scholarly journals Evaluation of a mosquito home system for controlling Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohiddin Mohd Ngesom ◽  
Anis Ahmad Razi ◽  
Nur Syahirah Azizan ◽  
Nazni Wasi Ahmad ◽  
Asmalia Md Lasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scale Field

Abstract Background Dengue is a significant public health issue that is caused by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The current vector control methods are unable to effectively reduce Aedes populations and thus fail to decrease dengue transmission. Hence, there is an urgent need for new tools and strategies to reduce dengue transmission in a wide range of settings. In this study, the Mosquito Home System (MHS) and Mosquito Home Aqua (MHAQ) formulations were assessed as commercial autodissemination traps in laboratory and small-scale field trials. Method Multiple series of laboratory and small-scale field trials were performed to assess the efficacy of MHS and MHAQ exposed to Ae. aegypti. In the laboratory trials, various parameters such as fecundity, fertility, wing size, oviposition preferences, residual effects, and MHAQ transference to other containers through controlled experiments were tested. For small-scale field trials, the efficacy of the MHS and MHAQ approaches was determined to ascertain whether wild mosquitoes could transfer the MHAQ formulation from MHS stations to ovitraps. Results The data revealed that Ae. aegypti was highly susceptible to low concentrations of MHAQ formulations and had a residual effect of up to 3 months, with MHAQ exposure affecting fecundity, fertility, and mosquito wing size. In the oviposition studies, gravid females strongly preferred the hay infusion compared to tap water and MHAQ during egg-laying in the laboratory. Nevertheless, the use of commercial MHAQ by MHS was highly attractive in field settings compared to conventional ovitraps among local Aedes spp. mosquitoes. In addition, MHAQ horizontal transfer activities in the laboratory and small-scale field trials were demonstrated through larval bioassays. These findings demonstrated the potential of MHAQ to be transferred to new containers in each study site. Conclusion This study provided proof of principle for the autodissemination of MHAQ. Through further refinement, this technique and device could become an effective oviposition trap and offer an alternative preventive tool for vector control management. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Chlorophyll derivative activated with sunlight for malaria vector control: a small-scale field study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Abdelkader ◽  
Tarek El-Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Chlorophyll Derivative ◽  
Scale Field

Abstract Background Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease transmitted through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito; hence, it could be prevented by a proper vector control. To date, this could be achieved by controlling adult mosquitoes using synthetic chemicals such as DDT for indoor residual spraying (IRS) and pyrethroid-treated bed nets. These approaches possess potential toxicities; therefore, a new ecologically safe technology for vector control was developed in this study. Methods Small-scale field studies were performed in the swamp with anopheline larvae from different sub-saharan countries, such as Sudan, Uganda and Ethiopia. Photodynamic control of anopheles larvae was employed using a chlorophyll derivative, pheophorbide-a (Ph-a) as a photosensitizer and sunlight as a light source. This could interrupt the life cycle of the Anopheles mosquitoes from the larval stage, which induces the interruption of the malaria disease cycle. Results Ph-a accumulates in the larval body and upon sunlight exposure, it induces oxidative stress, which causes 85 to 100% larval death 24 hours after treatment with Ph-a. This photosensitizer’s effect persisted up to 21 days in the new generations in the same breeding site (residual effect). It is a target selective formula that has shown no effect on the other beneficial organisms in the breeding site. Conclusions This technique was found to be both effective and highly selective. It achieved a high mortality rate of mosquito larvae, while maintaining the highest levels of human safety and environmental friendliness.

scholarly journals Small-scale field assessment of efficacy of the autodissemination approach against Aedes sp. in an urban area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohiddin Mohd Ngesom ◽  
Hidayatulfathi Othman ◽  
Rawaida Bahauddin ◽  
Nazni Wasi Ahmad ◽  
Lee Han Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vector Control Programme ◽  
Breeding Habitats ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Future Evaluation

AbstractThis is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of an autodissemination approach, as suggested by WHO. Therefore, the efficacy of an autodissemination approach in small-scale field trials against wild Aedes sp. population was evaluated in an urbanized setting, Malaysia. Lethal ovitraps enhanced with pyriproxyfen were used to control Aedes sp. populations at treatment sites, with the autodissemination activity was assessed using the WHO larval bioassays. Lethal ovitraps enhanced with pyriproxyfen effectively reduced of Aedes sp. population. All autodissemination stations were shown to be visited by Aedes sp. mosquitoes with 100% complete inhibition against eggs and larvae development. In the larvae bioassay, pupae mortality ranged from 14 to 40%. Statistically, a significant reduction of Aedes sp. population in the treatment sites compared to the untreated areas. The study proved for the autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to breeding habitats by wild Aedes sp. This technique is highly potentially for vector control activities. Future evaluation should focus on large-scale field trials.Author SummarySince 2012, Dataran Automobil, Seksyen 15, Shah Alam, was declared as one of the dengue hotspot areas. Major vector control activities were conducted by government, NGOs, social communities, and local authorities, but the number still rising. We conducted a new invention of autodissemination concepts in this area by an entomological study on mosquito populations reduction and dispersal abilities of the technique. We found that the technique has proven to control mosquito populations, but the other factors such as epidemiology link still unclear and need further clarification. Our finding highlighted the effectiveness of autodissemination strategies that can be considered as one of the alternative tools in vector control programme.

Grain mineral density of bread and durum wheat landraces from geochemically diverse native soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco Vázquez ◽  
Efraín Antonio Chacón ◽  
José María Carrillo ◽  
Elena Benavente
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Zinc ◽  
Wheat Landraces

Future progress on the creation of wheat cultivars with high grain zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) mineral density will depend on both the availability of suitable donor germplasm and the identification of genes or quantitative trait loci contributing to increase the accumulation of mineral elements in the wheat kernels. Multi-environment field trials were conducted to evaluate the grain Zn, Fe and protein concentration of 32 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 20 durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) landraces locally adapted to soils covering a wide range of pH values and mineral composition. These landraces were selected after a preliminary, small-scale field trial that had analysed 425 Spanish local varieties. Analyses of variance demonstrated a significant effect of genotype on grain composition, and 16 wheat landraces with elevated grain Zn and/or Fe density across the environments were identified. These landraces rich in grain minerals represent valuable primary gene-pool parents for wheat biofortification. No pattern of native soil geochemical characteristics that could help to predict the success in collecting mineral-dense genotypes in a given area was found. Mapping populations derived from some pairs of grain-mineral-rich and -poor genotypes characterised in the study may facilitate the development of molecular markers to assist the selection of superior wheat genotypes.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Komik Matematika Berbasis Kontekstual Untuk Materi Lingkaran

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Elfrida Rif’atul Chusniah ◽  
Rini Setianingsih
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Scale Field

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan komik matematika berbasis kontekstual untuk materi lingkaran yang berkualitas baik berdasarkan tiga kriteria, yaitu valid, praktis, dan efektif. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah Research and Development (R&D). Prosedur-prosedur pengembangan yang digunakan meliputi empat langkah: (1) melakukan perencanaan produk yang akandikembangkan, (2) mengembangkan produk awal, (3) validasi dan revisi produk, (4) uji coba lapangan skala kecil dan revisi. Uji coba komik dilakukan secara terbatas oleh 10 siswa kelas VIII SMP. Teknik pengumpulan data yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah angket, sedangkan instrumen penelitian yangdigunakan meliputi lembar validasi, angket penggunaan media, dan angket respon siswa. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komik matematika dinyatakan valid dengan skor kevalidan 4 oleh ahli media dan 3,9 oleh ahli materi dari skor maksimum 5 sehingga dikategorikan valid, komik matematika dinyatakan praktis dengan hasil analisis persentase kepraktisan 76,28 % dan komik matematika dinyatakan efektif degan hasil analisis persentase keefektifan 79,4%, sehingga dikategorikan efektif. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka media komik ini memiliki kualitas yang baik sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai satu upaya atau alternatif media dalam proses pembelajaran sebagai upaya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan dan menciptakan suasana yang menyenangkan bagi siswa.Kata Kunci: media pembelajaran, komik matematika, lingkaranThis research is a research that aims to develop contextual based mathematical comics for good quality circle material based on three criteria, namely valid, practical, and effective. The design of this research is Research and Development (R&D). The development procedures used include four steps: (1) conducting product planning to be developed, (2) developing initial products, (3) product validation and revision, (4) small-scale field trials and revisions. Comic trials are limited to 10 students in grade VIII SMP. Data collection techniques applied in this study were questionnaires, while the research instruments used included validation sheets, media use questionnaires, and student response questionnaires. The research data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate that mathematics comics are declared valid with a validity score of 4 by media experts and 3.9 by material experts from a maximum score of 5 so that they are categorized valid, mathematical comics are declared practical with the results of a practicality percentage analysis of 76.28% and mathematical comics are declared effective with the result of the analysis of the effectiveness percentage is 79.4%, so it is categorized as effective. Based on these results, this comic media has good quality so that it can be used as an alternative media used by teachers in the teaching and learning process in an effort to improve the quality of education and create a pleasant atmosphere for students.Keywords: learning media, mathematical comics, circles

scholarly journals Off-Site Lime Stabilisation as an Option to Treat Pit Latrine Faecal Sludge for Emergency and Existing On-Site Sanitation Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Greya ◽  
Bernard Thole ◽  
Catherine Anderson ◽  
Flavius Kamwani ◽  
Jan Spit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Off-site lime stabilisation for treating faecal sludge was assessed by undertaking small-scale (35 L) and large-scale (600 L) field trials in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was dosed to maintain pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11, pH 11.5, and pH 12 depending on the buffer capacity of the faecal sludge in the four replica small-scale field trials. Significant reduction of E. coli to below the detection limit of 104 CFU/100 mL within 1 hour of treatment was reported for pH > 11. Based on the small-scale findings, large-scale field trials were conducted and greater than 3 log removal of E. coli was observed under pH 12 conditions. Therefore, based on the study, off-site lime stabilisation by dosing lime in the range of 10–35% w/w (dry solid basis), depending on the buffer capacity and solids content of the sludge to maintain pH > 11, can be used to sanitise faecal sludge during emergencies, as well as for existing on-site sanitation systems.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH TEACHING MATERIALS WITH POSTER PRESENTATION ASSISTED VLOG

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303
Author(s):  
Rasmita Rasmita ◽  
Shally Amna
Keyword(s):  
Poster Presentation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Expert Validation

The purpose of this research is to produce English language teaching materials 1 through the implementation of poster presentation assisted vlog strategies for improving language skills and student learning outcomes at private Universities in Padang. This research uses research and development (RD) methods. The stages of development in this study using the development procedures of the Puslitjaknov team include; (1) needs analysis, (2) initial product development, (3) expert validation and revision, (4) small-scale field trials, (5) large-scale field trials. Data collection methods in this study are the observation sheets, questionnaires, expert validation sheets and evaluation (tests). The results of this development research are effective and applicable English 1 teaching materials used for non-English major students.

scholarly journals Does Cattle Milieu Provide a Potential Point to Target Wild ExophilicAnopheles arabiensis(Diptera: Culicidae) with Entomopathogenic Fungus? A Bioinsecticide Zooprophylaxis Strategy for Vector Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issa N. Lyimo ◽  
Kija R. Ng'habi ◽  
Monica W. Mpingwa ◽  
Ally A. Daraja ◽  
Dickson D. Mwasheshe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Kilombero Valley ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
First Time

Background.Anopheles arabiensisis increasingly dominating malaria transmission in Africa. The exophagy in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of indoor vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungus againstAn. arabiensiswhen applied on cattle and their environments.Methods. Experiments were conducted under semi-field and small-scale field conditions within Kilombero valley. The semi-field reared females of 5–7 days oldAn. arabiensiswere exposed to fungus-treated and untreated calf. Further, wildAn. arabiensiswere exposed to fungus-treated calves, mud-huts, and their controls. Mosquitoes were recaptured the next morning and proportion fed, infected, and survived were evaluated. Experiments were replicated three times using different individuals of calves.Results. A high proportion ofAn. arabiensiswas fed on calves (>0.90) and become infected (0.94) while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. However, fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes.Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of cattle and their milieu for controllingAn. arabiensis. Most ofAn. arabiensiswere fed and infected while resting on fungus-treated mud walls than on other surfaces. Fungus treatments reduced fecundity and survival of mosquitoes. These results suggest deployment of bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis against exophilicAn. arabiensis.

Federal Uncertainty or Inconsistency? Releasing the New Agricultural-Environmental Biotechnology Into the Fields

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Stewart ◽  
A. Ann Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Biotechnology ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Biotechnology Products ◽  
By Products

This article reviews the regulation of the new agricultural-environmental biotechnology and recent changes in the regulatory framework in the United States. Regulations put in place in the mid-1980s were established due to concern over potential risks posed by products not yet released into the environment. Now that over a thousand small-scale field trials have been carried out and various new agricultural-environmental biotechnology products have been in farmers' fields for the past several years, questions are being raised about the current regulatory system by both proponents, who want greater deregulation due to the relative absence of ecological harm, and opponents, who warn against potential environmental catastrophe due to greater variety and amount of new agricultural-environmental products being released. Therefore, we focus on triggers for regulation, which appear to hinge on the “naturalness” of a product, and trends in field release of these products.

LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS IN AFRICA

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.X. Delgado ◽  
M.L. Lobo-Lima ◽  
C. Bradley ◽  
J.H. Britton ◽  
J.E. Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractTwo isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.

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