Dietary patterns of Chinese women of childbearing age during pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal birth weight

Abstract Objective To examine the type of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the distribution characteristics of children’s birth weight and the association between dietary patterns and neonatal birth weight in China. Methods Data were derived from a cross-sectional program named “The prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province” in July to November in 2013. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select women and their children. The mother’s diet during pregnancy was investigated using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect the frequency and amount of food consumption, and the newborn birth weight as well as related social demographic information was collected at the same time. In our study, 0–1 year old children and their mothers with complete dietary survey data were selected as research objects. The main dietary patterns were identified according to factor analysis, and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to investigate the social demographic factors affecting dietary patterns. The logistic regression model was used to assess the association between birth weight and maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy by establishing three adjusting models and the data were stratified for further analysis by urban-rural and regions. Results A total of 15,980 participants were involved in this study. Four dietary patterns were identified: “vegetarian pattern”, “balance pattern”, “traditional pattern” and “processing pattern”. Compared with moderate tertile, women in the highest tertile of adherence to vegetarian pattern increased the risk of low birth weight in offspring in rural areas (OR = 1.61, 95%CI:1.06–2.93) and middle region (OR = 1.75, 95%CI:1.18–2.62), and the traditional pattern had greater odds of lower birth weight in the middle region (OR = 1.55, 95%CI:1.05–3.75). The processing pattern was found a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in rural areas (OR = 0.98, 95%CI:0.43–0.99) but was a risk factor for low birth weight in the southern region (OR = 8.83, 95%CI:1.22–15.16). The balance pattern was a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in the northern region(OR = 0.35, 95%CI:0.14–0.83). Conclusion The vegetarian and traditional pattern may be positively related to a higher risk of low birth weight while the balanced pattern may keep birth weight of offspring within the appropriate range. Health education of balanced diet and individual nutrition guidance during pregnancy should be strengthened, to make the dietary structure during pregnancy are more reasonable, reduce the occurrence of adverse birth weight of newborns.

Download Full-text

Dietary patterns of Chinese women of childbearing age during pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal birth weight

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16423/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Yan ◽

Shaonong Dang ◽

Yaodong Zhang ◽

Shuying Luo

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Middle Region ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight ◽

Traditional Pattern ◽

Social Demographic

Abstract Objective: To examine the type of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the distribution characteristics of children's birth weight and the association between dietary patterns and neonatal birth weight in China. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional program named “The prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province” in July to November in 2013. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select women and their children. The mother's diet during pregnancy was investigated using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect the frequency and amount of food consumption, and the newborn birth weight as well as related social demographic information was collected at the same time. In our study, 0-1 year old children and their mothers with complete dietary survey data were selected as research objects. The main dietary patterns were identified according to factor analysis, and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to investigate the social demographic factors affecting dietary patterns. The logistic regression model was used to assess the association between birth weight and maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy by establishing three adjusting models and the data were stratified for further analysis by urban-rural and regions.Results: A total of 15980 participants were involved in this study. Four dietary patterns were identified: "vegetarian pattern", "balance pattern", "traditional pattern" and "processing pattern". Compared with moderate tertile, women in the highest tertile of adherence to vegetarian pattern increased the risk of low birth weight in offspring in rural areas (OR=1.61, 95%CI:1.06-2.93) and middle region (OR=1.75, 95%CI:1.18-2.62), and the traditional pattern had greater odds of lower birth weight in the middle region (OR=1.55, 95%CI:1.05-3.75). The processing pattern was found a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in rural areas (OR=0.98, 95%CI:0.43-0.99) but was a risk factor for low birth weight in the southern region (OR=8.83, 95%CI:1.22-15.16). The balance pattern was a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in the northern region(OR=0.35, 95%CI:0.14-0.83).Conclusion: The vegetarian and traditional pattern may be positively related to a higher risk of low birth weight while the balanced pattern may keep birth weight of offspring within the appropriate range. Health education of balanced diet and individual nutrition guidance during pregnancy should be strengthened, to make the dietary structure during pregnancy are more reasonable, reduce the occurrence of adverse birth weight of newborns.Fund programs: Project of birth defect control and prevention in Shaanxi(Sxwsjswzfcght2016-013) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (81230016)

Download Full-text

Study on the Association between Dietary Patterns of Women of Childbearing Age during Pregnancy and Neonatal Birth Weight in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16423/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Yan ◽

Shaonong Dang ◽

Yaodong Zhang ◽

Shuying Luo

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Middle Region ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight ◽

Traditional Pattern

Abstract Objective : To understand the type of dietary patterns in the women during pregnancy and the distribution characteristics of children's birth weight and the association between dietary patterns and neonatal birth weight in Shaanxi, China. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional program named “The prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province” in July to November in 2013. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select women , according to the urban-rural ratio and taking into account the population intensity and fertility level, 10 urban districts and 20 counties were randomly selected. In the sample counties, 6 townships were randomly selected (3 districts in the urban area), and 6 villages were randomly selected from each township (6 communities in the urban districts), each village randomly surveyed 30 (60 in the community) women whose latest dates of pregnancy were during January 2010 to November 2013 and their children. The mother's diet during pregnancy was investigated using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to collect the frequency and amount of food consumption, and the newborn birth weight as well as related social demographic information was collected at the same time. This study selected children aged between 0-1 years old and their mothers with complete dietary survey data as the study subjects. The main dietary patterns were identified according to factor analysis, and latent class analysis (LCA) was used to investigate the social demographic factors affecting dietary patterns. The logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between birth weight and maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy by establishing three adjusting models and the data were stratified for further analysis by urban-rural and regions. Results : Totally 15980 participants were involved in this study, and the birth weight was 1050-6250g (3279.9±454.6). There were 783 newborns with birth weight of <2500g, accounting for 4.9%; and 703 newborns with birth weight >4000g, accounting for 4.4%. The incidence of SGA and LGA was 14.7% and 7.6%, respectively.Factor analysis was used to extract four dietary patterns during pregnancy: "vegetarian pattern", "balance pattern", "traditional pattern" and "processing pattern". The vegetarian pattern was a predominant pattern. LCA analysis indicated that urban women preferred to choose the balance pattern and rural women preferred for the traditional pattern. The balance pattern and processing pattern were the main ones in the southern region, the vegetarian pattern in the northern region and the traditional pattern in the middle region. Further study on the association between dietary patterns and neonatal birth weight, founding that the vegetarian pattern was positively associated with a higher risk of low birth weight in rural areas and middle region, and the traditional pattern was a risk factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in the middle region. The processing pattern was found a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in rural areas but was a risk factor for low birth weight in the southern region. The balance pattern was a protective factor for the occurrence of low birth weight in the northern region. Conclusion : There are four kinds of dietary patterns in the pregnant women of childbearing age in Shaanxi Province, "vegetarian pattern" is predominant, and the dietary structure needs to be improved. The vegetarian and traditional pattern may be positively related to a higher risk of low birth weight while the balanced pattern may keep birth weight of offspring within the appropriate range. Health education of balanced diet and individual nutrition guidance during pregnancy should be strengthened, in order to make dietary structure during pregnancy are more reasonable, reduce the occurrence of adverse birth weight of newborns.

Download Full-text

High Blood Pressure during Pregnancy is not a Protective Factor for Preterm Infants with Very Low Birth Weight. A Case-Control Study

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1601883 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (04) ◽

pp. 155-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Annibal Sabino ◽

Eduardo de Souza ◽

Ana Goulart ◽

Adriana Lima ◽

Nelson Sass

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Case Control ◽

World Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Study

Objective To evaluate whether the presence of maternal blood pressure reduces the risks of morbidity, perinatal mortality and morbidity at 24 months of age in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) compared with a control group. Methods A retrospective, observational, case-control study. Total 49 VLBWIs were allocated to the study group, called the maternal arterial hypertension group (AHG), and matched with 44 in the control group (CG). The infants were assessed during hospitalization and at 12 and 24 months corrected age at a specialized clinic. For the assessment of growth, the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software (Geneva, 2006) was used, and for the psychomotor assessment, the Denver II test was used. Results In relation to the antenatal variables, the infants of the AHG had more centralized circulation assessed by Doppler, received more corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate, and were born by cesarean section more frequently. In terms of the postnatal and in-hospital outcomes, the AHG had a higher gestational age at birth (30.7 versus 29.6 weeks) and a lower frequency of 5-minute Apgar scores of less than 7 (26.5% versus 52.3%). The CG had a higher rate of pulmonary dysplasia (30.2% versus 8.3%). There were no differences in terms of hospital mortality, complications, somatic growth and functional problems at 24 months of corrected age. Conclusion The presence of maternal hypertension, especially preeclampsia, was not a protective factor against morbidity, mortality and evolution in VLBWIs aged up to 24 months. Therefore, the clinical practice should be focused on prolonging the pregnancy for as long as possible in these conditions as well.

Download Full-text

The cost and effective analysis of health care management of very low birth weight babies in rural areas of West Bengal, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20160789 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 1093-1098

Author(s):

Kripasindhu Chatterjee ◽

Prodyut Mandal ◽

Sk. Rahaman ◽

Anustup Paul ◽

Nabendu Chaudhuri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Care Management ◽

West Bengal ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

The Cost ◽

Effective Analysis

Download Full-text

Kangaroo mother care: Understanding community low birth weight baby care perceptions and practices for designing appropriate community based KMC implementation package: a formative research. (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.30663 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shabina Ariff ◽

Ikram Maznani ◽

Maria Bhura ◽

Zahid Memon ◽

Tayyaba Arshad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Newborn Care ◽

Formative Research ◽

Kangaroo Mother Care ◽

Community Members ◽

Hospital Administrators ◽

Skin Contact

BACKGROUND Low birth weight (LBW) is a common outcome of preterm birth and increases the risk of an infant’s morbidity and mortality. About 20 million infants are born with low birth weight globally. Since a significant number of births in Pakistan take place at home, it is important to focus on the use of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) (skin-to-skin contact) in communities to prevent neonatal mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVE We conducted a formative research in order to understand the context of communities and facilities with regards to neonatal care and KMC practice, inform the design and delivery of culturally appropriate platforms to introduce KMC in communities, and develop effective recruitment and retention strategies of KMC, in rural areas of district Dadu, in the Sindh province. METHODS We conducted focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews with families of LBW babies, community members, healthcare providers and hospital administrators to identify barriers, enablers and a knowledge base for KMC interventions. RESULTS Newborn care practices in communities were subpar. Although KMC practices are not commonly practiced in communities and facilities and the method is unknown to many, family members were willing to provide KMC to LBW babies to improve their health outcomes. Community members, hospital administrators and healthcare providers widely accepted the practice for neonatal health and found it feasible and convenient. CONCLUSIONS The KMC as a method of treating low birth weight babies is widely accepted in the community. This formative research provided strategically effective ways for developing effective implementation strategies by identifying common community practices for LBW babies, and barriers and enablers to KMC practice.

Download Full-text

Fundus Pigmentation in Retinopathy of Prematurity

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.97.3.343 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 343-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tova Monos ◽

Shirley D. Rosen ◽

Michael Karplus ◽

Yuval Yassur

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Ophthalmological Examination ◽

Dark Pigmentation ◽

Prospective Study Design ◽

Fundus Pigmentation

Objective. A prospective study design was used to investigate the association between different degrees of fundus pigmentation and the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among very low birth weight infants in a large neonatal intensive care unit. Methods. The study group consisted of 161 infants weighing 1500 g or less at birth and included all infants born from 1988 to 1990 who survived at least 10 weeks. Presence or lack of any acute stage ROP was determined by weekly ophthalmological examination from the age of 4 weeks. The degree of fundus pigmentation was recorded for each infant during the first examination. Results. Infants with dark fundus pigmentation were found to be at half the risk of developing ROP as compared with the infants having light/medium fundus pigmentation (relative risk 0.5;95% confidence interval = 0.2-1.1). When controlling for birth weight, gestational age, length of oxygen therapy, and ethnic group in multivariate analysis, dark pigmentation was an independent and statistically significant protective factor (odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.6). None of the infants with Stage III ROP or higher had dark pigmentation. Conclusion. We speculate that large amounts of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium or choroid may protect the dark-pigmented very low birth weight infant from developing ROP.

Download Full-text

Exploring the association between adverse maternal circumstances and low birth weight in neonates: a nationwide population-based study in Bangladesh

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e036162

Author(s):

Md Mostaured Ali Khan ◽

Md Golam Mustagir ◽

Md Rafiqul Islam ◽

Md Sharif Kaikobad ◽

Hafiz TA Khan

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Study Designs

ObjectiveThis study is concerned with helping to improve the health and care of newborn babies in Bangladesh by exploring adverse maternal circumstances and assessing whether these are contributing towards low birth weight (LBW) in neonates.Study designs and settingsData were drawn and analysed from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014. Any association between LBW and adverse maternal circumstances were assessed using a Chi-square test with determinants of LBW identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ParticipantsThe study is based on 4728 children aged below 5 years and born to women from selected households.ResultsThe rate of LBW was around 19.9% (199 per 1000 live births) with the highest level found in the Sylhet region (26.2%). The rate was even higher in rural areas (20.8%) and among illiterate mothers (26.6%). Several adverse maternal circumstances of the women included in the survey were found to be significant for increasing the likelihood of giving birth to LBW babies. These circumstances included the women being underweight (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.49); having unwanted births (AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44); had previous pregnancies terminated (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.57); were victims of intimate partner violence (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.45) and taking antenatal care <4 times (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48). Other important risk factors that were revealed included age at birth <18 years (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.83) and intervals between the number of births <24 months (AOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). When taking multiple fertility behaviours together such as, the ages of the women at birth (<18 years with interval <24 months (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57) and birth order (>3 with interval <24 months (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.37), then the risk of having LBW babies significantly increased.ConclusionThis study finds that adverse maternal circumstances combined with high-risk fertility behaviours are significantly associated with LBW in neonates. This situation could severely impede progress in Bangladesh towards achieving the sustainable development goal concerned with the healthcare of newborns.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Advances in Public Health ◽

10.1155/2020/7589483 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Nuradin Abusha Katiso ◽

Getachew Mullu Kassa ◽

Gedefaw Abeje Fekadu ◽

Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe ◽

Achenef Asmamaw Muche

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Prenatal Care ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Unpublished Studies ◽

Meta Analyses

Introduction. Low birth weight (LBW) is the most significant risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality. It is one of the major public health problems in developing countries. Although there are various studies on low birth weight, findings were inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the national-pooled prevalence of low birth weight and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Method. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed. This meta-analysis employed a review of both published and unpublished studies conducted in Ethiopia. The databases used were PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online. Relevant search terms for prevalence and determinants of LBW were used to retrieve articles. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 14 software. Forest plots were used to present the findings. The Cochran Q test and I2 test statistics were used to test heterogeneity across studies. Egger’s test was used to assess the publication bias of included studies. The pooled prevalence and the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed and were presented using forest plots. Results. A total of 28 studies, 50,110 newborn babies, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of LBW in Ethiopia was 14.1% (95% CI = 11.2, 17.1). Higher variation in the prevalence of LBW in different regions across the country was observed. Significant association of LBW with sex of the newborn baby, higher odds among female babies (OR = 1.5 (95% CI = 1.2, 1.7)), prematurity (OR = 4.7 (95% CI = 1.5, 14.5)), not attending prenatal care (OR = 1.7 (95% CI = 1.4, 2.2)), pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR = 6.7 (95% CI = 3.5, 12.9)), and newborn babies whose mothers were from rural areas (OR = 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2, 2.6) were the factors associated with low birth weight. Conclusions. The prevalence of LBW in Ethiopia was high. LBW was associated with several maternal and newborn characteristics. The large disparity of LBW among the different regions in the country needs targeted intervention in areas with higher prevalence. Particular emphasis should be given to mothers residing in rural areas. Community-based programs are important to increase the use of prenatal care.

Download Full-text

Association of new-born birth weight with maternal parameters

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193635 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 3453

Author(s):

Anshika Kashyap ◽

Pushpinder Kaur ◽

Puneet Srivastava ◽

Veena Singh

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Preterm Births ◽

Maternal Anaemia ◽

New Born ◽

Medical College ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Morbidity And Mortality

Background: Birth weight is the single largest determinant of the neonatal survival and wellbeing. Maternal anaemia is the commonest medical disorder in pregnancy and is associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. The effect of haemoglobin levels of the mother on the foetus however remains unclear. This study aims at evaluating the effect of maternal anaemia on neonatal birth weight. It also evaluates the effect of parity, gestational age and maternal age on the new-born birth weight.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on patients who had delivered in Al Falah hospital, a newly setup medical college in rural Haryana. The population was studied for maternal age, gestational period, and parity and haemoglobin levels. These parameters were correlated with neonatal birth weight. The study was carried out on deliveries which occurred over a period of six months from November 2018 to April 2019.Results: The low birth weight new-borns were 10.5%. Maternal anaemia was present in 79.74 % of women in the study group. Amongst all parameters studied, only higher parity and greater period of gestation had a positive correlation with neonatal birth weight. Haemoglobin levels or maternal age didn’t show a significant impact on the neonatal birth weight. Anaemic mothers didn’t have a higher incidence of low birth weight babies.Conclusion: The most significant contributor to improved neonatal weight is the gestational age of the foetus. All efforts to ensure better neonatal outcome must primarily concentrate on prevention of preterm births. Maternal haemoglobin levels do not directly impact the neonatal birth weight. However, as anaemia is a risk factor for preterm delivery, anaemia indirectly impacts on the neonatal birth weight and outcome.

Download Full-text

Geographical variations in maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy associated with birth weight in Shaanxi province, Northwestern China

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254891

Author(s):

Yini Liu ◽

Huihui Zhang ◽

Yaling Zhao ◽

Fangyao Chen ◽

Baibing Mi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Northwest China ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Geographical Variations ◽

Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression

The geographical variation of maternal dietary patterns related to birth outcomes is important for improving the health of mothers and children; however, it is currently unknown. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate geographical variations of maternal dietary pattern during pregnancy, and evaluate the spatial varying association of maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy with abnormal birth weight. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaanxi province in Northwest China in 2013 to evaluate the relationship between abnormal birth weight and dietary pattern using the Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR). Three dietary patterns during pregnancy were extracted through factor analysis, explaining approximately 45.8% of the variability of food intake. Approximately 81.6% of mothers with higher scores on the equilibrium pattern was more unlikely to have small for gestational age (SGA) infants, with the lower OR observed in Central and South Shaanxi. The snacks pattern was positively associated with low birth weight (LBW) for 23.2% of participants, with the highest OR in Central Shaanxi. Among about 80.0% of participants with higher scores on the snacks pattern living in South and Central Shaanxi, there was a higher risk for SGA. The OR values tend to descend from South to North Shaanxi. The OR values of the negative association between prudent pattern and LBW decreased from South to North Shaanxi among approximately 59.3% of participants. The prudent pattern was also negatively associated with the increasing risk of fetal macrosomia among 19.2% of participants living mainly in South Shaanxi. The association of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with abnormal birth weight varied geographically across Shaanxi province. The findings emphasize the importance of geographical distribution to improve the dietary patterns among disadvantaged pregnant women.

Download Full-text