Haematological findings in 158 cows with acute toxic mastitis with a focus on the leukogram

Abstract Background In cows with acute toxic mastitis (ATM), the leukogram aids in the assessment of the severity of disease. The goal of our study was to compare the leukogram of 158 cows with ATM (cases) and 168 clinically healthy cows (controls). We hypothesised that the leukograms of surviving and non-surviving cows differ and that there are variables of the leukogram with sufficient prognostic potential to be used in the decision to treat or not to treat a cow with ATM. The cows were examined clinically and underwent haematological and biochemical examination of blood and bacteriological culture of milk samples. Results All cows with ATM had a poor appetite or anorexia, and 34 cows (21.5%) were recumbent. A single quarter was affected in 119 cows (75.3%), two quarters in 37 cows (23.4%) and three quarters in two cows (1.3%). Bacteriological culture showed Gram-negative pathogens in 100 cows (63.3%), Gram-positive in 15 (9.5%) and yeast in 4 (2.5%). The median total leukocyte count of cases was 4300 cells/µL (interquartile range = 2300–8200/µL), which was significantly lower than 8000 cells/µL (6525–9300/µL) in controls. Except for band neutrophils and metamyelocytes, the counts of all components of the leukogram were lower in cases compared with controls. Significantly more cows with ATM had leukopenia (60.1 vs. 4.1%) or leukocytosis (10.1 vs. 3.0%) than controls. Diseased cows had significantly lower segmented neutrophil counts than controls (860 vs. 2598 cells/µL), and 69.5 and 17.3%, respectively, had counts below the reference interval. Cases had increased band (77.3%) and metamyelocyte (25.0%) counts compared with controls (0.6 and 0%, respectively). In diseased cows, eosinopenia occurred in 66.4% (controls, 1.8%), monocytopenia in 40.6% (4.2%) and lymphopenia in 60.2% (1.8%). Twenty-one diseased cows (16.4%) had a regenerative and 57 (44.5%) had a degenerative left shift. The median neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 0.97 in diseased cows and 0.63 in controls. Toxic changes in neutrophils including cytoplasmic basophilia and vacuolisation were seen in 101 (91.8%) of 110 blood smears of diseased cows. The leukogram of the surviving and non-surviving cows did not differ significantly, and the hypothesis was rejected. Conclusions ATM results in severe changes in the leukogram particularly leukopenia, lymphopenia, and degenerative left shift. The hypothesis that the leukograms of surviving and non-surviving cows differ was rejected. The leukogram has not sufficient prognostic potential to be used in the decision to treat or not to treat a cow with ATM.

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Haematological findings in 158 dairy cows with toxic mastitis with a focus on the leukogram

10.21203/rs.3.rs-103668/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ueli Braun ◽

Christian Gerspach ◽

Barbara Riond ◽

Carina Oschlies ◽

Sabrina Corti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Interval ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Bacteriological Culture ◽

Left Shift ◽

Segmented Neutrophil ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Biochemical Examination ◽

Acute Toxic

Abstract Background: Acute toxic mastitis is characterised by typical clinical findings and changes in the leukogram. The goal of our study was to compare the leukogram of 158 cows with toxic mastitis and 168 clinically healthy cows. The cows were examined clinically and underwent haematological and biochemical examination of blood and bacteriological culture of milk samples. Results: All cows with toxic mastitis were ill and had a poor appetite or anorexia, and 34 cows (21.5%) were recumbent. A single quarter was affected in 119 cows (75.3%), two quarters in 37 cows (23.4%) and three quarters in two cows (1.3%). Bacteriological culture showed gram-negative pathogens in 100 cows (63.3%), gram-positive in 15 (9.5%) and yeast in 4 (2.5%). The median total leukocyte count of ill cows was 4,300 cells/µl, which was significantly lower than 8,000 cells/µl in controls. With the exception of band neutrophils and metamyelocytes, the counts of all components of the leukogram were lower in ill cows compared with controls. Significantly more cows with toxic mastitis had leukopenia (60.1 vs. 4.1%) or leukocytosis (10.1 vs. 3.0%) than controls. Ill cows had significantly lower segmented neutrophil counts than controls (860 vs. 2,598 cells/µl), and 69.5 and 17.3%, respectively, had counts below the reference interval. Ill cows had increased band (77.3%) and metamyelocyte (25.0%) counts compared with control cows (0.6 and 0%, respectively). In ill cows, eosinopenia occurred in 66.4% (controls, 1.8%), monocytopenia in 40.6% (controls, 4.2%) and lymphopenia in 60.2% (controls, 1.8%). Twenty-one ill cows (16.4%) had a regenerative and 57 (44.5%) had a degenerative left shift. The median neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 0.97 in ill cows and 0.63 in controls. Toxic changes in neutrophils including cytoplasmic basophilia and vacuolisation were seen in 101 (91.8%) of 110 blood smears of ill cows.Conclusions: Acute toxic mastitis results in severe changes in the leukogram particularly leukopenia, lymphopenia and degenerative left shift. The leukogram has significant diagnostic value and may aid in the modification of treatment when needed.

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Comparative pathological changes in sheep infected with Theileria annulata and non-infected control

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.16064 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 629

Author(s):

W. AKHTER ◽

A. ASLAM ◽

M. U. REHMAN ◽

H. U. REHMAN ◽

I. RASHID ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leukocyte Count ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Theileria Annulata ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Serum Biochemical ◽

Peripheral Blood Smears

The hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological variations were compared in sheep naturally infected with Theileria annulata and healthy control group. Peripheral blood smears of 300 suspected sheep were observed for the presence of Theileria by microscopy (24%) and confirmed through PCR (34%). The PCR confirmed samples were used for further studies and showed significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte count, serum total proteins, creatinine and glucose (P < 0.05) as compared to healthy control. Similarly a significant increase was recorded in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P< 0.05) as compared to non-infected sheep. Histopathological changes revealed edema and severe depletion of lymphocytes in lymph nodes. The present study concluded that ovine theileriosis was linked with some pathological alterations in blood and tissues which could be helpful in the diagnosis of disease.

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Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Theileriosis in Cattle Calves

International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology ◽

10.23880/izab-16000207 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Dhuria D

Keyword(s):

Tick Infestation ◽

Jugular Vein ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Severe Anaemia ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Animal Science ◽

Pale Mucous Membrane ◽

Blood Smears ◽

History Of ◽

Thin Blood Smears

The present investigation was carried out among ten cross-bred Cattle calves of age between 1-5 months which were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner with the history of anorexia, high fever, diarrhoea and tick infestation. Upon clinical examination pale mucous membrane, enlarged prescapular lymph nodes and increase in respiration rate and pulse rate were found. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in vacutainers containing EDTA for haemogram. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smears revealed piroplasms in erythrocytes and lymph node aspirate smears revealed presence of schizonts (Koch’s blue bodies) in lymphocytes. Upon haematological examination it revealed that the decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and lymphocytes, however increase in total leukocyte count and neutrophils. After confirmation of Theileriosis in calves Buparvaquone was administered at the dose rate of 1ml/20kg body weight via intramuscular route. Eight calves were very well responded to the treatment but two calves were eventually died due to severe anaemia.

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Detection of Babesia spp by using of Acridine Orange and Giemsa Stain with Study of its Effect on Blood Picture in Local Breed Cows.

Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.37940/ajvs.2019.12.2.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Acridine Orange ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Blood Picture ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Local Breed ◽

Acridine Orange Staining ◽

Fluorescent Microscope ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Babesia Spp

This study was conducted to diagnose of Babesia spp by using fluorescent microscope and light microscope, the study also included evaluating of Hemogram (RBC, HB, PCV, MCV, MCHC, Total Leukocyte Count, Differential Leukocyte Count) in cows infected with Babesia spp which cause piroplasmosis. The study included examination of 60 local breed Cows from many districts of Mosul city from the beginning of February 2018 until the end of July 2018, 17 were clinically infected with piroplasmosis and the infection was confirmed by using Giemsa and Acridine orange staining blood smears, and 10 cows were clinically intact and served as control. the results indicated that the percentage of the infection with Babesia spp was 28.33%, and the percentage of parasitemia ranged between (5-23%) with mean of (12.57%). The Results showed a statistical significant decrease (P<0.05) in RBC, Hb, and PCV values of diseased animals, Normocytic Normochromic type of anemia was found, the results also indicated a significant decrease in total Leukocyte count and neutrophil, with significant increase in lymphocytes number. the results also indicated non-significant changes in Eosinophil, Basophil and Monocyte numbers.

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Reference Values of Hematological, Biochemical and Endocrinological Parameters in the Blood of Piglets Aged 1 and 21 Days

Contemporary Agriculture ◽

10.2478/contagri-2020-0006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (3-4) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

Marko Cincović ◽

Mile Mirkov ◽

Ivan Radović ◽

Branislava Belić ◽

Ivana Lakić

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Total Bilirubin ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Productive Performance ◽

Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽

Smirnov Test

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to determine the reference ranges for hematological, biochemical and endocrinological parameters in the blood of the commercial F1 Landrace x Yorkshire and Yorkshire x Landrace piglets aged 1 and 21 days. A total of 72 animals were enrolled in this study. The following reference ranges were determined for the blood parameters considered (day 1 vs. day 21): WBC 10.0-12.4 vs. 11.5-13.7 × 109/L; RBC 3.72-4.06 vs. 5.25-5.73 × 1012/L; HGB 71.4-79.0 vs. 100-110 g/L; HCT 24.4-26.5 vs. 35.7-39.1 %; MCV 64.4-66.0 vs. 72.7-74.8 fL; MCH 20.9-21.7 vs. 24.7-25.6 pg; MCHC 321-329 vs. 367-378 g/L; AST 78.5-98.9 vs. 51.8-66 U/L; ALT 72.5-84.5 vs. 65.9-76.5 U/L; CHOL 2.41-2.71 vs. 3.81-4.27 mmol/L; TGC 1.55-1.93 vs. 1.85-2.25 mmol/L; GLU 5.58-6.24 vs. 5.97-6.67 mmol/L; TPROT 55.2-59.4 vs. 65-69.9 g/L; ALB 13.4-15.1 vs. 27.8-30.9 g/L, GLOB 41.3-44.8 vs. 35.3-40.9 g/L; UREA mmol/L; TBIL 36.6-44.5 vs. 29.4-40.8 μmol/L; ALFAAMYLASE 897-998 vs. 851-949 U/L; LIPASE 74.1-79.7 vs. 88.3-98.1 U/L; CORT 140-196 vs. 41.4-63.8 ng/mL; INSUL 4.04-5.68 vs. 1.71-2.41 μU/L. The RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values recorded were found to be higher in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. The total leukocyte count did not differ between the experimental groups. Lower AST, ALT, globulin, cortisol and insulin values were detected in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. However, the values of triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin and lipase were found to be higher in the piglets aged 21 days than those in the piglets aged 1 day. The glucose, alpha amylase and total bilirubin (TBIL) values did not differ significantly between the experimental groups. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test conducted shows that there are significant differences in the frequency distribution of most of the blood parameters tested in the pigs aged 1 and 21 days, which confirms that a separate reference interval must be determined and applied to the respective piglet ages considered. The establishment of reference values for different age categories can facilitate the assessment of health status and productive performance of farm piglets.

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CORRELATION OF SEVERITY OF DISEASE AND CHANGES IN BASIC HEMATLOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS OF COVID -19

Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.52764/jms.21.29.3.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (03) ◽

pp. 69-73

Author(s):

Muhammad ihtesham Khan ◽

Maria Mehmood ◽

Syed osama Husain ◽

Saman Waqar ◽

Muhammad Asim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Ventilatory Support ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Severity Of Disease

Objective: To determine the correlation between disease severity and changes in basic hematological parameters in cases of Covid 19 in a tertiary care center.Methodology: This Cross Sectional analytical study was done in Khyber Teaching Hospital from March to June 2020 . Covid-19 cases diagnosed by nasal swab PCR were included in the study. Clinical features were noted by Doctor on duty and Complete blood count was done. Data was analysed by SPSS . Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative data. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data. Shapiro Wilk’s test was done to find normality of the data. Point biserial correlation test was applied to determine association between continuous and dichotomous variables.Levels of hemoglobin leukocyte count and platelet counts in severe cases were shown by box plots.Results: Mean age of 101 cases of Covid-19 was 56±15.7 years. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The commonest clinical features were generalized body aches and fever, seen in 53(52.5%) and 48(47.5%) cases respectively. 36 (35.6%) cases were serious and needed ventilatory support. In serious cases, hemoglobin and platelet count were normal in most cases i.e 16(44.4%) and 30(83.3%) respectively, while the leukocyte count was increased in 26 (72%). There was no association between the severity of disease and basic hematological parameters. Conclusion: Leukocyte count is high in cases of Covid-19. There is no significant correlation between severity level and hemoglobin and platelet count. The raised total leukocyte count is associated with severe disease in Covid19.

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Immune function during pregnancy varies between ecologically distinct populations

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoaa022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (1) ◽

pp. 114-128

Author(s):

Carmen Hové ◽

Benjamin C Trumble ◽

Amy S Anderson ◽

Jonathan Stieglitz ◽

Hillard Kaplan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leukocyte Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Future Research ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Ecological Conditions ◽

Trade Offs ◽

The Usa ◽

Immunological Changes ◽

Fetal Antigens ◽

Pathogen Exposure

Abstract Background and objectives Among placental mammals, females undergo immunological shifts during pregnancy to accommodate the fetus (i.e. fetal tolerance). Fetal tolerance has primarily been characterized within post-industrial populations experiencing evolutionarily novel conditions (e.g. reduced pathogen exposure), which may shape maternal response to fetal antigens. This study investigates how ecological conditions affect maternal immune status during pregnancy by comparing the direction and magnitude of immunological changes associated with each trimester among the Tsimane (a subsistence population subjected to high pathogen load) and women in the USA. Methodology Data from the Tsimane Health and Life History Project (N = 935) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1395) were used to estimate population-specific effects of trimester on differential leukocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. Results In both populations, pregnancy was associated with increased neutrophil prevalence, reduced lymphocyte and eosinophil count and elevated CRP. Compared to their US counterparts, pregnant Tsimane women exhibited elevated lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, fewer neutrophils and monocytes and lower CRP. Total leukocyte count remained high and unchanged among pregnant Tsimane women while pregnant US women exhibited substantially elevated counts, resulting in overlapping leukocyte prevalence among all third-trimester individuals. Conclusions and implications Our findings indicate that ecological conditions shape non-pregnant immune baselines and the magnitude of immunological shifts during pregnancy via developmental constraints and current trade-offs. Future research should investigate how such flexibility impacts maternal health and disease susceptibility, particularly the degree to which chronic pathogen exposure might dampen inflammatory response to fetal antigens. Lay Summary This study compares immunological changes associated with pregnancy between the Tsimane (an Amazonian subsistence population) and individuals in the USA. Results suggest that while pregnancy enhances non-specific defenses and dampens both antigen-specific immunity and parasite/allergy response, ecological conditions strongly influence immune baselines and the magnitude of shifts during gestation.

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The mongolian gerbil: qualitative and quantitative aspects of the cellular blood picture

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367775780957250 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 283-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walter G. Dillon ◽

Chester A. Glomski

Keyword(s):

Haemoglobin Level ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Mongolian Gerbil ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Red Cell ◽

Blood Picture ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Circulating Lymphocytes

The gerbil displays sex determined differences in packed red-cell volume, haemoglobin level, total leukocyte count and absolute number of circulating lymphocytes. The erythrocytes demonstrate a prominent polychromasia and frequent occurrence of basophilic stippling.

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Outcomes of Peripheral Blood Eosinophilia in Hospitalized Exacerbations of COPD

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab087.008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Samar El Sharkawy ◽

Riham Hazem Raafat ◽

Reem Osama Mohamed Ahmed Qassem

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Blood ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Airflow Limitation ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Blood Eosinophil ◽

Copd Exacerbation ◽

Peripheral Blood Eosinophil ◽

Copd Exacerbations ◽

Cutoff Points

Abstract Background The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines define COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, is usually progressive, and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to inhaled noxious particles or gases. Objective To identify outcomes of patients with eosinophilic COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission. Patients and Methods This study is a prospective cohort study that was conducted on two groups of total 60 patients recruited from Ain Shams University hospitals between October 2019 and July 2020. Group 1: Eosinophilic COPD exacerbation if the peripheral blood eosinophil on admission is ≥ 200 cells/µL and/or ≥2% of the total leukocyte count Group 2: Non-eosinophilic COPD exacerbation if the peripheral blood eosinophil on admission is < 200 cells/µL and/or < 2% of the total leukocyte count. Results There was significant high diagnostic performance in predicting readmission at 6-month among eosinophilic group. Eosinophils count, percent (%) and NLR cutoff points had high characteristics (highest in NLR ≥3.1 at discharge) in predicting readmission at 6-month among eosinophilic group. Diagnostic performance of Eosinophils count, percent (%) and NLR were assessed. Eosinophils count, percent (%) and NLR had significant high diagnostic performance in predicting readmission at 6-month among eosinophilic group. Eosinophils count, % and NLR cutoff points had high characteristics (highest in NLR ≥2.1 at discharge) in predicting readmission at 6month among non-eosinophilic group. Conclusion Eosinophils can be used as a prognostic marker in non-infective COPD exacerbations. Validity of eosinophil count and percent as a prognostic parameter in COPD exacerbation can be increased by combining with other parameters for example NLR.

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