Immune function during pregnancy varies between ecologically distinct populations

Abstract Background and objectives Among placental mammals, females undergo immunological shifts during pregnancy to accommodate the fetus (i.e. fetal tolerance). Fetal tolerance has primarily been characterized within post-industrial populations experiencing evolutionarily novel conditions (e.g. reduced pathogen exposure), which may shape maternal response to fetal antigens. This study investigates how ecological conditions affect maternal immune status during pregnancy by comparing the direction and magnitude of immunological changes associated with each trimester among the Tsimane (a subsistence population subjected to high pathogen load) and women in the USA. Methodology Data from the Tsimane Health and Life History Project (N = 935) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 1395) were used to estimate population-specific effects of trimester on differential leukocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. Results In both populations, pregnancy was associated with increased neutrophil prevalence, reduced lymphocyte and eosinophil count and elevated CRP. Compared to their US counterparts, pregnant Tsimane women exhibited elevated lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, fewer neutrophils and monocytes and lower CRP. Total leukocyte count remained high and unchanged among pregnant Tsimane women while pregnant US women exhibited substantially elevated counts, resulting in overlapping leukocyte prevalence among all third-trimester individuals. Conclusions and implications Our findings indicate that ecological conditions shape non-pregnant immune baselines and the magnitude of immunological shifts during pregnancy via developmental constraints and current trade-offs. Future research should investigate how such flexibility impacts maternal health and disease susceptibility, particularly the degree to which chronic pathogen exposure might dampen inflammatory response to fetal antigens. Lay Summary This study compares immunological changes associated with pregnancy between the Tsimane (an Amazonian subsistence population) and individuals in the USA. Results suggest that while pregnancy enhances non-specific defenses and dampens both antigen-specific immunity and parasite/allergy response, ecological conditions strongly influence immune baselines and the magnitude of shifts during gestation.

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Hematological and Cytometrical Parameters of Japanese Quails Coturnix Coturnix Japonica, Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 as Per Sex and Different Stages of Growth

10.21203/rs.3.rs-722063/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ananya Bhattacherjee ◽

Prafulla Kumar Mohanty ◽

Bandi Kumar Mallik

Keyword(s):

Cell Volume ◽

Japanese Quail ◽

Packed Cell Volume ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Age Groups ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Meat Production ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Coturnix Coturnix ◽

Length And Area

Abstract This study delineates influence of sex and age on haematological and cytometrical parameters in Japanese quail. Sixty birds were sampled, out of which 20 belong to each age-group (chicks, growers and adults). Haemoglobin, Total Erythrocyte Count, Packed Cell Volume, Erythrocyte indices, Total Leukocyte Count and Differential Leukocyte Count for all 3 age groups and cytometry of blood cells for chicks were analysed. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume of chicks differs significantly with other age-groups at p < 0.01. Significant differences at p = 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 observed in lymphocytes, monocytes and Heterophil to Lymphocyte ratio between chicks and growers. Length, length to breadth, nuclear length, breadth, area and Nucleus to Cytoplasm of erythrocytes, length and area of lymphocytes, breadth and area of heterophils also vary significantly at p < 0.01 between Japanese quail chick male and female. Moreover, breadth of erythrocyte and length of heterophil differs significantly at p < 0.05 between two groups. Thus, age and sex influence physiology and hence haematology and may therefore affect egg and meat production.

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Bacterial infection in wheezy children.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.02.5250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (02) ◽

pp. 176-180

Author(s):

Maria Saleem ◽

Asim Khurshid ◽

Waqas Imran Khan ◽

Amna Wajdan

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Absolute Neutrophil Count ◽

Neutrophil Count ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Case Series ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

X Rays ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Case Series Study

Objective: To determine the frequency of bacterial infection in children less than five years of age presenting with respiratory wheeze to Tertiary care centre. Study Design: Descriptive Case Series study. Setting: Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: November 2019 to April 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 130 children, presenting with respiratory symptoms were examined for presence of respiratory wheeze. After confirmation of chest auscultation, patients were enrolled. Information regarding duration of wheeze, axillary temperature, presence of chest in drawing and respiratory rate were recorded. Appropriate blood sample were drawn for total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count from which absolute neutrophils count was calculated. Children were evaluated for the presence of bacterial infection as per operational definition. Results: There were 38 (29.23%) female and 92 (70.76%) male patients. Overall, mean age was13.17±5.49 with age range of 1-57 months. Bacterial infection was noted in 33 (25.38%) patients. Out of 130 patients presenting with wheeze, 50 patients (38.46%) had temperature range of 98.1-990F. Absolute neutrophil count was more than 5000/dl in 42(32.30%) patients, out of these 33(78.6%) had bacterial infection. Chest X-rays were showing infiltrates in 110 (84.6%) patients. Conclusion: Children suffering from wheeze have bacterial infection if age is less than five years and there is fever, crepitations, elevated absolute neutrophil count and radiographic evidence of pneumonia.

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Role of interferon gamma release assay in the diagnosis of Pott disease

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/2009.10.spine093 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 462-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Raj Kumar ◽

Rupant K. Das ◽

Ashok Kumar Mahapatra

Keyword(s):

Mr Imaging ◽

Bone Scan ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽

Vertebral Collapse ◽

Diagnostic Dilemma ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Radiological Criteria

Object Tuberculosis is ubiquitous in its presence and in its myriad manifestations. Despite several advances, it often poses a diagnostic dilemma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the QuantiFERON assay in the diagnosis of Pott disease. Methods In this study, 70 consecutive patients with vertebral collapse underwent a battery of investigations including radiological evaluation (MR imaging and chest and spine radiography), routine blood workup (hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tuberculosis, a bone scan and the QuantiFERON assay, perioperative evaluation, and bacteriological studies. The patients were then classified as having tuberculosis on the basis of positive smear or culture, a biopsy consistent with tuberculosis, or a therapeutic response to antituberculosis chemotherapy on follow-up. The efficacy of the investigations, both individually and in combination, were evaluated. Results Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 51 patients, and 19 had vertebral collapse that was attributable to other causes. Based on the authors' data, sensitivity of the QuantiFERON assay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine was 84% and specificity was 95%. In combination with radiological criteria, bone scan, and ELISA, the QuantiFERON assay was predictive of tuberculosis in 90% of cases (46 patients). Conclusions None of the investigative modalities individually are efficacious enough to make a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the spine with such a degree of certainty as to to obviate the need for a tissue diagnosis or bacteriological confirmation. The ELISA, MR imaging of the spine, and bone scanning findings provide a reasonably certain diagnosis in 90% of cases, providing the grounds for starting a safe trial of antituberculous chemotherapy.

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Evaluation of Effect of Melatonin on Hematological Parameters in Patients of Periodontitis

International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research ◽

10.31878/ijcbr.2019.52.10 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 46-49

Author(s):

Anagha Marawar ◽

Pramod Marawar ◽

Nandal D H ◽

Rahul Kunkulol ◽

Sandeep Narwane

Keyword(s):

Leukocyte Count ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Erythrocyte Sedimentation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Root Planning ◽

Scaling And Root Planning

Introduction: Considering the immunity enhancing property of melatonin, a study on the evaluation of the effect of melatonin on the hematological parameters in patients suffering from Periodontitis. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Periodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni. Patients of chronic Periodontitis, of age between 18 to 65 years of either gender ready to give informed consent to participate in the study were included. Postoperative patients, patients having night duties, drivers and those using heavy machinery, pregnant women, lactating mothers, patients with any clinically significant systemic disease and patients on any other drugs were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into two Groups. Group B received scaling and root planning (SRP) and melatonin 3 mg per day were compared to Group A which received SRP only. The Total Leukocyte count, Differential Leukocyte count and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of each patient was studied at a baseline, 1st (30 days) visit, 2nd (60 days) visit and 3rd (90 days) visit. Results: Both the groups consisted of 80 subjects each. Group A consisted of 71.25% male and 28.75% female patients. There were 56.25% male and 43.75% female patients in Group B. With respect to visit 3, the TLC was statistically lower in Group B. The neutrophil count of Group B was significantly lower during visit 3 as compared to Group A. The lymphocyte count of Group B was significantly lower than that of Group A during the visit 1, and also significantly higher during visit 3 on comparison with Group A. There was no statistically significant difference in the groups with respect to eosinophil and basophil count. The Monocyte count of Group B was statistically lower when compared to that of Group A. There was no statistically significant difference between ESR of Group A & Group B. Conclusions: It can be concluded that melatonin has a positive effect on TLC and differential count of patients of periodontitis, conferring a new facet to the management of periodontitis and an attempt to impede the disease progression. Keywords: Melatonin; Hematological parameters; Periodontitis; Total Leukocyte count; Differential Leukocyte count; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Scaling and Root Planning.

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Screening for Toxic and Haematological Effect of Ethanol Extract of Azadirachta Indica in Wistar Rats Using Some Serum Enzymes as Markers

Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.37940/ajvs.2020.13.1.15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

K.K. Igwe ◽

I.E. Otuokere ◽

O. V. Ikpeazu

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Negative Control ◽

Serum Enzymes ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Treatment Groups

The leaves of Azadirachta indica plant was screened for haematological, toxic and serum enzyme activities in rats. Twenty rats were used and were grouped into 4 of 5 rats each. Group 1 was the negative control group administered distilled water. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were the treatment groups received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of the A. indica extract respectively. The rats were dosed for 14 days, thereafter were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture for analysis. The effect of A. indica extract was checked on haematological parameters and serum enzymes activities. All results in treatment groups were compared with the normal control at statistical confidence of 95% (p<0.05). There was progressive reduction of haematological parameters as the dose of the extract increased from 200, 400, to 800 mg/kg body weight. Haematological parameters, PCV, RBC, Haemoglobin showed decrease value which was not statistically significant at (p<0.05). Total leukocyte count, showed progressively elevation by the extract though not statistically significant. Differential leukocyte count indicated very mild lymphocytosis neutropeania, monocytopeania and eosinopeania which were not statistically significant. Clinical biochemical parameters, A. indica extract demonstrated normal levels of the serum enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) though there was slight decrease in a dose dependent fashion.Total protein was within normal range. The normal MCV, MCH and MCHC values suggests normocytic normochromic anaemic condition. The extract of A. indica is safe to blood cells, liver and kidney marker enzymes at dose < 800 mg/kg body weight.

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TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.18.4.643 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 643-660

Author(s):

Joseph H. Burchenal ◽

M. Lois Murphy ◽

Charlotte T. C. Tan

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Acute Leukemia ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽

Blood Lead ◽

Leukemic Cells ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Complete Replacement ◽

Susceptibility To Infection

IN TREATMENT of acute leukemia in children, as in treatment of any form of cancer, early diagnosis is of great importance. Although in contrast to many other tumors in children, leukemia is never curable even when detected at the early stages, the sooner treatment can be initiated, the more chance there is of having sufficient time to achieve a beneficial effect. The most important single factor in making the diagnosis of leukemia is a high degree of suspicion. Patients with pains in the bones and joints, with any hemorrhagic tendency, with increased susceptibility to infection or with an unexplained anemia or fever should have an immediate determination of total and differential leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and platelets. If any abnormality is found or if the symptoms persist, a bone marrow aspiration is essential. If these procedures are utilized, it is the rare case in which the diagnosis cannot be made with relative ease. In most cases of acute leukemia, there is almost complete replacement of the normal elements in the marrow by leukemic cells. Depression or absence of erythropoietic activity in the marrow and possibly decreased life span of the circulating erythrocytes leads to severe anemia with the accompanying symptoms of pallor, easy fatigability, and dyspnea on exertion. The decreased megakaryocytic activity in the bone marrow and the decrease of platelets in the circulating blood lead to petechiae, ecchymoses, and other hemorrhagic manifestations. In the peripheral blood the total leukocyte count may be high, normal, or low but, as most of the cells are abnormal in type, the patient is less able to combat infection.

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Incidence and Haematological Changes in Haemoprotozoan Infections in Bovines of South Gujarat

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v13i02.10054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

Author(s):

M. D. Patel ◽

Niranjan Kumar ◽

P. H. Rathod ◽

K. K. Tyagi ◽

L. M. Sorathiya

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Packed Cell Volume ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Staining Technique ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Research Station ◽

Normal Range ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Incidence Risk ◽

Haematological Changes

A study was conducted to record the incidence, risk factors and haematological changes during haemoprotozoan infections of bovines over a period from January, 2014 to December, 2016. A total of 193 suspected cases (141 cattle and 52 buffaloes) presented at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and Livestock Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, were examined for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites by Giemsa staining technique. Total 46 (23.83%) cases (23 each of cattle and buffaloes) were found positive for presence of haemoparasite infection. The effect of source of sample, season and species on incidence of haemoprasitic infections was significant whereas effect of year was non-significant. Higher incidence was observed in rainy (34.92) followed by winter (25.42 %) and summer (12.68%) season. Significantly higher incidence of Anaplasmosis (8.29%) was observed followed by Babesiosis (6.74%), Theileriosis (3.63%) and Trypanosomosis and Ehrlichiosis (2.59% each). All positive cases showed comparatively lower values of haemoglobin (Hb.), packed cell volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) whereas values of total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) were within the normal range.

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Accuracy of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis and Correlation with Histopathology

Nepalese Journal of Radiology ◽

10.3126/njr.v8i2.22975 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

Aimandu Shrestha ◽

Hensan Khadka ◽

Baburam Poudel ◽

Ranga Bahadur Basnet ◽

Siv Bahadur Basnet

Keyword(s):

Acute Appendicitis ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Radiology Department ◽

Clinical Impression ◽

Negative Appendectomy ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Diagnostic Modality ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Negative Appendectomy Rate

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical condition; yet its diagnosis can be elusive at times and missed diagnosis can lead to attendant complications of perforation and its sequelae. On the contrary, negative appendectomy subjects one to unnecessary surgery and its physiological and psychological consequences. Among the various available modalities of diagnosis of appendicitis, Ultrasonography(USG) is easily accessible, non invasive, less time consuming, low cost investigation no radiation hazards. So, USG is appropriate diagnostic modality in our country.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out from January 2011 to June 2011, in the radiology department of Bir hospital. Total of 80 cases with clinical impression of acute appendicitis were enrolled. These patients underwent surgery for suspected acute appendicitis. Details of signs and symptoms, lab findings including Total Leukocyte count (TLC), Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) and USG findings were recorded. Intra-operative and histopathology findings were also recorded. The findings were analyzed to assess accuracy of ultrasonography in acute appendicitis. Histopathological report was considered the goal standard.Results: A total of 93 cases clinically diagnosed as acute appendicitis were subjected for USG. Out of 93 cases, 80 cases underwent surgery. Among 80 cases, sonography showed acute appendicitis in 56 cases out of which 54 was proved by histopathology as well. However, ultrasonography was not able to detect appendicitis in 9 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of USG for acute appendicitis were 87.7% and 88.2% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 96.4% and 62.5% respectively. Overall negative appendectomy rate of 21.2% had been used a basis for decision making, the rate of error being 13.7%.Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a fairly accurate and safe modality in acute appendicitis. It can be useful in reducing negative appendectomy rate.

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Peripheral blood and bone marrow responses under stress of cypermethrin in albino rats

Interdisciplinary Toxicology ◽

10.2478/intox-2014-0006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 33-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sunita Pande ◽

Prabhu Narain Saxena ◽

Brijender Bhushan ◽

Nishi Saxena

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽

Rbc Count

Abstract Pyrethroids, commercially available pesticides, are greatly in use these days, and thus they carry considerable chances of contaminating various ecosystems. Haematotoxicity of cypermethrin, a broadly used type II pyrethroid, has been assessed in the present study. Selected parameters included determination of total RBC count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb conc.), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC), along with qualitative analysis of blood and bone marrow. Of these parameters, those showing significant decline following cypermethrin intoxication included total RBC count, Hb conc., PCV, MCV, MCH, whereas non-significant decrease was observed in the case of MCHC. ESR, TLC and DLC, on the other hand, increased significantly following cypermethrin intoxication. Qualitative changes included altered red cell morphology such as microcystosis, appearance of stomatocytes, poikilocytosis, giant platelet formation, etc. in peripheral blood and increased erythroid precursors in bone marrow of treated rats. These parameters were however normalised following twenty-two days of recovery phase

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IMMUNOMODULATING EFFECTS OF THE PURIFIED HEV B 13 FRACTION ON SEPTIC RATS

ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/0102-6720201700020004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 93-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maxley Martins ALVES ◽

Lilhian Alves de ARAÚJO ◽

Fátima MRUÉ ◽

Clayson Moura GOMES ◽

Milton Adriano Pelli de OLIVEIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Leukocyte Count ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

The Body ◽

Organ Injury ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Differential Leukocyte Count ◽

Sepsis Induction ◽

Life Threatening

ABSTRACT Background: Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection that occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body, especially in the acute phase of the disease, producing excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to multiple organ injury and death. The Hev b 13 fraction has demonstrated biological activity capable of inducing IL-10 production and shrinking inflammatory disease lesions. Aim: To investigate the immunomodulating effects of the Hev b 13 fraction on septic rats. Methods: Acinetobacter baumannii was injected into the peritoneal cavity of the animals after sustaining a lesion in the pancreas, with the stomach as an entry point. After 10 h of infection, they were euthanized for blood and lung collection, followed by total and differential leukocyte count, determination of cytokine level and histopathological analysis. Results: Administering a single dose of the Hev b 13 fraction 2 h after sepsis induction significantly decreased total leukocyte count. Higher IL-10 and IL-4 and lower IL-6 production shrank the lung tissue lesions compared to the control groups. Conclusion: The Hev b 13 fraction exhibits an anti-inflammatory tendency, with potential for sepsis treatment.

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