scholarly journals The impact of nonresponse in different survey stages on the precision of prevalence estimates for multi-stage survey studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Ma ◽  
Sophie Rosenberg ◽  
Alexander M. Kaizer
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
State Level ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Nonresponse Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective While it is known that nonresponse might produce biased results and impair the precision of results in survey research studies, the pattern of the impact on the precision of estimates due to the nonresponse in different survey stages is historically overlooked. Having this type of information is essential when creating recruitment plans. This study proposes to examine and compare the effect of nonresponse in different stages on the precision of prevalence estimates in multi-stage survey studies. Based on data from a state level survey, a simulation approach was used to generate datasets with different nonresponse rates in three stages. The margin of error was then compared between the datasets with nonresponse at three different survey stages for 12 outcomes. Results At the same nonresponse rate, the mean margin of error was greater for the data with nonresponse at higher stages. Additionally, as the nonresponse rate increased, precision was more inflated within the data with higher stage nonresponse. This suggests that the effort used to recruit the primary sampling units is more crucial to improve the precision of estimates in multi-stage survey studies.

scholarly journals The Impact of Nonresponse in Different Survey Phases on the Precision of Prevalence Estimates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Ma
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
State Level ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Nonresponse Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Estimate Precision

Abstract Objective Survey research is widely used in social studies. Whereas it has been widely known that nonresponse might produce biased results and impair the precision, the pattern of the impact on the precision of the estimate due to the non-response in the different survey stages is historically overlooked, though such information is essential to guide the recruitment plan. This study proposed to examine and compare the effect of first and second level nonresponse on the precision of prevalence estimates in the multi-stage survey studies. Based on the benchmark dataset from a state level survey, we used simulation approach to create datasets with different first and second level nonresponse rates and then compare the margin of error (an indicator for the precision) for the 12 outcomes between datasets with first vs. second level nonresponse. Results At the same nonresponse rate, the mean margin of error was greater for the data with first level nonresponse, compared to the data with second level nonresponse. As the nonresponse rate increased, the loss of precision was more inflated with the data with first level nonresponse, suggesting that the effort for recruiting primary sampling units is more crucial to improve the estimate precision in survey studies.

Heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Medley ◽  
R. E. Sinden ◽  
S. Fleck ◽  
P. F. Billingsley ◽  
N. Tirawanchap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Transmission Data ◽  
Blocking Mechanisms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYOocyst prevalence and intensity have been recorded in 349 laboratory infections ofAnopheles stephensiwithPlasmodium berghei. Intensity and prevalence of infection are shown to be predictably related. The structure and heterogeneity in the infections has been analysed with the objective of describing the biological mechanisms by which the observed negative binomial oocyst distributions are generated. The analysis has revealed that the most likely processes lie within the population dynamic events of malaria within the mosquito, namely gametogenesis, fertilization and mortality. The distribution is similar in allPlasmodium– mosquito combinations examined so far, whether they are of laboratory (P. gallinaceuminAedes aegypti) or field (P. vivaxinAn. albimanusandP. falciparuminAn. gambiae s.l.andAn. funestus) origin. Further we conclude that there is competition between parasites in the vector. Oocyst frequency distribution analysis shows that under natural conditions of transmission intensity, and even under the best laboratory conditions, significant numbers (> 10%) offullysusceptible mosquitoes will not be infected under conditions where the mean infection is as high as 250 oocysts. Failure to infect is not therefore an absolute indicator of refractoriness. In assessing transmission data it is shown that sample sizes should not be less than 50, and ideally 100 mosquitoes, if reliable data are to be obtained. In the field it is suggested that difficulties in determining the low natural intensity of oocyst infections indicate that prevalence estimates are a useful and accessible parameter to measure. In determining the impact of transmission blocking mechanisms we predict that under conditions where high oocyst intensities prevail, large reductions in intensity will be required before a reduction in prevalence can be expected i.e. here it will be necessary to measure intensity of infection. Conversely, under conditions where low oocyst intensities prevail, a rapid reduction in prevalence will occur with little concurrent reduction in intensity i.e. prevalence determination will be the more sensitive estimate.

scholarly journals The population-based prevalence of trachomatous scarring in a trachoma hyperendemic setting: results from 152 impact surveys in Amhara, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tigist Astale ◽  
Caleb D. Ebert ◽  
Andrew W. Nute ◽  
Mulat Zerihun ◽  
Demelash Gessese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
District Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Trachomatous scarring (TS) results from repeated infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Pronounced scarring is an underlying cause of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) that can lead to blindness. Since the condition is irreversible, TS in adults has been considered a marker of past exposure to trachoma infection. The aim of this report was to estimate the population-based prevalence of TS within Amhara, Ethiopia, a region with a historically high burden of trachoma. Methods District-level multi-stage cluster surveys were conducted in all districts between 2010 and 2015 to monitor the impact of approximately 5 years of trachoma interventions. Approximately 40 households were sampled per cluster and all participants ages ≥ 1 year were graded for the 5 World Health Organization simplified signs. Before each survey round, trachoma graders participated in a 7-day training and reliability exam that included cases of TS. TS prevalence estimates were weighted to account for sampling design and adjusted for age and sex using post-stratification weighting. Results Across the 152 districts in Amhara, 208,510 individuals ages 1 year and older were examined for the signs of trachoma. Region-wide, the prevalence of TS was 8.2 %, (95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 7.7–8.6 %), and the prevalence among individuals ages 15 years and older (n = 110,137) was 12.6 % (95 % CI: 12.0–13.3 %). District-level TS prevalence among individuals ages 15 years and older ranged from 0.9 to 36.9 % and was moderately correlated with district prevalence of TT (r = 0.31; P < 0.001). The prevalence of TS increased with age, reaching 22.4 % among those ages 56 to 60 years and 24.2 % among those ages 61 to 65 years. Among children ages 1 to 15 years TS prevalence was 2.2 % (95 % CI: 1.8–2.8 %), increased with age (P < 0.001), and 5 % of individuals with TS also had trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI). Conclusions These results suggest that Amhara has had a long history of trachoma exposure and that a large population remains at risk for developing TT. It is promising, however, that children, many born after interventions began, have low levels of TS compared to other known trachoma-hyperendemic areas.

Abstract P062: The Impact of High Fasting Plasma Glucose on Cardiovascular Health at the State-level in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanyin Ong ◽  
Ashkan Afshin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Fasting Plasma Glucose ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: High fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the impact of FPG on CVD mortality and morbidity at the state-level in the US has not been systematically evaluated. Objective: To quantify the number of CVD deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high FPG by age, sex, year and state among US adults from 1990 to 2016. Methods: We used a spatio-temporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to estimate the mean FPG level by age, sex, year and state. The inputs to the ST-GPR model included data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, state-specific prevalence of obesity, and per-capita lag-distributed income in each state. Using the mean FPG and prevalence of diabetes in each state, we characterized the distribution of the FPG at the state-level. Then, we used the Global Burden of Disease study comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the CVD deaths and DALYs attributable to high FPG. Results: In 2016, there were 180,440 CVD deaths attributable to high FPG in the United States: 77% due to ischemic stroke, 21% due to cerebrovascular disease, and <1% due to peripheral artery disease. Alaska had the lowest attributable death rate for both males and females (66.9 per 100,000 and 55.4 per 100,000, respectively) and West Virginia had the highest attributable death rate for both males and females (227.3 per 100,000 and 186.4 per 100,000, respectively). This is contrasted to DALYS, where Colorado had the lowest attributable DALYS rate for both males and females (1,732 DALYS per 100,000 1,379 DALYS per 100,000, respectively) and West Virginia had the highest attributable DALY rate for both males and females (5,219 DALYS per 100,000 and 3,965 DALYS per 100,000, respectively). (Figure) Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for evidence-based intervention to control FPG to effectively prevent CVD.

scholarly journals Setting a Cap on the Maximum Average Number of Drinks Per Day in Australian Survey Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Callinan
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the cap level on total consumption and a range of variables including negative consequences. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross sectional survey in Australia with 2,020 Australians aged 16 and over.Measures: Participants completed a detailed survey on their alcohol consumption with no methodological limit on consumption.Findings: Setting a cap on high levels of consumption can significantly decrease the mean level of consumption. While the relationship between consumption and related variables do not change significantly, the relationship with negative consequences strengthens as the cap lowers, and the relationship with purchases decreases for uncapped data and data with low caps, providing some guidance on where a cap would be best placed.Conclusions: Consideration of where to set a maximum daily consumption level in survey research should be not only based on what could be feasibly consumed, but also on the point at which a very high reported consumption level is more likely to have been reported in error than as a reflection of reality. Checking the relationship between consumption and related variables, with different caps applied before selecting a capping level, is recommended.

scholarly journals An assessment of the effect of noise pollution on rental values of properties in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebiwari Wokekoro
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Noise Abatement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

The study assessed the impact of noise pollution on rental values of properties in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. Questionnaire was designed to obtain data from the respondents. The close ended questions were used to collect the data. The questionnaire was distributed to respondents through their emails and phone numbers in May, 2020 during the Covid-19 lockdown. The study adopted purposive and convenient sampling technique. The data analysis was based on sixty one questionnaires retrieved. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean. The results revealed that noise pollution reduces property rental values with a mean of 2.7 which is greater than the mean rating of 2.5. The study concludes that noise pollution negatively impacts property values. The study recommends the development and enforcement of noise abatement measures to improve urban neighbourhood quality and increase property values.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech: An Examination of Dosage in Relation to Probe Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Julie L. Wambaugh ◽  
Lydia Kallhoff ◽  
Christina Nessler
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Practice Schedules ◽  
Baseline Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study was designed to examine the association of dosage and effects of Sound Production Treatment (SPT) for acquired apraxia of speech. Method Treatment logs and probe data from 20 speakers with apraxia of speech and aphasia were submitted to a retrospective analysis. The number of treatment sessions and teaching episodes was examined relative to (a) change in articulation accuracy above baseline performance, (b) mastery of production, and (c) maintenance. The impact of practice schedule (SPT-Blocked vs. SPT-Random) was also examined. Results The average number of treatment sessions conducted prior to change was 5.4 for SPT-Blocked and 3.9 for SPT-Random. The mean number of teaching episodes preceding change was 334 for SPT-Blocked and 179 for SPT-Random. Mastery occurred within an average of 13.7 sessions (1,252 teaching episodes) and 12.4 sessions (1,082 teaching episodes) for SPT-Blocked and SPT-Random, respectively. Comparisons of dosage metric values across practice schedules did not reveal substantial differences. Significant negative correlations were found between follow-up probe performance and the dosage metrics. Conclusions Only a few treatment sessions were needed to achieve initial positive changes in articulation, with mastery occurring within 12–14 sessions for the majority of participants. Earlier occurrence of change or mastery was associated with better follow-up performance. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12592190

To Study the impact of Gabbar Singh tax or Goods & services tax for Restaurant and Food Services Business in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Mr. Arun Gautam ◽  
Dr. Saurabh Sharma ◽  
CA Narendra Kumar Bansal
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The Impact

GST that is Goods and Services Tax has been in compel since first July, 2017 and which is, in constrain on numerous countries globally and they all were thinking about it as their business assessment framework. The principle reason for GST is to realize single tax on products at both centre and the state level in the nation.

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

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