Prevalence and socio-demographic associations of diet and physical activity risk-factors for cardiovascular disease in Bo, Sierra Leone

Abstract Background Little is known about modifiable dietary and physical activity risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Sierra Leone. This information is critical to the development of health improvement interventions to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of dietary and physical activity risk behaviours amongst adults in Bo District, Sierra Leone. Methods Adults aged 40+ were recruited from 10 urban and 30 rural sub-districts in Bo. We examined risk factors including: ≤150 min of moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) weekly, physical inactivity for ≥3 h daily, ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables, and salt consumption (during cooking, at the table, and in salty snacks). We used logistic regression to investigate the relationship between these outcomes and participants’ socio-demographic characteristics. Results 1978 eligible participants (39.1% urban, 55.6% female) were included in the study. The prevalence of behavioural risk factors was 83.6% for ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables; 41.4 and 91.6% for adding salt at the table or during cooking, respectively and 31.1% for eating salty snacks; 26.1% for MVPA ≤150 min weekly, and 45.6% for being physically inactive ≥3 h daily. Most MVPA was accrued at work (nearly 24 h weekly). Multivariable analysis showed that urban individuals were more likely than rural individuals to consume ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% Confidence Interval (1.04–1.15)), add salt at the Table (OR 1.88 (1.82–1.94)), eat salty snacks (OR 2.00 (1.94–2.07)), and do MVPA ≤150 min weekly (OR 1.16 (1.12–1.21)). Male individuals were more likely to add salt at the Table (OR 1.23 (1.20–1.27)) or consume salty snacks (OR 1.35 (1.31–1.40)) than female individuals but were less likely to report the other behavioural risk-factors examined. Generally, people in lower wealth quintiles had lower odds of each risk factor than those in the higher wealth quintiles. Conclusion Dietary risk factors for CVD are highly prevalent, particularly among urban residents, of Bo District, Sierra Leone. Our findings highlight that forthcoming policies in Sierra Leone need to consider modifiable risk factors for CVD in the context of urbanisation.

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Epidemiology of hypertension in selected towns of Wollega zones, Western Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based cross-sectional study

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211024519 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110245

Author(s):

Getu Mosisa ◽

Bikila Regassa ◽

Bayise Biru

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Care Providers ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Hypertension remains an emerging public health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Age, income level, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, vegetables and fruit consumption, physical activity and chat chewing were some risk factors of hypertension. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess Epidemiology of Hypertension among the community of selected towns of Wollega zones. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 June 2019 in selected towns of Wollega zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 840 study participants. Data were collected using the WHO STEP wise approach. The data were coded and entered into EpiData 3, and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Results: The study included a total of 838 respondents with a response rate of 99.7%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 189 (22.6%) (95% confidence interval = 19.9%–25.2%). Of this, 108 (12.9%) and 81 (9.7%) of female and male were hypertensive, respectively. Age groups of 30–44 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65 (1.43, 4.89)), 45–59 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.55 (1.79, 7.04)), above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 2.97 (1.43, 6.18)), having history of alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29 (2.4, 7.66)), involving in vigorous physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 0.096 (0.028, 0.33)), not walking to and from the work (adjusted odds ratio = 13.12 (8.34, 20.67)), being overweight (adjusted odds ratio = 1.98 (1.21, 3.25)), inadequate fruits serving per day (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93 (1.75, 4.88)) were significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high in the study area. Older age, alcohol consumption, not engaging in vigorous activity, physical inactivity, being overweight and inadequate intake of fruits were found to be risk factors for hypertension. Therefore, health care providers should provide extensive health education and promotion on recommended lifestyle modification to tackle the burden of hypertension.

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Behavioural risk factors in university students in Bucaramanga, Colombia

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1183 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

R Martinez-Rueda ◽

M A Camacho ◽

I J Díaz

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Behavioural Risk Factors

Abstract Background The changes generated in the studentś lifestyle due to the academic demands, may favour the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases as well as compromise other domains of their life. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of behavioural risk factors in students of the Professional in Physical Activity and Sports program of a University in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods A cross-sectional study with a sample of 189 students was conducted. The students were surveyed with the first step of the STEPs questionnaire, which evaluates the behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases. A descriptive data analysis was performed, and Pearson tests were applied to determine the correlation between the analysed variables with a level of significance α = 0.05 using STATA 13.0. Results 80% of the participants were men. The age average was 22.7 ± 3.85 years. Regarding tobacco use, 10.1% of the participants were current smokers, while 30% smoked before. The majority of the participants (92.2%) have consumed alcohol within the past 12 months, while 69.8% consumed alcohol within the last month, with 8.7% of hazardous drinking. Concerning the diet, only 24.9% met the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables per day. When assessing physical activity levels, only 6.3% were classified as physically inactive. Additionally, an average of 6 hours of sedentary behaviour was found, with 31.2% of excessive sedentary time. A weak correlation was found between age and academic cycle with the amount of physical activity at work (r = 0.24), (r = 0.18) and with sedentary time (r = -0.28), (-0, 32). Conclusions Although the prevalence of tobacco consumption was slightly higher than the national average, the students showed a lower prevalence of behavioural risk factors than the general population. However, it is necessary to promote strategies aimed at the control and prevention of these risk factors. Key messages Being a student of a program focused on physical activity and sport, can behave as a protective factor against the most prevalent risk factors in university life. It is necessary to implement more strategies centred on making students aware of the importance of the maintenance and improvement of their lifestyles in accordance with their professional profile.

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Gender-specific physical activity-related injuries and risk factors among university students in China: a multicentre population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040865 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e040865

Author(s):

Weicong Cai ◽

Shangmin Chen ◽

Liping Li ◽

Pengying Yue ◽

Xiaofan Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

University Students ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Chinese University ◽

Gender Specific

ObjectivesData on the problem of physical activity-related injury (PARI) in university students and the risk factors for PARI among different genders are rare. We conducted a multicentre population-based study to investigate the occurrence of PARI and to explore the gender-specific risk factors for PARI among Chinese university students.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 5341 students in grades 1–3 at eight universities in four Chinese cities were selected to complete the online questionnaires during March and April 2017. The questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity PA) involvement, sleep duration, sedentary behaviour and PARI experiences in the past 12 months.Main outcome measuresPARI during the past 12 months.ResultsAmong the 5341 participants, 1293 suffered from at least one PARI in the past 12 months, with an overall incidence rate of 24.2% (males: 26.2%, females: 23.2%) and an injury risk of 0.38 injuries/student/year (males: 0.48, females: 0.32). Over half of the injured (57.3%) experienced a withdrawal time of PA and nearly two-fifths (39.6%) required medical attention. Irrespective of gender, Shantou and Xi’an students, sports team members and those who engaged in sports and leisure-time vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) at a higher frequency were more likely to suffer from PARI. Male students who participated in sports and leisure-time VPA for long durations had a greater likelihood of sustaining PARI, while having a chronic condition and being involved in sports and leisure-time moderate-intensity PA at a higher frequency and longer duration were potential contributors to PARI among females.ConclusionsThe occurrence of PARI and its risk factors differed by gender, which provides a direction towards developing targeted and effective gender-specific preventative programmes to protect Chinese university students from PARI.

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Urban index and lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in China: A cross-sectional study

Science Progress ◽

10.1177/00368504211003762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 003685042110037

Author(s):

Zhichong Chen ◽

Menghui Liu ◽

Shaozhao Zhang ◽

Zhenyu Xiong ◽

Xiangbin Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Lifestyle Risk Factors

China is at a stage of rapid urbanization over the past decades, and the association of urbanization with cardiovascular disease has been confirmed by previous studies. However, few studies assessed the association of urbanization with cardiovascular risk factors, especially in Chinese population. We conducted a cross-sectional, populational-based study, using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009. The logistic regression was used to assess the association of urbanization measured by urban index with cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, physical activity and fruits and vegetables consumption), varied with sex. The current study included 18,887 participants enrolled (mean age 39.8 ± 19.8 years; 52.2% female) who live in China. In regression model, the urban index was significantly associated with the variations of cardiovascular risk factors for male, including diabetes (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22–1.48), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09–1.22), never smoking (OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89–0.96), higher fruits and vegetables consumptions (OR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87–0.99), higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.10–1.22), and higher physical activity (OR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.66–0.73). Compared with the male, the associations of urban index with cardiovascular risk factors for female were similar, but not for BMI (OR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.96–1.05). The present finding emphasizes the changes of cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in China, and indicated that close attention should be paid to the risk of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and men’s obesity in the process of urbanization.

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Socio-demographic association of non communicable diseases’ risk factors in a representative population of school children: a cross-sectional study in Sousse (Tunisia)

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2015-0109 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Meriam El Ghardallou ◽

Jihene Maatoug ◽

Imed Harrabi ◽

Sihem Ben Fredj ◽

Sahli Jihene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

School Children ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Excess Weight ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unhealthy Diet

Abstract Introduction: A better understanding of socio-demographic characteristics of subgroups, which have a high risk to develop chronic diseases, is essential to develop more efficient interventional programs especially for youth. This study aimed to determine the association between clusters of non communicable diseases (NCDs’) risk factors and the socio-demographic characteristics among a sample of Tunisian school children. Materials and methods: We conducted, in 2013/2014, a cross-sectional study among a proportional and stratified school children sample, selected in 17 elementary public schools in Sousse (Tunisia). A cluster analysis was used to identify different NCDs risk factors clusters, based on tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and excess weight. Subsequent χ2-tests were used to identify differences between the NCDs risk factors clusters in regards to socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Four clusters of NCDs risk factors were found: 1) Cluster 1: physical inactivity behavior with normal weight, 2) Cluster 2: physical inactivity behavior associated to excess weight, 3) Cluster 3: unhealthy diet associated to excess weight and low practice of physical activity, and 4) Cluster 4: smoking behavior with physical activity behavior. The pattern of cluster membership differed across sex (<10–3), school level, and socioeconomic level (<10–3) but there was no significant difference between clusters for mother’s education levels and household tenure. Conclusion: This study can have important implications for health policy and practice. Indeed, it found that many subjects have simultaneous multiple NCDs risk factors which leads to identify groups at risk and implement integrated intervention program.

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Nutritional Status and Risk Factors for Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1041 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pilar Pérez-Ros ◽

Rafael Vila-Candel ◽

Lourdes López-Hernández ◽

Francisco Miguel Martínez-Arnau

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Older People ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Dwelling Older People ◽

The Relationship

Objective: This study aims to assess the relationship that frailty has with nutritional status and functional risk factors in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study in community-dwelling older people, independent for walking and without impaired cognition. Frailty was assessed by Fried criteria. Nutritional status was analyzed by the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF), biochemical markers (albumin, total proteins, cholesterol, lymphocytes, and hemoglobin); and anthropometric parameters (body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage, handgrip, and perimeters). A comprehensive geriatric assessment analyzed other risk factors: functionality, cognition, falls, comorbidity, polypharmacy, physical activity, and quality of life (QoL). Results: We included 564 elderly people with a mean age of 76.05 (standard deviation 3.97) years; 63.1% (n = 356) were women, and 83.9% (n = 473) were prefrail, and frail. The sample presented high functionality and a nutritional status with a predominance of overweight and obesity. Factors associated with frailty (R2 = 0.43) were age over 75 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76, 6.21; p < 0.001), female gender (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.24, 4.52; p = 0.009), anemia (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.19, 5.02; p = 0.015), falls (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.12, 3.25; p = 0.016) and the fear of falling (OR 4.01: 95% CI 1.76, 9.16; p = 0.001). Performing more than 3 weekly hours of physical activity was found to be a protective factor (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.15, 0.35; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The relationship between frailty and malnutrition in functionally independent community-dwelling older people is unclear. More studies are needed to know what nutritional markers are related to frailty, cognition, and functionality in order to discriminate the risk factors for community-dwelling older people at risk of malnutrition and dependency.

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Prevalence and correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases among university students from 24 countries

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/pubmed/fdaa138 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Supa Pengpid ◽

Karl Peltzer

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

University Students ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Behavioural Risk Factors ◽

Male Sex

Abstract Background Globally non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the increase. The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of multiple behavioural risk factors of NCDs among university students from 24 countries. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the sample included 18 017 university students from countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Results indicate that prevalence of single behavioural NCD risk indicators were 38.2% for physical inactivity, 80.5% for inadequate fruit and vegetables intake, 23.1% for having overweight/obesity, 10.5% for heavy alcohol use and 11.8% for current tobacco use. Students had on average 1.6 (SD = 0.9), and 15.9% had three or more behavioural NCD risk factors. In adjusted linear regression, male sex was positively and stronger beliefs in health benefits were negatively associated with multiple behavioural NCD risk factors. Conclusions A high prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors of NCDs was discovered. Several behavioural NCD risk factors, such as male sex and low health behaviour benefits beliefs, were found that could be utilized in targeted interventions.

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SALIVARY CORTISOL AND METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENT’S ASSOCIATION

ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/0102-672020180001e1351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grasiane Izidorio GARBELLOTTO ◽

Fernanda Jardim REIS ◽

Ana Maria Pandolfo FEOLI ◽

Carla Haas PIOVESAN ◽

Andréia da Silva GUSTAVO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Elevated Blood ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis

ABSTRACT Background: Actually the lifestyle exposes the population to several risk factors related to alimentary habits and less physical activity that contributes to chronic diseases appearance worldwide. Aim: To analyze the association between salivary cortisol and the components of metabolic syndrome. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. As part of it, 28 individuals aged 30-59 years presenting three or more of the following findings: CA: ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men; SBP>130 mmHg and DBP>85 mmHg; GL>100 mg/dl; TG>150 mg/dl; HDL<40 mg/dl for men and <50 mg/dl for women. Was performed analysis of salivary cortisol (by radioimmunoassay) from 25 salivary samples collected throughout the day, for evaluating changes in the circadian rhythm of this hormone (8AM, noon and 8PM). Results: 28 evaluated individuals had a mean age of 51.9±7.5 years, mostly women (64.3%) and a mean of BMI 33.6±3.2 kg/m². The cortisol level from the 8AM averaged 18.7±4.8 ng/dlL. Individuals with FPG>110mg/dl, have significantly lower average levels of cortisol than ones with FPG <110 (12.8±5,2 vs. 17.3±4.2). Significant correlations were HOMA vs. WC (r=0,465; p˂0,005) and TG (r=0,473; p˂0,005), WC vs. FG (r=0,446; p˂0,005) and BMI (r=0,730; p˂0.0001); TG vs. HDL (r=0,441 p˂0,005) and FG (r=0,440; p˂0,005). Conclusion: Morning salivary cortisol in subjects with chronically elevated blood glucose can represent a downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. This is an important finding not yet well investigated.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2016/1656938 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Raja Ram Dhungana ◽

Achyut Raj Pandey ◽

Bihungum Bista ◽

Suira Joshi ◽

Surya Devkota

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Formal Education ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional

Objective. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in newly declared municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal.Design, Settings, and Participants. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in the municipalities of Kathmandu District, Nepal, between January and July 2015. Study participants were aged 18 to 70 years, residing permanently in the study sites. Municipalities, Wards, households, and respondents were selected randomly.Results. Of the 587 participants, 58.8% were females, mean (SD) age was 42.3 (13.5) years, 29.3% had no formal education, 35.1% were Brahmins, and 41.2% were homemakers. Prevalence of hypertension was 32.5% (95% CI: 28.7–36.3). Age, gender, education, ethnicity, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, menopausal history, and family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. In multivariable analysis, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, and diabetes were identified as significant explanatory variables for hypertension.Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the people living in newly established municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal, have a high burden of hypertension as well as its associated factors. Therefore, community-based preventive approaches like lifestyle modification and early detection and treatment of hypertension might bring a substantial change in tackling the burden effectively.

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Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in nearly 10 million participants of northwestern China: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47843/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

yinxia su ◽

Wenli Li ◽

Yaoqin Lu ◽

Mingyue Xue ◽

Muyaseer Haireti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Central Obesity ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Hdl

Abstract Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) of comprehensive population are always lower than mono- population. However, studies on MetS and its components of it and its subgroups (different ages, genders, races, regions) based on big data and using a same diagnosis criterion are rare. Method: A total of 9,745,640 Chinese adults aged ≥ 18 years in Xinjiang,the largest autonomous region of Multi-ethnic, were enrolled in the study. MetS was defined by modified Adults Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria.Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were calculated. To further explore the correlates of MetS and its components logistic regression were used. Results The overall prevalence of MetS was 20.85% [Sex: 20.06% in female, 21.56% in man; Age: 39.22% in 60 year older followed by 40–59 year 26.32% and 18–39 years 9.56%; Ethnicity: 28.19% in Hui followed by Han (26.39%), Uyghur(18.56%), Other(18.61%), Kazak(17.98%), Mongolian (17.87%), Kyrgyz(14.44%)], living in city and town (23.03%) or north(24.78%) had higher prevalence of MetS than living in rural (19.94%) and South (17.66%). Although the prevalence of hypertension, smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity in Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Kazakh were higher than those of other ethnic groups, the risk of MetS was lower than that of other. The results also showed that although their risk of central obesity and hypertension was higher than that of Han, Hui, Uygur and other, the risk of high-TG, low HDL-C and Elevated-FPG was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups. Among them, the Mongolian had the lowest risk of high-TG and low-HDL-C, while the Kazakh had the lowest risk of elevated-FPG. In addition, except that the risk of central obesity in males was lower than that in females, the other components of males were higher than those in females, but the risk of MetS was lower than that in females. The risk of MetS and its components in the elderly was significantly higher than that in the young, and physical activity did not show reduce the risk of MetS in the general population. Conclusion The reason why the prevalence of MetS in the comprehensive population is lower than that in most mono-population may be that some subgroups of the population have the ability to resist risk factors in terms of genetic structure such as Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Kazak, and the influence in this aspect may exceed that of lifestyle. Within each subgroup, the prevalence of MetS is still increasing. Central obesity is an important risk factor for women with MetS. Elevated-FPG and high-TG are the most important risk factors of MetS in Han, Hui. Climate and lifestyle are the main causes of MetS in northern Xinjiang and city and town residents.

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