scholarly journals Heart failure quantified by underlying cause and multiple cause of death in Brazil between 2006 and 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Blanco Villela ◽  
Sonia Carvalho Santos ◽  
Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death

Abstract Background The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) does not produce estimates of heart failure (HF) since this condition is considered the common end to several diseases (i.e., garbage code). This study aims to analyze the interactions between underlying and multiple causes of death related to HF in Brazil and its geographic regions, by sex, from 2006 to 2016. Methods Descriptive study of a historical series of death certificates (DCs) related to deaths that occurred in Brazil between 2006 and 2016, including both sexes and all age groups. To identify HF as the underlying cause of death or as a multiple cause of death, we considered the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code I50 followed by any digit. We evaluated the deaths and constructed graphs by geographic region to compare with national data. Results We included 1,074,038 DCs issued between 2006 and 2016 that included code I50 in Parts I or II of the certificate. The frequency of HF as the multiple cause of death in both sexes was nearly three times higher than the frequency of HF as an underlying cause of death; this observation remained consistent over the years. The Southeast region had the highest number of deaths in all years (about 40,000 records) and approximately double the number in the Northeast region and more than four times the number in the North region. Codes of diseases clinically unrelated to HF, such as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke, were mentioned in 3.11, 2.62, and 1.49% of the DCs, respectively. Conclusions When we consider HF as the underlying cause of death, we observed an important underestimation of its impact on mortality, since when analyzed as a multiple cause of death, HF is present in almost three times more deaths recorded in Brazil from 2006 to 2016. The mentioning of conditions with little association with HF at the time of the death highlights the importance of HF as a complex syndrome with multiple components that must be considered in the analysis of mortality trends for implementation of public health management programs.

scholarly journals Four Decades of COPD Mortality Trends: Analysis of Trends and Multiple Causes of Death

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117
Author(s):  
Alberto Fernández-García ◽  
Mónica Pérez-Ríos ◽  
Alberto Fernández-Villar ◽  
Gael Naveira ◽  
Cristina Candal-Pedreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Mortality Trend ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
Copd Mortality ◽  
Age Of Death

There is little information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality trends, age of death, or male:female ratio. This study therefore sought to analyze time trends in mortality with COPD recorded as the underlying cause of death from 1980 through 2017, and with COPD recorded other than as the underlying cause of death. We conducted an analysis of COPD deaths in Galicia (Spain) from 1980 through 2017, including those in which COPD was recorded other than as the underlying cause of death from 2015 through 2017. We calculated the crude and standardized rates, and analyzed mortality trends using joinpoint regression models. There were 43,234 COPD deaths, with a male:female ratio of 2.4. Median age of death was 82 years. A change point in the mortality trend was detected in 1996 with a significant decrease across the sexes, reflected by an annual percentage change of −3.8%. Taking deaths into account in which COPD participated or contributed without being the underlying cause led to an overall 42% increase in the mortality burden. The most frequent causes of death when COPD was not considered to be the underlying cause were bronchopulmonary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. COPD mortality has decreased steadily across the sexes in Galicia since 1996, and age of death has also gradually increased. Multiple-cause death analysis may help prevent the underestimation of COPD mortality.

scholarly journals Animal-Encounter Fatalities, United States, 1999-2016: Cause of Death and Misreporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-841
Author(s):  
Marilyn Goss Haskell ◽  
Ricky Lee Langley
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Ongoing Training ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death

Objectives Errors and misreporting on death certificates are common, along with potential inaccuracies in cause-of-death coding. We characterized and compared fatalities by animal-encounter mentions reported as underlying cause of death (UCD) with animal-encounter mentions reported as multiple cause of death (MCD) to determine factors associated with misreporting UCD. Methods We analyzed fatality data from 1999-2016 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research by UCD and MCD animal-encounter mentions ( International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes W53-59, X20-27 and X29, T63.0-63.6, T63.8-63.9, and T78.2-78.4). We examined differences in reporting by age, sex, race, autopsy (yes, no, unknown), allergic reactions, and toxicities. Results The number of animal-encounter mentions by UCD was 3638 (202 average per year) and by MCD was 4280 (238 average per year), a difference of 18% (n = 642; 36 average per year) by MCD analysis. The number of nonvenomous animal-encounter mentions increased 20% (from 2138 UCD to 2567 MCD), and the number of venomous animal-encounter mentions increased 14% (from 1500 UCD to 1713 MCD). Decedents aged ≥65 had the highest additional number of animal-encounter mentions among all age groups, primarily encounters with other reptiles (n = 113), other mammals (n = 71), and dogs (n = 42). Of 642 MCD additional animal-encounter mentions, heart disease (n = 211, 33%) and infections (n = 146, 23%) represented more than half of the UCD. Of 553 dog-encounter fatalities, 165 (30%) were among children aged ≤4. Conclusions Animal-encounter fatalities, analyzed by UCD alone, may be underreported. An initiating animal injury, complicated by comorbidities and fatality, may obscure the causal chain, resulting in misreporting UCD. Ongoing training for medical certifiers is recommended, highlighting accurate identification of UCD and contributing causes in the causal chain of death.

Incidence, Mortality, and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma Cases Across Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feras M. Ghazawi ◽  
Michelle Le ◽  
François Lagacé ◽  
Janelle Cyr ◽  
Nebras Alghazawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Future Burden ◽  
Melanoma Mortality

Background: We recently reported a steady increase in the incidence and mortality of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in Canada during 1992-2010. Objectives: The objective of this article is to examine the distribution of Canadian CMM patients at the level of provinces, cities, and forward sortation area (FSA) postal codes. Methods: Using 3 Canadian population-based registries, we conducted an in-depth examination of the incidence and mortality trends for 72 565 Canadian CMM patients over the period 1992-2010. Results: We found that among 20- to 39-year-olds, the incidence of CMM in women (7.17 per 100 000 individuals) was significantly higher than in men (4.60 per 100 000 individuals per year). Women age 80 years and older had an incidence of CMM (58.46 cases per 100 000 women per year) more than 4 times greater than the national average (12.29 cases per 100 000 population per year) and a corresponding high mortality rate (20.18 deaths per 100 000 women per year), when compared with the Canadian melanoma mortality of 2.4 deaths per 100 000 per year. In other age groups men had higher incidence and corresponding melanoma mortality rates. We also studied CMM incidence by province, city, and FSA postal codes and identified several high-incidence communities that were located near the coast/waterfronts. In addition, plotting latitude measures for cities and FSAs vs CMM incidence rate confirmed the inverse relationship between geographical latitude and incidence of melanoma in Canada (slope = –0.22 ± 0.05). Conclusions: This research may help develop sex-, age- and geographic region-specific recommendations to decrease the future burden of CMM in Canada.

Diagnostic Prescriptions

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-340
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. Beemer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Local Level ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Level I

The lack of a standardized cause-of-death nomenclature poses certain challenges for historical and demographic research of nineteenth-century mortality trends. Efforts to standardize disease and cause-of-death terminology did not successfully take place on an international level until the late nineteenth century. While many disease terms were in common, their diagnostic applications were not. This study examines the relative impact that standardized nomenclature had on cause-of-death reporting in western Massachusetts from 1850 through 1912. I analyze the effects of one specific international influence on late-nineteenth- and early twentieth-century grammars of death, namely, the organized efforts of European and American medical professionals to instruct physicians in proper nomenclature through explicit references and sanctions in the 1900 International Classification of Diseases (ICD). My analysis focuses on the problematic usage of two diagnostic terms in particular:puerperal feverandinanition. The qualifying instructions for these diseases are particularly important for U.S. studies, because they targeted U.S. physicians for correction and provide further insight into the institutional efforts to effect conventional, diagnostic usage on both an international and a local level. I show that the ICD‘s effect on cause-of-death reporting in Holyoke and Northampton was modest at best. The ICD correctives in question were not unilateral directives from the European medical establishment but in fact originated in the United States. The ICD developed as a collaborative endeavor, enlisting the efforts and interests of participating countries to help create a mechanism for implementing a standardized cause-of-death nomenclature capable of addressing international and local public health concerns.

scholarly journals Analysis of trends in total deaths and AIDS-related deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, from 2003 to 2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C H Vaughan Williams
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Roll Out

Objectives. To analyse mortality trends from deaths registered at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, and possible impact of programmes to treat and prevent HIV infection. Design. Longitudinal study of death certifications from 2003 to 2008. Setting. Mosvold Hospital mortuary, Ingwavuma. Subjects. Counterfoils of form 83/BI-1663, Notification/Register of Death/Stillbirths (Republic of South Africa, Department of Home Affairs), completed at Mosvold Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. Outcome measures. Age at death, cause of death, patterns of deaths grouped by age, gender and cause of death. Results. AIDS-related deaths were the cause of 53% of deaths, particularly affecting the 20 - 59-year and under-5 age groups. Since 2005 there has been a decline in deaths in the 20 - 59 age group and an increase in average age at death. Conclusions. The decrease in mortality from 2005 may be associated with antiretroviral roll-out reducing mortality from AIDS-related illnesses.

scholarly journals The impact of errors in medical certification on the accuracy of the underlying cause of death

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259667
Author(s):  
U. S. H. Gamage ◽  
Tim Adair ◽  
Lene Mikkelsen ◽  
Pasyodun Koralage Buddhika Mahesh ◽  
John Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Medical Certification ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High ◽  
Death Data

Background Correct certification of cause of death by physicians (i.e. completing the medical certificate of cause of death or MCCOD) and correct coding according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) rules are essential to produce quality mortality statistics to inform health policy. Despite clear guidelines, errors in medical certification are common. This study objectively measures the impact of different medical certification errors upon the selection of the underlying cause of death. Methods A sample of 1592 error-free MCCODs were selected from the 2017 United States multiple cause of death data. The ten most common types of errors in completing the MCCOD (according to published studies) were individually simulated on the error-free MCCODs. After each simulation, the MCCODs were coded using Iris automated mortality coding software. Chance-corrected concordance (CCC) was used to measure the impact of certification errors on the underlying cause of death. Weights for each error type and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) group (representing different mortality conditions) were calculated from the CCC and categorised (very high, high, medium and low) to describe their effect on cause of death accuracy. Findings The only very high impact error type was reporting an ill-defined condition as the underlying cause of death. High impact errors were found to be reporting competing causes in Part 1 [of the death certificate] and illegibility, with medium impact errors being reporting underlying cause in Part 2 [of the death certificate], incorrect or absent time intervals and reporting contributory causes in Part 1, and low impact errors comprising multiple causes per line and incorrect sequence. There was only small difference in error importance between SDI groups. Conclusions Reporting an ill-defined condition as the underlying cause of death can seriously affect the coding outcome, while other certification errors were mitigated through the correct application of mortality coding rules. Training of physicians in not reporting ill-defined conditions on the MCCOD and mortality coders in correct coding practices and using Iris should be important components of national strategies to improve cause of death data quality.

scholarly journals The Role of COVID-19 in the Death of SARS-CoV-2–Positive Patients: A Study Based on Death Certificates

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Grippo ◽  
Simone Navarra ◽  
Chiara Orsi ◽  
Valerio Manno ◽  
Enrico Grande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Hypertensive Heart Disease ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Death Certificates ◽  
Respiratory Complications ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Death certificates are considered the most reliable source of information to compare cause-specific mortality across countries. The aim of the present study was to examine death certificates of persons who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to (a) quantify the number of deaths directly caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19); (b) estimate the most common complications leading to death; and (c) identify the most common comorbidities. Methods: Death certificates of persons who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 provided to the National Surveillance system were coded according to the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Deaths due to COVID-19 were defined as those in which COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death. Complications were defined as those conditions reported as originating from COVID-19, and comorbidities were conditions independent of COVID-19. Results: A total of 5311 death certificates of persons dying in March through May 2020 were analysed (16.7% of total deaths). COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death in 88% of cases. Pneumonia and respiratory failure were the most common complications, being identified in 78% and 54% of certificates, respectively. Other complications, including shock, respiratory distress and pulmonary oedema, and heart complications demonstrated a low prevalence, but they were more commonly observed in the 30–59 years age group. Comorbidities were reported in 72% of certificates, with little variation by age and gender. The most common comorbidities were hypertensive heart disease, diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, and neoplasms. Neoplasms and obesity were the main comorbidities among younger people. Discussion: In most persons dying after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 was the cause directly leading to death. In a large proportion of death certificates, no comorbidities were reported, suggesting that this condition can be fatal in healthy persons. Respiratory complications were common, but non-respiratory complications were also observed.

scholarly journals US Obesity Mortality Trends and Associated Noncommunicable Diseases Contributing Conditions Among White, Black, and Hispanic Individuals by Age from 1999 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Gerardo de Cosio ◽  
Beatriz Diaz-Apodaca ◽  
Amanda Baker ◽  
Miriam Patricia Cifuentes ◽  
Hector Ojeda-Casares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Of Death

AbstractThis study aims to assess the effect of obesity as an underlying cause of death in association with four main noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as contributing causes of mortality on the age of death in White, Black, and Hispanic individuals in the USA. To estimate mortality hazard ratios, we ran a Cox regression on the US National Center for Health Statistics mortality integrated datasets from 1999 to 2017, which included almost 48 million cases. The variable in the model was the age of death in years as a proxy for time to death. The cause-of-death variable allowed for the derivation of predictor variables of obesity and the four main NCDs. The overall highest obesity mortality HR when associated with NCD contributing conditions for the year 1999–2017 was diabetes (2.15; 95% CI: 2.11–2.18), while Whites had the highest HR (2.46; 95% CI: 2.41–2.51) when compared with Black (1.32; 95% CI: 1.27–1.38) and Hispanics (1.25; 95% CI: 1.18–1.33). Hispanics had lower mortality HR for CVD (1.21; 95% CI: 1.15–1.27) and diabetes (1.25; 95% CI: 1.18–1.33) of the three studied groups. The obesity death mean was 57.3 years for all groups. People who die from obesity are, on average, 15.4 years younger than those without obesity. Although Hispanics in the USA have a higher prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), they also have the lowest mortality HR for obesity as an underlying cause of death when associated with CVD and cancer. While there is no obvious solution for obesity and its complications, continued efforts to address obesity are needed.

scholarly journals Comparing identification of children and young people with a life limiting condition from cause of death with use of an ICD-10 coding framework applied to routine clinical data

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Jarvis ◽  
Lorna Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare methods of estimating prevalence of life limiting conditions (LLC) among children and young people (CYP) using (i) cause of death recorded on death certificates and (ii) diagnostic codes in routinely collected inpatient and birth records. ApproachCYP with a LLC were identified from NHS inpatient and birth records in Scotland from 1 April 2003 to 30 March 2014 using a LLC ICD-10 coding framework. The cohort was restricted to individuals who died in the study period. For each cohort member, the LLC coding framework was used to determine whether a diagnosis identified as a LLC was recorded as the underlying cause of death. For those without LLC as an underlying cause of death, the underlying cause was checked to determine whether it was related to LLC – either itself indicative of LLC when recorded on a death certificate or related to one or more of the LLCs identified in the individual’s inpatient and birth records. Finally, for those with underlying cause of death neither a LLC nor related to a LLC, the contributing causes of death were checked against the coding framework for LLC; where found, the individual was marked as having a LLC as a contributing cause of death. These analyses were undertaken for the whole cohort, per year, by age groups and by diagnostic categories. Results20436 CYP with a LLC were identified between 1 April 2009 and 31 March 2014, of which 2249 had died and had a death register record. Of these, 1291 (57%) had a LLC as underlying cause of death; 319 (14%) had an LLC-related underlying cause of death and 268 (12%) had LLC only among contributing causes of death. 371 (16%) had no indication of LLC in their death records. Recording of a LLC as underlying cause of death was lower (41%) amongst under 1 year olds and also varied widely by diagnostic group. ConclusionAround one in six of CYP identified using the coding framework as having a LLC (and almost one in five of under 1s) would not have been so identified using all causes of death in death records. More than a quarter (28%) would be missed if only underlying cause of death was used. This, combined with longer survival times, means use of death records has the potential to greatly underestimate prevalence of LLC in children and young people.

EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROID (ICS) ON SPIROMETRIC PARAMETERS OF COPD PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
MD. Amal Maghferatullah ◽  
MD. Sultan Muhammad Khawaja
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroid ◽  
Study Research ◽  
Group I ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The World

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the world but is projected to be the 3rd leading cause of death by 2020. More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2012 accounting for 6% of all deaths globally. COPD represent an important public health challenge that is both preventable and treatable. COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world; many people suffer from this disease for years, and die prematurely from it or its complications. Afghanistan is also one of those countries in which the mortality rate of COPD has gradually increased, therefore this problem needs prompt attention and is more essential to focus on. Objective: This study aimed to determine and evaluate the effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) on Spirometric parameters of COPD patients and association between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and changes of spirometric parameters of various age groups, gender and smokers in OPD patients of COPD of Khost province of Afghanistan. Material and Methods: It is prospective observational research, on 100 COPD patients in Khost province from 2019/3/22 to 2019/8/24. Spirometric parameters of all 100 patients under study (research) after diagnosis of COPD before treatment such as FVC, FEV1 and PEFR by (ME1 2AZ) model spirometer manufactured by (VYair) Company in (2005), diagnosed and recorded in computer special format, then inhaled corticosteroids therapy prescribed for three months and prescriptions are copied. After three months of treatment, the spirometric parameters of all 100 patients under study (research) were re-diagnosed and recorded using this model spirometer. The pre-treatment and post-treatment recorded spirometric parameters processing, comparison and evaluation results have been identified by IBM SPSS-25 version. Results: The study was conducted over a five month period from March 2019 to August 2019 in 100 COPD patients in Khost province. Initially the effects of ICS on spirometric parameters were evaluated in all COPD patients and it was proved that ICS has a positive impact on all three spirometric parameters of all age groups, The average FEV1 before ICS is 67.13 ∓3,79 and after ICS is 74.69 ∓3,70 the positive improvement between the average is 7.56%. Average FVC before ICS is 74.37 ∓4,33 and after ICS is 81.71 ∓ 4,41, improvement between average is 7.34%. Average PEFR before ICS is 67.15 ∓ 7,46 and after ICS 83.53 ∓ 7,39, improvement between average is 16.38%.The progression between the average is seen in all parameters, but the effect on PEFR (16.38%) is more pronounced than in FEV1 and FVC and in all three parameters P less then 0.05(see table-1). The effects of ICS on all three spirometric parameters in different age groups of total COPD patients showed that ICS affects all age groups, but the age group VI (70-79Y) has an average of 67.43 FEV1 before ICS and 75.86 after ICS, with a positive improvement between the average of 8.43%.The FVC average before ICS is 74.63 and after ICS is 83.23, the improvement between the average is 8.60%. The average PEFR before ICS is 64.96 and after ICS is 82.60, the improvement between the average is 17.63%. The effect of ICS is most pronounced on all three spirometric parameters of this age category. The second row has a significant effect on the group VII (80-90Y) and the third row has a significant effect on the group V (60-69Y). The effect of ICS gradually decreases from the first group I (22-29Y), this meaning that ICS is more effective in older age groups than in younger age groups (see table-2). Research on gender, tobacco use, and middle age in all COPD patients showed that the Khost province's COPD prevalence was 23 (23%) in males and 77 (77%) in females. COPD is more prevalent in female (77%) than in male. Also, smoking does not significantly affect the prevalence of COPD, as the total percentage of smokers is 9 (9%) and the average age of patients with COPD is 61.05 years (see Table 3). Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicated that ICS has a positive impact on spirometric parameters of all age groups of COPD patients, but ICS has significant effect on PEFR parameter. ICS also has a positive impact on spirometric parameters of all age groups of COPD patients, but ICS have a significant effect on spirometric parameters of VI-(70-79Y) and V-(60-69Y) age groups and ICS effect in young age groups gradually decreased. Moreover prevalence of COPD at Khost province is significantly increased in female. Smoking has not significant effect on prevalence of COPD. Mean age if COPD patients elderly at Khost province.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document