scholarly journals Public spending on orphan medicines: a review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Gombocz ◽  
Sabine Vogler
Keyword(s):  
Public Spending ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
Data Source

Abstract Background and objective Little is known about how much public payers spend on orphan medicines. This study aimed at identifying information on orphan medicine expenditure incurred by public payers that was published in literature globally and at possibly synthesising their shares as portion of the total pharmaceutical expenditure. Methods A literature review was undertaken using Medline, the Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases and Google Scholar. Titles and abstracts were screened, and full texts of potentially qualifying studies were reviewed for inclusion. Included articles were analysed, and bibliometric parameters as well as public expenditure data on orphan medicines were retrieved. Results Six hundred forty three articles excluding duplicates were identified. After screening of the abstracts and a review of the full texts, 13 articles qualified for in-depth analysis. The 13 selected articles on orphan pharmaceutical expenditure were published between 2010 and 2018. Survey periods varied between 1 year and 12 years. One publication included 22 countries but the majority of the studies were related to a single country. Expenditure data was available in five of the 13 articles, and eight articles used ‘expenditure proxies’ such as sales data. Spending data had been sourced from public institutions (4 studies), private providers (5 studies) and a combination of both (3 studies, no information on data source in 1 study). In all included studies, secondary data were analysed. Reported expenditure shares for orphan medicines in relation to total pharmaceutical spend was frequently below 3%. Countries with higher shares included the USA, Canada, the Netherlands and Bulgaria—the latter reporting spending on orphan medicines as high as 9%. Conclusions A low number of studies that informed about pharmaceutical spending on orphan medicines was published, thereof only a few explicitly analysed expenditure data of public payers. A conclusive synthesis of public spending on orphan medicines is a challenge given to the diversity in methodologies to measure expenditure. There is a need for further research to survey primary data of public spending for orphan medicines, based on a sound methodology to measure these data and to compare them internationally.

Impacts of electronic monitoring on the community life: blessing or disguise?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Vitálišová ◽  
Kamila Borseková ◽  
Anna Vanˇová ◽  
Samuel Koróny
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Usa

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate critically the impacts associated with the implementation of electronic monitoring (EM) of accused and convicted persons on society based on the foreign experience and compare these findings with the original research results on EM in the Slovak Republic. Design/methodology/approach This paper elaborates the secondary data of previous researches in Scotland, Sweden and Florida in the USA. Secondary research is based on in-depth analysis of articles, reports and studies searched via database of Google, Scopus and Science Direct. Based on the studies processed by a causal and qualitative analysis, the authors identify the benefits and risks of EM influencing community life in Europe and the USA. The additional sources of secondary data are the Statistical Yearbook of Ministry of Justice of Slovak Republic, the content of the original law (including relevant amendments) that introduced EM into the Slovak criminal justice system and data on the application of EM in Slovakia provided by the Ministry of Justice. Subsequently, this paper presents the original research findings about the EM implementation in the Slovak Republic. The primary data were conducted via interviews with the representatives of Ministry of Justice, and through the national survey of opinions of judges, probation and mediation officers. The authors used the descriptive statistics and the statistical deduction methods. Findings The key finding of the paper is that there is a very narrow border between EM as blessing and disguise for community involved. Setting proper measures to protect the community, targeted communication and support with attendance of professionals (e.g. mediator and psychologist) for community members might help to avoid possible risks and support the benefits related with EM implementation, namely, social and economic inclusion of offenders, maintaining family and community tights, reducing recidivism or protection of sensitive sites. Practical implications To support the acceptation of EM by local community, the authors recommend to perceive sensitively community involvement and consider potential risks related with EM implementation; to suggest the proper measures to protect the community; and to develop better or targeted communication oriented towards increasing awareness or establishment supporting groups with attendance of professionals (e.g. mediator and psychologist) that might help to avoid possible risks and support the benefits related with EM implementation. Originality/value This paper compares experience with EM based on the secondary data of previous researches in Scotland, Sweden and Florida in the USA. Subsequently, it presents the unique data about the implementation of EM in the Slovak Republic. The topic of EM is still vastly underrated in the literature, and there is a lack of empirical data, so this paper as a combination of case studies and original research could be very helpful in the efficient implementation of EM and setting the proper measures.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Akhlak dalam Al-Qur’an

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-295
Author(s):  
Sri Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Core ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Data Source

This paper discusses the content of Q.S. al-Baqarah ([2]: 67-73). The data used in the preparation of this paper is the data that is primary and secondary. The primary source is data obtained from the core source. In conducting a study of a verse, it is clear that the primary data source is derived from the Qur'an,precisely on Q.S. al-Baqarah ([2]: 67-73). Secondary data is dataobtained from other sources that are still related to the problemand provide interpretation of the primary source. The method usedin analyzing this paper is the tahlili method. This method describesthe meaning contained by the Qur'an, verse by verse, and letterafter letter according to the order in the Mushaf. The descriptionincludes the various aspects which the interpreted verses contain,such as the meaning of the vocabulary, the connotation of thesentence, the background of the verse down, its relation to otherverses, both before and after. And do not miss the opinion that hasbeen given regarding the interpretation of these verses, whetherdelivered by the Prophet, companions, the tabi'in, as well as othercommentators. This study shows that in Q.S. (2): 67-73) there arevalues of moral education which include: 1) morals in asking, (2)morals to parents, (3) patience of educators, (4) educator honesty,and (5) obedience of learners.

scholarly journals Metode Penanaman Pendidikan Islam pada Anak Menurut Abdullah Nashih Ulwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Nur Khosiin
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Secondary Data Source ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Interpretative Approach

Abdullah Nasih Ulwan’s provides several points of view in the realm of methods of planting Islamic education in children which can later be used as a means to achieve the goals of Islamic education. This research uses the documentation method with a descriptive-interpretative approach, namely an attempt to describe the interpretation of some of the texts of the book at-tarbiyah al-aulad fi al-Islam in the third chapter. As for the primary data source is the book at-tarbiyah al-aulad fi al-Islam, the secondary data source is books and related literature, while the data analysis used descriptive analysis. The results of this study there are five methods of planting Islamic education for children, namely educating by example, customary habits, advice, supervision, and through punishment.

scholarly journals BUKU TERJEMAH KITAB TA’LIMU AL-MUTA’LIM; ANALISIS TEKS TERJEMAHAN ARAB-INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Umi Choirun Nisak ◽  
Mirwan Akhmad Taufiq
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Translation Errors ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Support Students

This study discusses the analysis of the book translation of the book Ta'lim Muta'allim published by al-Hidayah. The book is one of the santri (moslem student) reference books to support students' understanding of the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) curriculum which uses the yellow book in their learning. The yellow book uses Arabic, so the translation of the book becomes very important. The focus of this research lies in the pattern of translation errors and justification of translations in accordance with the rules of Arabic and Indonesian dealing with lexicon, syntax and semantics. This qualitative research method uses an applied linguistic approach that focuses on error analysis. The primary data source in this research is the book translation of Ta'lim Muta'allim published by al-Hidayah, while the secondary data used in the study is a documentation technique by studying books and literacy that discusses the technique of translating properly and correctly according to structural , semantic and precise in terms of terminology. The results showed, including: Errors in the preparation of sentences in the target language, errors in the use of sentence effectiveness, errors in translating vocabulary, errors in aspects of omission or not translating aspects of vocabulary, phrases and sentences and errors in translating foreign terms.

scholarly journals Maqamat Tokoh Midah Dalam Novel Mekkah: Memoar Luka Seorang TKW Karya Aguk Irawan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Siswoyo Aris Munandar ◽  
Farida Nurus Sofa
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
The Novel ◽  
True Story ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Secondary Data Source ◽  
Data Source

<p><em>Abstrak </em><strong>- </strong><strong>Aguk Irawan adalah salah satu sastrawan yang menggunakan sastra novel sebagai media dakwahnya. Penanaman pesan-pesan moral-spiritual penulis kepada pembaca melalui tokoh yang dihidupkan di dalamnya. Peneliti tertarik dengan salah satu karya beliau untuk diteliti yang kemudian terangkum dengan judul, “Maqamat Tokoh Midah dalam Novel <em>Mekkah: Memoar Luka Seorang TKW</em> Karya Aguk Irawan”. Novel yang terinspirasi dari kisah nyata ini menggambarkan tentang pengembaraan jiwa seorang perempuan dalam menemukan Tuhannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode <em>library research</em> atau penelitian kepustakaan. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah sumber data primer yaitu novel <em>Mekkah: Memoar Luka Seorang TKW</em>, sedangkan sumber data sekundernya adalah beberapa karya Aguk Irawan yang lain dan juga sumber referensi yang terkait dengan penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yang telah peneliti lakukan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa novel <em>Mekkah: Memoar Luka Seorang TKW</em> merupakan novel yang mengandung ajaran tasawuf. Aguk Irawan menyampaikan ajaran tasawufnya melalui tokoh Midah Hamidah yang terangkum dalam laku kehidupannya sehari - hari. Peneliti menemukan beberapa maqamat yang tergambar dari tokoh Midah Hamidah, diantaranya adalah: taubat, zuhud, sabar, syukur, dan ridha. Novel karya Aguk Irawan ini sangat berguna untuk digunakan sebagai media dakwah di kalangan remaja maupun masyarakat pada umumnya.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract -</em><strong> </strong><strong>Aguk Irawan is one of the writers who used novel literature as his propaganda media. Planting the writer's moral-spiritual messages to the reader through the characters who are turned on in them. Researchers are interested in one of his works for research which is then summarized with the title, "<em>Maqamat Tokoh Midah dalam Novel Mekkah: Memoar Luka Seorang TKW Karya Aguk Irawan</em>”. This novel, inspired by a true story, depicts the wandering of a woman's soul in finding her God. This research uses library research or library research. The source of the data used is the primary data source, namely the Mecca novel: Memoirs of Luka of a TKW, while the secondary data source is some of Aguk Irawan's other works and also a reference source related to research. Based on the results of the analysis that researchers have done, it can be concluded that the novel <em>Mecca: Memoirs of Luka of a TKW</em> is a novel that contains the teachings of Sufism. Aguk Irawan conveyed his Sufism teachings through the figure of Midah Hamidah summarized in his daily life. Researchers found several maqamat drawn from the Midah Hamidah figures, including repentance, zuhud, patience, gratitude, and pleasure. This novel by Aguk Irawan is very useful to be used as a media for da'wah among teenagers and the general public.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords -</em></strong><em> Literary works, Novels, Maqamat, Spirituality, Hermeneutics</em></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Ada Apa dengan Dewan Pengawas Syariah di Koperasi Simpan Pinjam dan Pembiayaan Syariah?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Choirul Absor ◽  
Kharis Fadlullah Hana ◽  
Fatikha Rizqya Nur
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Office Visits ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Savings And Loan ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Feasibility Test

<p><em>This study aims to determine the role of the Sharia Supervisory Board in supervising Sharia Savings and Loan Cooperatives (KSPPS) so that operations do not come out of sharia provisions. Sharia Supervisory Board includes legal assistants who have the duty to ensure and conduct supervision so that Sharia Financial Institutions are in sharia provisions. Savings and Loan Cooperatives and Sharia Financing are financial institutions that are socially based and in their activities are based on moral principles by considering haram and lawfulness of a business that is run in accordance with Islamic regulations. The method used to conduct this research is qualitative. The data source uses secondary data and primary data by collecting data in the form of interviews and documents. Based on the results of observations on KSPPS Berkah Abadi Gemilang that Supervision conducted by DPS there is still an obstacle that causes less optimal supervision, namely members of sharia supervisors who do not understand muamalah fiqh, mastery of economics and DPS rarely make office visits. In addition, one member of the DPS also does not yet have a certificate of proof of passing the exam from DSN-MUI or other standard certificates, in this case at least the results of the certificate provide a guarantee that the Sharia Supervisory Board has passed the feasibility test to become the Sharia Supervisory Board. KSPPS Berkah Abadi Gemilang in practice also still has errors, the Ba'I Bi'saman Ajil contract which is supposed to be a sale and purchase agreement but made as a financing and error in determining the margin based on the presentation of the money lent.</em></p>

scholarly journals Exploring the word formation process on Rich Brian�s official music video comments

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Syifa Dwi Mutiah ◽  
Didin Nuruddin Hidayat ◽  
Alek Alek
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Music Video ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Depth Analysis

This study attempted to explore the process of word formation and its social function of slang words on Rich Brian's official music video, precisely in the comment section of the newest song of him, D.O.A that released on 25 August 2020. This study employed discourse and sociolinguistics aspects; hence, this study's research design was a descriptive qualitative. Additionally, this study's object was a one-month comment section of Rich Brian's newest song official music video. Furthermore, there were two sources of data, primary and secondary data sources. The primary data were a comment section of Rich Brian's newest official song music video, while the secondary source was from available works of literature and urban dictionary. Therefore, to collect the data, this study did the documentation from the D.O.A. official music video from one-month duration comments. As the data obtained, there were 49 slang words found. Then, they were analyzed through Yule (2010)�s theory as the basis of word formation process standard, while Zhou & Fan (2013)�s theory was used as the basis of word formation function standard. Data analysis is divided into several steps: reading, collecting, classifying, and analyzing the data. The result showed that derivation was the highest frequency of the word-formation process. It was 22%, the acronym was 18%, coinage was 16%, the conversion was 14%, blending was 12%, compounding was 8%, clipping was 6%, borrowing and multiple processes were 2% of each. Besides, the highest social function was to express emotive feeling with 49 % quantity of the frequency. The second higher was to pursue self-identity, achieving politeness was 8%. This study suggested a more in-depth analysis of non-standard languages, such as swear words or taboo words and emoticon that can be done through a social semiotic approach.

scholarly journals UPACARA NGABEN NINGKEB DI BANJAR KEBON DESA PAKRAMAN BLAHBATUH KECAMATAN BLAHBATUH KABUPATEN GIANYAR (Kajian Filosofis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Yulia Sukma Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Return Function ◽  
Primary Data Source ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Structural Functionalism ◽  
Religious Theory ◽  
Structural Functionalism Theory

<p><em>Ngaben Ningkeb interpreted Ngaben ceremony that ended in a reversed way or called Ningkeb.Fenomena background researcher to examine the problems about the implementation of Ngaben Ningkeb Ceremony with the formulation of the problem include: 1). How is the Ngompen Ningkeb Ceremony Procession in Banjar Kebon, Pakraman Blahbatuh Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency? 2). What is the function of Ngaben Ningkeb Ceremony in Banjar Kebon, Pakraman Blahbatuh Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency? 3). What is the philosophical meaning contained in Ngompen Ningkeb Ceremony at Banjar Kebon, Pakraman Blahbatuh Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency? With the aim of research can implement the science of religion obtained in the life of the community and know in general about the Procession, Functions and Meaning philosophical related Ngaben Ningkeb Ceremony.</em></p><p><em>This research is discussed using several theories, among others, Religious Theory, is used because this research includes the research of Religion, Structural Functionalism Theory, used to dissect the problems related to Ngaben Ningkeb Ceremony, and Symbol Theory, is used to study the meaning of Philosophy. This type of research is qualitative research with primary data source from the field that is by observation and interview while secondary data obtained through documentation technique.</em></p><p><em>The results of the study as follows: 1). A. The initial procession Ngaben ningkeb ceremony, among others: Nyamuh, Matur Piuning, Mapajati, Ngulapin and Nyiramin. B. Ningkeb peak procession among others: Nedunin Sawa, Towards Setra, Sprinkle various types Tirta, Ngeseng Sawa, and last Ningkeb. C. The process after the implementation of Ngaben Ningkeb, among others: Mapegat and Mecaru. 2). Function Ceremony Ngaben Ningkeb include: A. Sustainability Function, where Ngingken ningkeb ceremony can be practically can be a ceremony that deserves to be preserved because in every process is something sacred and different with Ngaben in general. B. The return function of Sanghyang Panca Mahabhuta, which outlines the elements of Panca Mahabhuta in this great realm and usher Atma (Spirit) into Pitra nature by deciding Atma's love with his world. C. Purgatory function, in this case, purification is intended as a main foundation that should be put forward in the process Ngaben ningkeb ceremony. 3). And the meaning contained in Ngingken ningkeb ceremony is a philosophical meaning, where the conception of sarira is used as the meaning of philosophy Ngaben ningkeb is the conception of Sarira according to Wrhaspati Tattwa. And the meaning of Return Panca Mahabhuta, where basically all will return by itself although not done ceremony Ngaben, but it takes a very long time, hence from cultivated to return by cremation (Ngaben).</em></p>

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN PEMBIAYAAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN MUTU (Studi Kasus Pada Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Menengah di Surabaya)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Achmad Anwar Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Private Colleges ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Data Source ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Source Management

<p>Financing a good management is one key to the success of an educational institution to promote or increase quality. In this study, the focus of the problem is how the management of financing available to the private universities in Surabaya medium in order to improve its quality. The method used is qualitative descriptive with the presence of the researcher as an instrument of research conducted interviews to informants as a source of primary data and documents as well as supporting books as a secondary data source. Management Funding education is one of the factors that determine the quality improvement due to the financial management that is transparent and accountable will give rise to the belief of stakehoulder and it will be the motivation of each academicians Tri Dharma College in Private colleges medium in Surabaya to conduct quality improvement in their respective fields.</p>

scholarly journals Pengembangan Program Studi Perbankan Syariah Berbasis Integrasi Peran Bank Syariah Bagi Sektor Riil UMKM

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Mulato ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
Kamaruddin Kamaruddin ◽  
Iryani Iryani
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Theme ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Banking Institution ◽  
The City

Sharia banking are interested in getting involved channeling financing to the real sector of SMEs, including Bank BNI Syariah Makassar and Bank Panin Dubai Syariah Makassar. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of SMEs financing provided by sharia banking. Then to find out the role of sharia banking for the distribution financing for SMEs in the city of Makassar. As well as to find out the form of integration of the development of the department of sharia banking UIN Alauddin Makassar, through the distribution of financing for SMEs in sharia banking institution. This type of research is a field research, by taking data directly. The nature of the research is qualitative. The data source uses primary data and secondary data related to the research theme. The data analysis technique used in this research is qualitative descriptive, which describes the objects in the study. The results of this study indicate the development of the distribution of financing in sharia banking reaching 15.93 percent. Then Bank BNI Syariah and Bank Panin Dubai Syariah Makassar channeled financing to SMEs sector, reaching 20 percent. The form of integration in the development of departement sharia banking is by presenting courses on object management of financing sharia banking and courses on SMEs business.

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