Laboratory studies of the algaecide GreenTD: stability, algaecidal activity and reduction of microcystin production

AbstractGreenTD (Dichlorobenzyl derivative, MW 362.17) is a new dichlorobenzyl derivative algaecide. It is effective and selective against harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs cause serious problems for public health and fishery industries. Algae that cause HABs include Microcystis spp., Anabaena spp., and Aphanizomenon spp. Blooms of toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa occur regularly in fresh water where is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Environmental fate studies are needed to investigate the degradation of GreenTD. In the present study, we studied the persistence of GreenTD (90% aqueous solution) in water and toxic effects GreenTD on M. aeruginosa and reduction of microcystin production in the culture media. GreenTD was added in the water pots and microcystis media tubes at levels of 25 g/0.1 ha (0.5 mg/kg) and 50 g/0.1 ha (1.0 mg/kg). Samples were collected after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days. The residues of GreenTD and microcystins in water and the media were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The half-life of GreenTD at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg was 4.5 and 3.6 days, respectively. This result presents a safety level suitable for the acceptable guideline of water residue. The average recoveries of microcystins RR, YR, LR, and LA were 106–115%, 103–110%, 96–105% and 89–113% in the microcystis media, respectively. The limit of detection of (LOD) the microcystins was 0.1 µg/kg. No microcystins in the media were detected at the LOD (0.1 µg/kg). GreenTD at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 µg/kg had a 100% of control efficacy of M. aeruginosa. No growth of the blue-green algae was observed after 14 days of GreenTD application.

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The effectiveness of Lemna perpusilla as phytoremediation agent in giant gourami culture media on 3 ppt

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.14.122-127 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 122 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexander Burhani Marda ◽

Kukuh Nirmala ◽

Enang Harris ◽

Eddy Supriyono

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Culture Media ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Efficiency Ratio ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Nitrite Level ◽

Feed Efficiency Ratio ◽

The Media ◽

The Impact ◽

Lemna Perpusilla

ABSTRACT The wasted from feed and feces containt nitrogen and phosphorus can decreased fertility and feability water quality. Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) is prospective to use as an agent of phytoremediation of organic waste and can used as animal feed because it has high protein content. Meanwhile water salinity could be accelerate the growth of giant gourami. The aim of this research was to analyze the ability of L. perpusilla in absorbing nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus in water salinity of 3 ppt. The research was conducted four treatments and three replications. The treatments were A (L. perpusilla and 3 ppt salinity), B (L. perpusilla, 3 ppt salinity and filter), C (L. perpusilla, 3 ppt salinity and aeration), and D (L. perpusilla, 3 ppt salinity, filter and aeration). Experiment were carried in aquaria 50×33×50 cm3 in size with density of gourami fish 150/49.5 L for one month. The results showed that the ability of L. perpusilla to absorb N and P decreased from the beginning of the study due to lack of nutrient source of N and P in the aquaculture media, but increased because the impact of the feeding and metabolism of the gourami. There was no different treatment effect for decreased N and P (P> 0.05). The highest nitrite level was found in D treatment, it means that L. perpusilla not be able to absorb N and P in the media 3 ppt salinity. However, the addition of 3 ppt salinity gives the best results for the survival rate and feed efficiency ratio. Keywords: phytoremediation, Lemna perpusilla, giant gourami fish, nitrogen and phosphorus ABSTRAK Limbah pakan dan feses yang mengandung nitrogen dan fosfor dapat menyebabkan penurunan kesuburan dan kelayakan kualitas air. Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) baik digunakan sebagai agen fitoremediasi organik untuk limbah dan dapat digunakan sebagai pakan hewan karena mengandung protein yang tinggi, sementara media bersalinitas mampu mempercepat pertumbuhan ikan gurami. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan L. perpusilla dalam mengabsorbsi nutrisi nitrogen dan fosfor pada air bersalinitas 3 ppt. Penelitian ini terdiri atas lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah A (L. perpusilla dan salinitas 3 ppt), B (L. perpusilla, salinitas 3 ppt dan filter), C (L. perpusilla, salinitas 3 ppt dan aerasi), dan D (L. perpusilla, salinitas 3 ppt, aerasi dan filter). Akuarium yang digunakan berukuran 50×33×50 cm3 dengan kepadatan ikan gurami 150 ekor/49,5 L dan waktu pemeliharaan selama satu bulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan L. perpusilla menyerap limbah N dan P berkurang dari awal penelitian karena kurangnya sumber nutrisi N dan P pada media pemeliharaan, namun beranjak meningkat yang berdampak dari adanya pemberian pakan dan sisa metabolisme dari ikan gurame. Tidak ada perlakuan yang berpengaruh terhadap pengurangan N dan P (P>0,05). Nilai nitrit tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan D, hal ini berarti bahwa L. perpusilla tidak mampu untuk menyerap limbah N dan P pada media bersalinitas 3 ppt. Namun penambahan salinitas 3 ppt memberikan hasil yang terbaik bagi derajat kelangsungan hidup ikan gurami dan efisiensi pakan. Kata kunci: fitoremediasi, Lemna perpusilla, ikan gurami, nitrogen dan fosfor

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Global health concern of cyanotoxins in surface water and its various detection methods

Current Botany ◽

10.25081/cb.2020.v11.6059 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 65-74

Author(s):

M. Ramya ◽

A. Umamaheswari ◽

S. Elumalai

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Health Concern ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Route Of Exposure ◽

Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms

Water is an absolutely required resource for life nourishment especially for the purpose of drinking, domestic and farming. People in various part of the world are under prodigious threat due to unenviable changes in the physical-chemical and biological properties of an ecosystem. Due to anthropogenic causes like industrialization, the use of fertilizers and urbanization leads to highly polluted water bodies that include fresh and brackish water. These changes influence the harmful growth of cyanobacteria that is blue green algae. cyanoHABs (Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms) became a worldwide threat to drinking and recreational purpose due to its adopting nature according to the temperature fluctuations. In this study, a basic introduction to cyanotoxins as well as the entanglement of public health that includes route of exposure health effects and the pervasive impact of cyanotoxins and alleviation efforts in the waterbodies along with that the toxicosis. Cyanobacterial toxins such as hepatotoxicosis, neurotoxicosis, gastrointestinal disturbances respiratory and allergic reactions were reviewed. Their detection process and the treatment techniques with various physicochemical methods and bioassay methods were also reviewed.

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Algal Communities as a Biological Indicator of Stormwater Management Pond Performance and Function

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2000.029 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 489-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Daniel D. Olding

Keyword(s):

Green Algae ◽

Stormwater Management ◽

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Biological Indicator ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Algal Community ◽

Algal Communities ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Biological Communities

Abstract An investigation into phytoplankton and periphyton algal communities of two recently constructed Stormwater management ponds suggests that Stormwater impacts on biological communities are reduced during passage through the ponds, providing a degree of protection for biological communities in their receiving waters. In both ponds, disturbance effects from the incoming Stormwater on algal community richness and evenness appear to be greatest in the sediment forebay and are reduced in the main pond. However, the nature of the disturbance in the two systems can be seen to be fundamentally different from a biological perspective, with Rouge Pond functioning primarily to reduce toxins harmful to algal communities (e.g., heavy metals), and Harding Pond acting to reduce nutrients. The taxonomic composition of the two sites provides an indication of the quality of the incoming Stormwater. Rouge Pond, which contains many marine and brackish water species, receives Stormwater runoff from a major highway, while Harding Pond, containing more nutrient rich species, receives Stormwater primarily from residential properties. Despite the nutrient-rich conditions present in both ponds, nuisance blue-green algae (cyanobacte-ria) are conspicuously absent, and the ponds appear to have little potential for developing harmful algal blooms. The lack of blue-green algae can be linked to the hydraulic functioning of the ponds, suggesting that Stormwater facilities may be engineered to inhibit undesirable algal communities.

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The Case for Phosphorus

Dead Zones ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197520376.003.0008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106-123

Author(s):

David L. Kirchman

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Action Plan ◽

Dead Zone ◽

Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Marine Microorganisms ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

The Baltic

As this chapter explains, one approach to evaluate nutrient limitation is to compare nutrient concentrations with the Redfield ratio. Alfred Redfield had no formal background in oceanography, yet he made one of the most fundamental discoveries in the field. He found that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in marine microorganisms is the same as the ratio of the two elements in nutrients dissolved in the oceans. Because of work with the ratio, the current Hypoxia Action Plan for the Gulf of Mexico mentions phosphorus as well as nitrogen. In the Baltic Sea, it was argued that the focus should be solely on phosphorus to limit toxic cyanobacterial blooms, but other work demonstrates the importance of limiting nitrogen for minimizing eutrophication. Once considered to be a dead lake, Lake Erie improved after the construction of wastewater-treatment plants and the banning of phosphorus-rich detergents, as the chapter shows. But the lake continues to have problems with hypoxia and harmful algal blooms, because of continuing inputs of phosphate and organic nitrogen. The chapter ends by arguing that both nitrogen and phosphorus must be considered in efforts to solve the dead-zone problem.

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The effect of iron on Chilean Alexandrium catenella growth and paralytic shellfish toxin production as related to algal blooms

BioMetals ◽

10.1007/s10534-021-00349-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kyoko Yarimizu ◽

Jorge I. Mardones ◽

Javier Paredes-Mella ◽

Luis Norambuena-Subiabre ◽

Carl J. Carrano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Culture Media ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Alexandrium Catenella ◽

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin ◽

Paralytic Shellfish ◽

Shellfish Toxin

AbstractThe dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is a well-known paralytic shellfish toxin producer that forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide. Blooms of this species have repeatedly brought severe ecological and economic impacts to Chile, especially in the southern region, where the shellfish and salmon industries are world-famous. The mechanisms of such HABs have been intensively studied but are still unclear. Nutrient overloading is one of the often-discussed drivers for HABs. The present study used the A. catenella strain isolated from southern Chile to investigate how iron conditions could affect their growth and toxin production as related to HAB. Our results showed that an optimum concentration of iron was pivotal for proper A. catenella growth. Thus, while excess iron exerted a toxic effect, low iron media led to iron insufficiency and growth inhibition. In addition, the study shows that the degree of paralytic shellfish toxin production by A. catenella varied depending on the iron concentration in the culture media. The A. catenella strain from southern Chile produced GTX1-4 exclusively in the fmol cell−1 scale. Based on these findings, we suggest that including iron and paralytic shellfish toxin measurements in the fields can improve the current HAB monitoring and contribute to an understanding of A. catenella bloom dynamics in Chile.

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Kelimpahan Dinoflagellata Bentik Berbahaya di Habitat Lamun dan Makroalga di Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia

Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia ◽

10.14203/oldi.2021.v6i3.382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 191

Author(s):

Mochamad Ramdhan Firdaus ◽

Arief Rachman ◽

Oksto Ridho Sianturi ◽

Diah Anggraini Wulandari ◽

Hanny Meirinawati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Principal Component ◽

N:P Ratio ◽

Artificial Substrates ◽

Marine Biota ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Benthic Dinoflagellates ◽

Fish Poisoning ◽

Benthic Ecosystems

The Abundance of the Harmful Benthic Dinoflagellate in the Seagrass and Macroalgae Habitats on Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Benthic dinoflagellates are an important part of benthic ecosystems and part of their ecological functions. However, ciguatoxin (CTX) producer dinoflagellates, which could cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease, is a known threat to marine biota and the island’s coastal communities, such as in Pari Island. Thus, this research aimed is to study the population of five harmful and toxin producer benthic dinoflagellate genera, namely Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum, in macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island. Benthic dinoflagellate samples were collected in Juni 2019 using artificial substrates in the form of a 10×15 cm nylon screen. Environmental variables, such as nutrient concentration (nitrogen and phosphorus) and water temperature were also measured. The results showed that the average benthic dinoflagellate density in seagrass habitats was four times higher compared to the macroalgae habitats. Gambierdiscus were found as the most abundant benthic dinoflagellate in seagrass habitats, while Prorocentrum were more abundant in macroalgae habitats. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the N:P ratio was the most important regulating parameter for most benthic dinoflagellate genera in this study, except Ostreopsis, which was found to be more abundant in phosphorus-rich macroalga habitats. The data also shows an increase of benthic dinoflagellate cell density up to seven times compared to the previous research data in 2012 and 2013. That trend indicates an increase in the disturbance and pressure on the macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island, which require special attention to prevent the occurrence of toxic Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms (bHABs) and CFP cases in the island.

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First report on the occurrence of a single species cyanobacterial bloom in a lake in Cyprus: Monitoring and treatment with hydrogen peroxide releasing granules

10.21203/rs.3.rs-127446/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eleni Keliri ◽

Christia Paraskeva ◽

Angelos Sofokleous ◽

Assaf Sukenik ◽

Dariusz Dziga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Animal Health ◽

Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽

Single Species ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Forest Park ◽

Water Characteristics

Abstract Background: Cyanobacteria are phytoplankton microorganisms, also known as blue-green algae, and an essential component of the food web in all aquatic ecosystems. Excess loads of nutrients into waterbodies can cause their rapid and excessive growth which leads to the formation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyano-HABs). Toxic species of cyanobacteria genera excrete into the water a broad range of bioactive metabolites, some of which are known as cyanotoxins. These metabolites can negatively affect the ecosystem, and human and animal health in various ways, thus their presence needs to be closely monitored. This study aimed to monitor a lake at the Athalassa National Forest Park in Cyprus, in order to correlate its trophic condition with its water quality characteristics and identify the key environmental variables driving cyanobacteria blooming and their toxicity. In addition, surface water during the blooming period was collected and used in bench-scale experiments in order to test novel hydrogen peroxide releasing granules as mitigation processes for cyano-HABs.Results: The monitoring lasted throughout 2019 with ten sampling events taking place during this period. Samples were mainly analyzed for phytoplankton community, and various physicochemical parameters: pH, conductivity, salinity, total and dissolved nutrients. Obtained data indicated that cyanobacteria blooming lasted for four months (June – September), while microscopic observation of preserved samples showed that 99% of the phytoplankton biovolume was attributed to a single picocyanobacterial species, the Merismopedia sp. Select samples were analysed for the presence of toxins genes with positive results mainly for mcyB and mcyE genes. Further analysis with HPLC MS/MS, revealed that cyanotoxins’ concentration was lower than the method detection limit - MDL (<2-6 ng/L). Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of monitoring several water characteristics to conclude on the main drivers of a bloom and its toxicity. The findings demonstrated that it is not enough to test cyanotoxin genes as indicator of their presence since, in case of mono-domination, cyanobacteria may not be active on producing the toxins. Treatment experiments of contaminated water indicated that slow realizing peroxide granules may be an alternative to hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with CaO2 granules outperformed MgO2 granules due to higher H2O2 releasing capacity.

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Microorganisms 1

Freshwater Ecology and Conservation ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198766384.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 133-156

Author(s):

David C. Sigee

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Taxonomic Diversity ◽

Management Policy ◽

Freshwater Algae ◽

Algal Communities ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Standing Waters

This chapter gives a broad overview of freshwater algae in standing (lentic) and flowing (lotic) waters, with information on their morphological and taxonomic diversity. Algal communities are considered in relation to phytoplankton, substrate-attached and biofilm organisms. Methods are given for their collection, sample processing, enumeration, and biomass estimation in different aquatic situations. The relevance of these algae to human activities is considered particularly in relation to eutrophication of standing waters and the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Control strategies to limit the growth of colonial blue-green algae are discussed within the context of an integrated management policy

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The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2871

Author(s):

Vladimír Frišták ◽

H. Dail Laughinghouse ◽

Stephen M. Bell

Keyword(s):

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽

Future Research ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

High Porosity ◽

Physiochemical Properties ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Effective Removal ◽

First Time

Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments.

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A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12100641 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 641 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Isaac Yaw Massey ◽

Pian Wu ◽

Jia Wei ◽

Jiayou Luo ◽

Ping Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

High Performance ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Future Research ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mouse Bioassay ◽

Protein Phosphatase Inhibition ◽

Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.

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