The effects of naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin on seizure and sedation in acute on chronic tramadol administration: an experimental study

Abstract Background Tramadol is a widely used synthetic opioid. Substantial research has previously focused on the neurological effects of this drug, while the efficacy of various treatments to reduce the associated side effects has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin on tramadol overdose-induced seizure and sedation level in male rats. Methods The project was performed with 72 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200–250 g. The rats were randomly assigned to eight groups. Tramadol was administered intraperitoneally at an initial dose of 25 mg/kg/day. On the 14th day, tramadol was injected at 75 mg/kg, either alone or together with naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin (acute and chronic) individually or in combination. The rats were monitored for 6 h on the last day, and the number, the duration, and the severity of seizures (using the criteria of Racine) were measured over a 6-h observation period. The sedation level was also assessed based on a 4-point criterion, ranging from 0 to 3. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-square, regression analysis, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) tests. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results The naloxone-diazepam combination reduced the number, severity, and cumulative duration of seizures compared to tramadol use alone and reduced the number of higher-intensity seizures (level 3, 4) to a greater extent than other treatments. Naloxone alone reduced the number and duration of seizures but increased the number of mild seizures (level 2). Diazepam decreased the severity and duration of seizures. However, it increased the number of mild seizures (level 2). In comparison with the tramadol alone group, the acute quercetin group exhibited higher numbers of mild (level 2) and moderate (level 3) seizures. Chronic quercetin administration significantly increased the number of mild seizures. In the GEE model, all groups had higher sedation levels than the saline only group (P < 0.001). None of the protocols had a significant effect on sedation levels compared to the tramadol group. Conclusion The combined administration of naloxone and diazepam in acute-on-chronic tramadol poisoning can effectively reduce most seizure variables compared to tramadol use alone. However, none of the treatments improved sedation levels.

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The effects of naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin on seizure and sedation in acute on chronic tramadol administration: An experimental study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-137088/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samaneh Nakhaee ◽

Khadijeh Farrokhfall ◽

Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam ◽

Mohsen Foadoddini ◽

Masoumeh Askari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Estimating Equation ◽

Male Rats ◽

Average Weight ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Sedation Level ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Spss Software ◽

Neurological Effects

Abstract Background: Tramadol is a widely used synthetic opioid. Substantial research has previously focused on the neurological effects of this drug, while the efficacy of various treatments to reduce the associated side effects has not been well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin on tramadol induced seizure and sedation level in male rats. Methods: The project was performed with 72 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200-250 g. The rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups. Tramadol was administered intraperitoneally at an initial dose of 25 mg/kg/day. On the 14th day, tramadol was injected at 75 mg/kg, either alone or together with naloxone, diazepam, and quercetin (acute and chronic) in different combinations. The rats were monitored for 6 hours on the last day, and the number, the duration, and the severity of seizures (using the criteria of Racine) were measured at different times. The sedation level was also assessed based on a 4-point criterion, ranging from 0 to 3, at different times after injection. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, multivariate regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) tests. The significance level was set at P <0.05.Results: The naloxone-diazepam combination reduced the number of seizures, severity, and duration of seizures compared to the tramadol use alone and reduced the number of higher-intensity seizures to a greater extent than other treatments. Naloxone alone reduced the number and duration of seizures, as well as the duration of mild seizures. Diazepam decreased the severity and duration of seizures. However, it increased the number of mild seizures. In comparison with the tramadol alone group, the acute quercetin group had a lower duration of mild and severe seizures, and higher numbers of mild and moderate seizures. Chronic quercetin administration decreased the duration of seizures and significantly increased the number of mild seizures. Naloxone-Quercetin also reduced the duration of mild and severe seizures significantly. In the GEE model, all groups had higher sedation levels than the saline only group (P <0.001). None of the protocols had a significant effect on sedation levels compared to the other groups.Conclusion: The combined administration of naloxone and diazepam in acute on chronic tramadol poisoning can effectively reduce most seizure variables, compared to the tramadol use alone. However, none of the treatments can improve sedation levels.

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3294 HIGH INTENSITY BINGE DRINKING AND STIMULATING EFFECTS IN HUMAN LABORATORY STUDIES OF ALCOHOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2019.331 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (s1) ◽

pp. 145-146

Author(s):

Julia Swan ◽

Joshua L.Gowin ◽

Bethany L. Stangl ◽

Vijay A. Ramchandani

Keyword(s):

Binge Drinking ◽

High Intensity ◽

Intensity Level ◽

Subjective Response ◽

Self Administration ◽

Chi Square ◽

Score Following ◽

Level 3 ◽

Level 1 ◽

Level 2

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has previously been studied using Timeline Followback (TLFB) interview measures and administration of alcohol within laboratory sessions. However, most of those studies supplied alcohol orally and analyzed drinking across a range of drinking intensity and frequency measures. High intensity binge drinking, i.e., drinking alcohol at multiple levels of the binge threshold (5+ drinks for males, 4+ drinks for females) has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing AUD. In the present study, we examined the relationship between high intensity binge drinking with the behavioral and subjective response to intravenous alcohol in a lab study. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Two hundred participants completed a 90-Day TLFB interview, wherein the maximum number of drinks in a day established the participant’s binge level status as a Non-Binger (N = 37), Binge Level 1 (N = 96), Binge Level 2 (N = 44), or Binge Level 3 (N = 22). Binge Level 1 corresponds with at least one binge (4-7 drinks for women, 5-9 drinks for men); Binge Level 2 requires at least twice the binge level (8-11 drinks for women, 10-14 drinks for men); and Level 3 necessitates a participant to drink at least three times the binge level (12+ drinks for women, 15+ drinks for men) on one day. Non-Bingers had no binge level drinking in the 90-day interview. Participants also underwent a 150-minute intravenous-alcohol self-infusion, where participants would press a button to receive an infusion of an ethanol solution. During this, participants also completed subjective questionnaires including the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ), Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES), and Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ). Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were used to examine the effect of group on alcohol infusion and subjective response measures. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A chi-square test for association showed significant statistical differences by groups in reaching binge level status (0.08% breath alcohol content) during the alcohol infusion session in the lab, X2 (3) = 23.321, p < 0.001. However, mean difference was not significantly different between Binge Level 2 and Binge Level 3 (0 < 1 < 2 = 3). Binge level groups showed significant differences in the number of button presses during the lab session (H(3) = 36.955, p < 0.001), peak breath alcohol concentration in the lab session (H(3) = 19.870, p < 0.001), and total binges in the TLFB (H(3) = 90.296, p < 0.001). Increased self-administration measures were proportional to the binge intensity level across groups, with no differences between Binge Level 2 and Binge Level 3 (0 < 1 < 2 = 3). For subjective measures, a Kruskal-Wallis H median test showed statistically significant differences between groups in the AUQ score following the priming infusion, H(3) = 11.489, p = 0.009, with bingers at all levels reporting higher scores compared to non-bingers (0 < 1 = 2 = 3). There was also a statistically significant difference between groups in the BAES Stimulation score following the priming infusion, H(3) = 9.023, p = 0.029, with differences seen between non-bingers and level 2 and level 3 bingers (0 = 1 < 2 = 3). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study demonstrated that high intensity binge drinkers were more likely to reach binge level and overall greater alcohol consumption during a human lab alcohol administration study. Binge intensity level was also associated with higher stimulation and urge for alcohol following priming exposures, which may in turn drive the consumption of greater amounts of alcohol, which we know to be associated with greater risk for AUD.

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Perbedaan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa ditinjau dari Level Geometri Van Hiele SMP Kelas VII

MANDALIKA Mathematics and Educations Journal ◽

10.29303/mandalika.v1i2.1536 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Azwar Anwar

Keyword(s):

Learning Outcomes ◽

Junior High School ◽

Mathematics Learning ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Probability Sampling ◽

Significance Level ◽

Van Hiele ◽

Level 3 ◽

Level 1 ◽

Level 2

This study aims to determine the distribution of student geometry levels based on Van Hiele's theory and find out the differences in students' mathematics learning outcomes in grade VII junior high school. The sampling technique is probability sampling and a sample of 182 students is obtained. Data collection techniques used were Van Hiele level geometry tests and test results. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and anova with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that only 170 students were included in the Van Hiele geometry level, namely 62 students were at level 0, 97 students were at level 1, 5 students were at level 2, and as many as 6 students are at level 3. In the inferential analysis based on analysis of variance (two-way anova) concludes that for learning outcomes based on Van Hiele level geometry obtained Fcount = 13.793 > Ftable = 9.28 means H0 is rejected means that there are differences in mathematics learning outcomes based on Van Hiele geometry level.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi level geometri siswa berdasarkan teori Van Hiele dan mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar matematika siswa di kelas VII SMP. Menggunakan teknik probability sampling dan diperoleh sampel sebanyak 182 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tes level geometri Van Hiele dan tes hasil belajar. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan anova dengan taraf signifikansi sebesar 5%. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa dari 182 sampel, hanya 170 siswa yang termasuk dalam level geometri Van Hiele yaitu 62 siswa berada pada level 0, sebanyak 97 siswa pada level 1, sebanyak 5 siswa pada level 2, dan 6 siswa pada level 3. Analisis anova dua arah diperoleh Fhitung = 13,793 > Ftabel = 9,28 berarti H0 ditolak yang artinya terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar matematika berdasarkan level geometri Van Hiele.

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Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen Theraphy and Gold sea Cucumber (Stichopus Hermanii) 3% for Collagen Density of Rat’s with Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Porphyromonas Gingivalis Bactery

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v11i2.100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Dyah Lestarining R ◽

Dian Mulawarmanti ◽

Widyastuti Widyastuti

Keyword(s):

Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽

Periodontal Ligament ◽

Healing Process ◽

Control Group ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Collagen Density ◽

Ligament Healing

Background: Periodontitis is complication of DM in chronic state. Periodontitis susceptibility increase threefold in patient DM compared non-DM. Debridement with SRP alone is less effective in DM. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) has the effect of increasing insulin sensitivity and synthesis of collagen. Collagen is the largest extracellular matrix supporting periodontal tissue. Stchopus hermanii contains condrotin sulfate serves to inhibit the formation of mixed periodontopatogen bacteri. Purpose: To determine the therapeutic effects of HBO 2,4 ATA 3x3’ interval 5’ 7 days and stichopus hermanii against periodontal ligament collagen density in the healing process of periodontitis with DM. Materials and Methods:The experiment design is factorial design. Rats are inducted with STZ 65 mg/kgBB to make them suffer DM and are inducted with P.gingivalis 1x109sel/ml for 5 days straight to make them suffer periodontitis, 20 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. K0 (control group), K1(STZ+P. gingivalis), K2(STZ+P. gingivalis+Stichopus hermanii), K3(STZ+P. gingivalis+HBO), and K4(STZ+P.gingivalis+stichopus hermanii HBO) after treatment on day 52, all groups were sacrificed and done making preparations for the HPA of the mandible bone. Results: Data were analyzed using chi-square, Kruskal wallis, and Mann Whitney U with 95% significance level (p = 0.05). increase level of collagen significantly K1(1 ± 0.00) - K2(2±0.00), dan K1(1 ± 0.00) - K4(2.5 ± 0.289).Conclution:Therapy HBO combination of 2.4 ATA 3 x 30 with 5 minutes air breaks for 7 days and gel Stichopus hermanii3% effective on the Densityof collagen in the periodontal ligament healing process periodontitis with DM. Keywords:OHB, Stichopus hermanii, periodontitis with DM, collagen Correspondence: Dian Mulawarmanti, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University,Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya,Phone 031-5945864, Email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>

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Evaluasi Diklat Peningkatan Kompetensi Penilaian Kinerja Guru (PKG) dan Pengembangan Keprofesionalan Berkelanjutan (PKB)

EDUKASI Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan ◽

10.32729/edukasi.v17i3.615 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ai Nurjanah

Keyword(s):

Average Score ◽

Significance Level ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Satisfaction Index ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Level 3 ◽

Kirkpatrick Model ◽

Negative Statements ◽

Level 2 ◽

Reaction Level

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of substantive technical training implementation in improving the improvement of teacher performance and the continuous professional development that held in Bandung Religious Training Center on the year of 2017−2018 by using Kirkpatrick model. This research uses a mixed-methods with concurrent embedded types with a descriptive approach with 330 populations and 77 persons for the sample. The results for first level (reaction level) that the participants’ reaction towards training organizer has shown an average satisfaction index of 82.12 (good). The Reaction of participants to widyaiswara was 82.8 (good) on average. At level 2 (learning level), The result of knowledge aspect’s for t-test on pretest and posttest data correlated 0.34 with a significance level 0.003. It’s was indicates that education and training have been succeeded to increase the training participants’ knowledge. In the skill aspect, the average rating’s product was 91.66 (very good). The average score of the attitude aspect was 88.6 (good). For the evaluation at level 3 (behaviour level), the average score of 61.96% (47 graduated from training had shown that the training results were quite satisfying). From triangulation results of Post-Training Evaluation (EPD), the graduated from training gave positive manner statements for generally. Different from colleagues and superiors who gave negative statements. Evaluation at stage 4 (result level) demonstrated that the average percentage of t-score 63.64% or about 49 graduated had stated that they were able to obtain credit numbers according to the demand. AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas penyelenggaraan diklat teknis substantif peningkatan kompetensi Peningkatan Kinerja Guru dan Pengembangan Keprofesionalan Berkelanjutan yang diselenggarakan di Balai Diklat Keagamaan Bandung tahun 2017−2018 menggunakan model Kirkpatrick. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kombinasi (mixed methodes) tipe concurreent embedded dengan pendekatan deskriptif dengan jumlah populasi 330 serta sampel 77 orang. Hasil penelitian pada level 1 (reaction level), reaksi peserta terhadap penyelenggara diklat memiliki indeks kepuasan rata-rata sebesar 82,12 (baik). reaksi peserta terhadap widyaiswara rata-rata sebesar 82,80 (baik). Pada level 2 (Learning level), evaluasi pada aspek pengetahuan hasil uji-t pada data pretest dan posttest memiliki korelasi 0,34 dengan taraf signifikansi 0,003, menunjukkan bahwa diklat berhasil meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta diklat. Pada aspek keterampilan rata-rata penilaian produk sebesar 91,66 (sangat baik). Pada aspek sikap skor rata-rata sebesar 88,6 pada (baik). Evaluasi pada level 3 (behavior level), rata-rata skor t sebesar 61,96% (47 orang alumni diklat menyatakan hasil diklat memiliki pengaruh yang baik). Dari hasil triangulasi Evaluasi Pasca Diklat, alumni diklat secara umum memberikan pernyataan positif, sedangkan rekan sejawat, dan atasan secara umum memberikan pernyataan negatif. Evaluasi pada tahap 4 – level hasil (result level), hasil evaluasi menunjukkan prosentase rata-rata skor-t sebesar 63,64 % atau 49 orang alumni menyatakan dapat memperoleh angka kredit.

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The effects of binge-pattern alcohol consumption on orthodontic tooth movement

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2176-9451.19.6.093-098.oar ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cristiano Miranda de Araujo ◽

Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann ◽

Elisa Souza Camargo ◽

Orlando Motohiro Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Control Group ◽

Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess tissue changes during orthodontic movement after binge-pattern ethanol 20% exposure.METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 54) were divided into two groups. The control group (CG) received 0.9% saline solution, while the experimental group (EG) received 20% ethanol in 0.9% saline solution (3 g/kg/day). On the 30th day, a force of 25 cN was applied with a nickel-titanium closed coil spring to move the maxillary right first molar mesially. The groups were further divided into three subgroups (2, 14 and 28 days). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and picrosirius were used to assess bone resorption and neoformation, respectively. Data were compared by two-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD, Games-Howell and chi-square test. Significance level was set at 5%.RESULTS: There was a decrease in the number of osteoclasts in EG at day 28. The percentage of collagen showed no interaction between group and time.CONCLUSION: Binge-pattern 20% ethanol promoted less bone resorption at the end of tooth movement, thereby suggesting delay in tooth movement.

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Evaluating the Effects of Aloe vera Gel on Cerebellum Istomorphometrical Changes in Diabetic Male Rats

Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.5812/zjrms.102483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady ◽

Naeem Erfani Majd ◽

Mohammad Bahrami Tapebur ◽

Yazdan Mazaheri

Keyword(s):

Normal Saline ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Diabetic Group ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Aloe Vera Gel ◽

Male Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus can lead to histomorphometrical changes in the brain. Recent studies have shown that Aloe vera gel has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, which is independent of glucose-lowering effects. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of A. vera gel on histomorphometrical changes of cerebellum following streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: A total of 25 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups as follows: (1) the control group received normal saline; (2) A. vera gel group; (3) diabetic group (normal saline); (4) treatment group diabetic rats, which received A. vera; and (5) diabetic rats which received insulin. A single dose of STZ [60 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (IP)] was used for the induction of diabetes in rats. All the treatments were administered daily for eight weeks. Subsequently, histomorphometrical changes were evaluated in the cerebellum of the rats. Results: The results showed that the number of granular and purkinje cells reduced in the cerebellum granulosa region, while the number of glial cells increased in the molecular region of the cerebellum in diabetic rats compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These changes were improved in treated rats by insulin or A. vera. Also, the thickness of molecular, purkinje, granular, and white matter layers at the apex of lobules and depth of sulcus in the diabetic group had a significant reduction compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirmed that improvement of the cerebellar tissue changes in diabetic rats following the use of A. vera gel is comparable to insulin. However, more investigations are required to determine the protective effects of A. vera gel against diabetes-induced cerebellum histomorphometrical changes.

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Visitors' Spending on Accommodation: A Segmentation Model using Two-Step CHAID Analysis

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) ◽

10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 602-612

Author(s):

Rosmini Ismail Et.al

Keyword(s):

Classification Tree ◽

Regression Tree ◽

Local Economy ◽

Chi Square ◽

Interaction Detection ◽

Chaid Analysis ◽

Fourth Segment ◽

Level 3 ◽

Level 1 ◽

Level 2

Tourism receipt through visitors' spending is one of the contributors that stimulate the local economy. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the factors influencing these spending preferences. This study determines factors and average spending on accommodations using segmentation techniques for Perhentian Island's visitors. Determinant factors include demographic, trip-related, and psychographic characteristics. Data were collected through a survey and run for 929 visitors using two-step Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) analysis. The analysis produces a three-level regression tree and later a classification tree. The findings documented that, level 1 consisted of four segments and were segmented according to the country of origin (COO). Overall, the Italian is a segment that has the highest average spending. The fourth segment of level 1, namely Malaysia, branched out further to level 2 and level 3. These levels were segmented based on the number of dependents during the trip and length of stay, respectively. For domestic visitors, Malaysian with dependents on the trip spend the highest. Based on the results, recommendations for the Perhentian Islands accommodation operator were to provide infrastructure to accommodate families for domestic market and marketing strategy that target Italians for the international market. The results could also assist local authorities outlining tourism planning.

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Effects of Naloxone and Diazepam on Blood Glucose Levels in Tramadol Overdose using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) Model; (An Experimental Study)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-228531/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samaneh Nakhaee ◽

Khadijeh Farrokhfall ◽

Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam ◽

Masoumeh Askari ◽

Alireza Amirabadizadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Male Rats ◽

Generalized Estimating Equation ◽

Control Group ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Significance Level ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Generalized Estimating

Abstract Background:Tramadol poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid. Also, various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam) and their combination on blood glucose in male rats. Methods: This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9 rats. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline), one hour, three hours, and six hours after the tramadol injection. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).Results: According to the GEE model results, the diazepam and naloxone-diazepam groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p <0.05). The diazepam group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone group (p <0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, three hours and six hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels one hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone were significantly lower than in the control group (p <0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 hours after injection of tramadol.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. Diazepam alone and in combination with naloxone caused an increase in blood glucose levels in the tramadol overdose.

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Pulmonary Protective Effects of Propofol on Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Damage in Male Rats

Avicenna Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.34172/ajpr.2020.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 72-75

Author(s):

Sajjad Makhdoomi ◽

Akram Oftade ◽

Sodabe Khodabandehlou ◽

Akram Ranjbar

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Male Rats ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Protected Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Pulmonary Damage ◽

Male Wistar Rats

Background: The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects of propofol against cisplatin-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats. Methods: A total of 20 male Wistar rats weighing 180-250 g were divided into four groups of control, the cisplatin-intoxicated group intraperitoneally (IP) injected with cisplatin (7 mg/kg/d for a week), the propofol group (10 mg/kg/d, IP), and the protected group receiving propofol (10 mg/kg/d, IP) poisoned by cisplatin. Then, the biomarkers of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in homogeneous lung tissues. Results: The data revealed the evidence of oxidative stress in the lung tissue of cisplatin-intoxicated rats as indicated by an increase in the level of LPO compared with propofol and protected groups (P<0.05). Moreover, TAC decreased in the cisplatin group while it increased in the propofol group compared to cisplatin and protected groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding CAT (P>0.05). Protection with propofol ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by cisplatin in the lung tissue because of the reduction of LPO. Conclusion: According to these results, it seems that propofol provides a remarkable protection against cisplatin-induced oxidative pulmonary damage mediated by its antioxidant properties.

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