinions towards Poor Prescription Writing in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Saad Saeed Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Prescription Writing

Avoidance of medication errors is imperative for the safe use of medications, and community pharmacists are uniquely placed to identify and resolve the errors that may arise due to poorly handwritten prescriptions. Purpose: To explore the opinion and attitudes of community pharmacists towards poor prescription writing and their suggestions to overcome this concern. Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted among the community pharmacists in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used at 5% p-value (p > 0.05) as the significance level. Results: The response rate for the survey was 78.66%, and 140 community pharmacists agreed to participate. Among the study subjects, the majority (73.57%) had a bachelor’s degree. Nearly three-fourths (3/4) of the pharmacists (72.29%) chose to send the patient back to the prescriber when they found difficulty in interpreting the information from an illegible prescription. As many as 80.71% of the pharmacists believed that poorly handwritten prescriptions were the cause of actual errors when dispensing medications. The most commonly encountered problem due to poorly handwritten prescriptions was the commercial name of medicine, which was reported by around two-thirds (67.86%) of the pharmacists. The use of e-prescription was suggested by 72.86% of the pharmacists as a probable solution to encounter this problem. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the belief and attitudes of community pharmacists in the region and their opinions to solve this impending problem of poor prescription writing. Continuous professional development courses can be adopted to tackle the problem. Additionally, health authorities can work on incorporating and facilitating the use of e-prescription in the community sector, which can be a boon to physicians, pharmacists, and patients. Proper and extensive training is however needed before the implementation of e-prescribing.

scholarly journals To Study Demographics as Risk Factor for Mortality Associated with COVID-19 : A retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1519-1523
Author(s):  
Amandeep Singh Bakshi ◽  
Neetu Sharma ◽  
Jasbir Singh ◽  
Sandeep Batish ◽  
Vijay Sehga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

Objectives : Novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 has emerged as a pandemic, claiming over 1,431,513 lives ( till Nov. 27,2020 ) worldwide involving 191 countries . The objective of the study is to evaluate age and gender as a risk factor for COVID -19 related mortality . Material and Methods : It is a retrospective cohort study , where the database of indoor COVID-19 positive patients was assessed for the study. Evaluation of the role of age and gender in mortality of COVID infection by comparing dataset of 2,142 indoor COVID positive patients with two outcome groups namely ,death and discharged groups was done. Results: The age comparison between two groups namely, death and discharged groups showed a median age of 60 years (IQR 50-70) for patients who died and 52 years (IQR 36–62) for the patients who recovered from COVID (p value-<0.001). There were 9 (0.65%) pediatric patients (<12 yrs) in the group of patients who recovered .For gender analysis (n=2129), COVID patients who died were 32.5%( n=692) ,out of which 63.6%(n=440) were males and 36.4%(n=252) were females. COVID positive patients in discharged group were 67.5%(n=1437),out of which 61.2%(n=880) were males and 38.8%(n=557) were females. There was no statistical difference between the two groups for mortality risk based on gender for COVID -19 infection (chi square value of 1.09, p value=.296) and the relative risk of death in males and females who died of COVID was 1.052 (95% CI=0.92-1.204). Conclusion: COVID-19 infection is showing predilection for male gender in both death and discharged group but the males and females are equally susceptible to the risk of death .

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