scholarly journals Dynamic immune response characteristics of piglets infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae through omic

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rining Zhu ◽  
Hexiang Jiang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Chuntong Bao ◽  
Haiyao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Large Network

AbstractPorcine infectious pleuropneumonia is characterized by a high-rate of carriage and mixed infection with other pathogens. The host immune response induced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the basis for elucidating pathogenesis and controlling disease. However, there is currently no comprehensive and dynamic data characterising the host immune response. In this study, piglets were infected with APP and differentially expressed proteins of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral serum were identified by iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS, and differentially expressed genes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by RNA-seq. The results of the integrated analysis of serum, BALF and PBMC showed significant metabolism and local immune responses in BALF, the general immune response in PBMC mainly involves cytokines, while that in serum mainly involves biosynthesis, phagosome, and complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, immune responses in PBMCs and serum were rapid and maintained compared to the lung where metabolism and cell adhesion activities were enriched. Some innate immunity pathways of the cellular response to ROS, neutrophil mediated immunity, granulocyte activation and leukocyte cell-cell adhesion were identified as central points, connecting multiple signaling pathways to form an integrated large network. At 24 h post-infection, 14 molecules were up regulated in BALF, 10 of which were shared with PBMC, but at 120 h, 20 down-regulated molecules were identified in BALF, 11 of them still up- regulated in PBMC. We conclude that, the immune response in the lung is different from that in blood, but there is a similarity in response in PBMC and serum.

scholarly journals Accelerated Progression of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S Krauth ◽  
Christina M Jamros ◽  
Shayna C Rivard ◽  
Niels H Olson ◽  
Ryan C Maves
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Case Report ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Cell Senescence ◽  
Functional Exhaustion ◽  
T Cell Senescence

ABSTRACT We describe a patient with subclinical coccidioidomycosis who experienced rapid disease dissemination shortly after SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting host immune response dysregulation to coccidioidomycosis by SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesize that disrupted cell-mediated signaling may result after SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to functional exhaustion and CD8+ T-cell senescence with impairment in host cellular response to Coccidioides infection.

scholarly journals The features of host immune response with respect to microsatellite status of colorectal cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Attila Fenyvesi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Melting Point Analysis ◽  
Peritumoral Stroma

Background: The genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression are determined by two separate pathways, chromosomal and microsatellite instability (MSI). The CRCs with MSI have distinct clinicopathological characteristics with pronounced tumor-associated immune responses. The aim of our study was to investigate the intensity of host immune response in CRC tissue by comparing microsatellite stable (MSS) and instable tumors. Methods: The study was performed on CRC specimens from 28 patients with MSI and compared with 30 MSS tumors. The microsatellite status was evaluated with two markers by PCR and melting point analysis. The immunostaining with anti-CD3 pan-T cell antibody was used to quantify the number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The lymphocytes in peritumoral stromal and the Crohn?s-like peritumoral reaction were counted on H&E slides. Results: No significant differences were found in the average number of lymphocytes in peritumoral stroma and in clinicopathological characteristics of CRCs. The conspicuous Crohn?s-like lymphoid reactions were present in 67.86% of CRCs with MSI versus 26.66% of MSS cases. The CRCs with MSI cases carried significantly higher numbers of tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes (13.21 versus 7.47) (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The presences of peritumoral Crohn?s-like lymphoid and intraepithelial lymphocytic reaction were intensive markers for MSI in colorectal carcinomas in our study. The peculiar genetic instability in MSI tumors may lead to a continuous production of abnormal peptides, which act as neoantigens. They could induce specific antitumor immune responses effective in limiting tumor growth and spread. Abnormal peptides are potentially promising in immunotherapy advancing and in the design of a vaccine against colorectal tumors with MSI.

scholarly journals mSphere of Influence: Role of IRGM1 in Disease Control

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanta Kumar Naik
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Mitochondrial Quality Control ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Sumanta K. Naik works in the tuberculosis field, with a specific interest in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the paper “IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity” by Prashant Rai et al. (Nat Immunol, 22:312–321, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-00859-0) impacted his research by revealing new roles for Irgm1 in immune responses.

scholarly journals Differential Host Gene Signatures in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loubna Tazi ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Myriam Fornage
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Host Gene ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Gene Signatures

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) represents a global public health threat and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective control of TB is complicated with the emergence of multidrug resistance. Yet, there is still a fundamental gap in understanding the complex and dynamic interactions between different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and the host. In this project, we investigated the host immune response to different M. tuberculosis strains, including avirulent or virulent and rifampin-resistant or isoniazid-resistant strains in THP-1 cells. We identified major differences in the gene response profiles in response to infection with these strains. The expression of IDO1 and IL-1β in the infected cells was stronger in all virulent M. tuberculosis strains. The most striking result was the overexpression of many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in cells infected with the isoniazid-resistant strain, compared to the rifampin-drug resistant strain and the drug-sensitive strain. A transcription regulation analysis of the differentially expressed genes in infected THP-1 cells implicated two major transcription factors, NF-κB and STAT1. The differentially expressed ISGs in response to the isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis strain were associated with STAT1 signaling, while the expression of many cytokines, such IL-1β, was associated with NF-κB signaling. Our data suggest that the isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis strain preferentially activates STAT1 in response to cGAS-STING activation and induces a host immune response signature that is characteristic of isoniazid resistance. This study has a potential to provide important new insights into TB pathogenesis and to characterize host gene signatures specifically involved in isoniazid-resistant TB.

scholarly journals Impact of Toll-Like Receptor-Specific Agonists on the Host Immune Response to the Yersinia pestis Plague rF1V Vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Biryukov ◽  
Jennifer L. Dankmeyer ◽  
Zain Shamsuddin ◽  
Ivan Velez ◽  
Nathaniel O. Rill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Pneumonic Plague ◽  
Plague Vaccine

Relatively recent advances in plague vaccinology have produced the recombinant fusion protein F1-V plague vaccine. This vaccine has been shown to readily protect mice from both bubonic and pneumonic plague. The protection afforded by this vaccine is solely based upon the immune response elicited by the F1 or V epitopes expressed on the F1-V fusion protein. Accordingly, questions remain surrounding its efficacy against infection with non-encapsulated (F1-negative) strains. In an attempt to further optimize the F1-V elicited immune response and address efficacy concerns, we examined the inclusion of multiple toll-like receptor agonists into vaccine regimens. We examined the resulting immune responses and also any protection afforded to mice that were exposed to aerosolized Yersinia pestis. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to further augment the F1-V vaccine strategy in order to optimize and augment vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Proximal femoral head transcriptome reveals novel candidate genes related to epiphysiolysis in broiler chickens

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane de Oliveira Peixoto ◽  
Igor Ricardo Savoldi ◽  
Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli ◽  
Maurício Egídio Cantão ◽  
Fátima Regina Ferreira Jaenisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Data Quality Control ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Analyses

Abstract Background The proximal femoral head separation (FHS) or epiphysiolysis is a prevalent disorder affecting the chicken femur epiphysis, being considered a risk factor to infection which can cause bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers. To identify the genetic mechanisms involved in epiphysiolysis, differentially expressed (DE) genes in the femur of normal and FHS-affected broilers were identified using RNA-Seq technology. Femoral growth plate (GP) samples from 35-day-old commercial male broilers were collected from 4 healthy and 4 FHS-affected broilers. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina paired-end protocol. Differentially expressed genes were obtained using the edgeR package based on the False Discovery Rate (FDR < 0.05). Results Approximately 16 million reads/sample were generated with 2 × 100 bp paired-end reads. After data quality control, approximately 12 million reads/sample were mapped to the reference chicken genome (Galgal5). A total of 12,645 genes were expressed in the femur GP. Out of those, 314 were DE between groups, being 154 upregulated and 160 downregulated in FHS-affected broilers. In the functional analyses, several biological processes (BP) were overrepresented. Among them, those related to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM), bone development, blood circulation and lipid metabolism, which are more related to chicken growth, are possibly involved with the onset of FHS. On the other hand, BP associated to apoptosis or cell death and immune response, which were also found in our study, could be related to the consequence of the FHS. Conclusions Genes with potential role in the epiphysiolysis were identified through the femur head transcriptome analysis, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate bone development in fast-growing chickens. In this study, we highlighted the importance of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix related genes in triggering FHS. Furthermore, we have shown new insights on the involvement of lipidemia and immune response/inflammation with FHS in broilers. Understanding the changes in the GP transcriptome might support breeding strategies to address poultry robustness and to obtain more resilient broilers.

Understanding the immune responses involved in mediating protection or immunopathology during leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez ◽  
Greta Volpedo ◽  
Chaitenya Verma ◽  
Abhay R. Satoskar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) transmitted by the sand fly and is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections caused by Leishmania clinically manifest as a wide range of diseases, such as cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), mucosal (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The host innate and adaptative immune responses play critical roles in the defense against leishmaniasis. However, Leishmania parasites also manipulate the host immune response for their survival and replication. In addition, other factors such as sand fly salivary proteins and microbiota also promote disease susceptibility and parasite spread by modulating local immune response. Thus, a complex interplay between parasite, sand fly and the host immunity governs disease severity and outcome. In this review, we discuss the host immune response during Leishmania infection and highlight the factors associated with resistance or susceptibility.

scholarly journals Clone-specific immune reactions in a trematode-crustacean system

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANSON V. KOEHLER ◽  
ROBERT POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Ecological Immunology ◽  
Experimental Exposure ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Essential Aspect

SUMMARYVariability of immune responses is an essential aspect of ecological immunology, yet how much of this variability is due to differences among parasite genotypes remains unknown. Here, variation in immune response of the crab, Macrophthalmus hirtipes, is examined as a function of experimental exposure to 10 clonal cercarial lineages of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis. Our goals were (1) to assess the variability of the host immune reaction elicited by 10 parasite clones, (2) to test if the heterozygosity–fitness correlation, whereby organisms with higher heterozygosities achieve a higher fitness than those with lower heterozygosities, applies to heterozygous parasites eliciting weak immune responses, and (3) to see how concomitant infections by other macroparasites influence the crab's immune response to cercariae. Parasite clones were distinguished and heterozygosities calculated using 20 microsatellite markers. We found that exposure to cercariae resulted in increased haemocyte counts, and that although interclonal differences in immune response elicited were detected, parasite heterozygosity did not correlate with host immune response. Additionally, the presence of other pre-existing parasites in hosts did not influence their immune response following experimental exposure to cercariae. Overall, the existence of variability in immune response elicited by different parasite clones is promising for future ecological immunology studies using this system.

scholarly journals CD4+CCR6+ T cells dominate the BCG-induced transcriptional signature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akul Singhania ◽  
Paige Dubelko ◽  
Rebecca Kuan ◽  
William D Chronister ◽  
Kaylin Muskat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Peptide Pool ◽  
Dna Methylome ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Tcr Repertoire

The century-old Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). Despite this, there is still a lot to learn about the immune response induced by BCG, both in terms of phenotype and specificity. Here, we investigated immune responses in adult individuals pre and 8 months post BCG vaccination. We specifically determined changes in gene expression, cell subset composition, DNA methylome, and the TCR repertoire induced in PBMCs and CD4 memory T cells associated with antigen stimulation by either BCG or a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-derived peptide pool. Following BCG vaccination, we observed increased frequencies of CCR6+ CD4 T cells, which includes both Th1* and Th17 subsets, and mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAITs). A large number of immune response genes and pathways were upregulated post BCG vaccination with similar patterns observed in both PBMCs and memory CD4 T cells, thus suggesting a substantial role for CD4 T cells in the cellular response to BCG. These upregulated genes and associated pathways were also reflected in the DNA methylome. We described both qualitative and quantitative changes in the BCG-specific TCR repertoire post vaccination, and importantly found evidence for similar TCR repertoires across different subjects. The immune signatures defined herein can be used to track and further characterize immune responses induced by BCG, and can serve as reference for benchmarking novel vaccination strategies.

scholarly journals An AI-guided invariant signature places MIS-C with Kawasaki disease in a continuum of host immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Sahoo ◽  
Gajanan Dattatray ◽  
Chisato Shimizu ◽  
Jihoon Kim ◽  
Soni Khandelwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transcript Signature ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Formalin Fixed

A significant surge in cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C, also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome - PIMS) has been observed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. MIS-C shares many clinical features with Kawasaki disease (KD), although clinical course and outcomes are divergent. We analyzed whole blood RNA sequences, serum cytokines, and formalin fixed heart tissues from these patients using a computational toolbox of two gene signatures, i.e., the 166-gene viral pandemic (ViP) signature, and its 20-gene severe (s)ViP subset that were developed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a 13-transcript signature previously demonstrated to be diagnostic for KD. Our analyses revealed that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response as COVID-19 but diverge with two different cardiac phenotypes. The ViP signatures helped unravel the nature of the host immune response (IL15-centric) in MIS-C and KD, reveal unique targetable cytokine pathways in MIS-C, place MIS-C farther along in the spectrum in severity compared to KD and pinpoint key clinical (reduced cardiac function) and laboratory (thrombocytopenia and eosinopenia) parameters that can be useful to monitor severity.

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