scholarly journals Investigating the utility of a high-temperature Thellier-style paleointensity experimental protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Grappone ◽  
James M. Russell ◽  
Andrew J. Biggin
Keyword(s):  
Curie Temperature ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Temperature Spectrum ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Start Temperature

AbstractHigh-quality data are vital to the research field of paleointensity, which has long suffered from poor-quality and/or sparse data. Previous paleointensity work has established that repeatedly heating specimens increases the opportunity for thermochemical alteration to decrease the reliability of paleointensity data. In addition, recent work has shown that repeatedly heating specimens in paleointensity experiments can also exaggerate the effects of non-ideal, non-single domain grains. Arai plots resulting from paleointensity experiments containing such grains are often curvilinear (two-slope) across most of the specimen’s unblocking temperature spectrum, except in the temperature range nearest to the grains’ Curie temperature. This study tests the following strategy to mitigate these effects: that of performing a Thellier paleointensity experiment using fewer temperature steps that are also concentrated at higher temperatures. For this purpose, we use natural specimens with well-constrained rock magnetic data from the Hawaiian Scientific Observation Hole 1 (SOH1) drill core in paleointensity experiments with starting temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 500+ °C. Those experiments that focused in on the portion of the unblocking temperature spectrum nearest the Curie temperature of the specimen (HiTeCT) had an exceptionally low success rate, whereas those with initial temperatures at comparatively moderate temperatures (200–400 °C) had high success rates (~ 70%). Thermochemical alteration was minimized with a start temperature of 400 °C, but the curvature of the Arai plots had no clear dependance on start temperature. We conclude herein that increasing the start temperature can help avoid the effects of low-temperature alterations. Additionally, we found that the approach of focusing in on the highest temperature range is not a feasible one to apply in paleointensity experiments, in general, and consider this likely to be a result of a lack of intermediate-temperature checks for alteration and insufficient independence of temperature steps. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals R factors in Rietveld analysis: How good is good enough?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Toby
Keyword(s):  
Rietveld Analysis ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Poor Quality Data ◽  
Error Index ◽  
R Factors ◽  
Very High

The definitions for important Rietveld error indices are defined and discussed. It is shown that while smaller error index values indicate a better fit of a model to the data, wrong models with poor quality data may exhibit smaller values error index values than some superb models with very high quality data.

scholarly journals Infant and Child MRI: A Review of Scanning Procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Copeland ◽  
Eero Silver ◽  
Riikka Korja ◽  
Satu J. Lehtola ◽  
Harri Merisaari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Scanning Procedure ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe method to examine human brain. However, a typical MR scan is very sensitive to motion, and it requires the subject to lie still during the acquisition, which is a major challenge for pediatric scans. Consequently, in a clinical setting, sedation or general anesthesia is often used. In the research setting including healthy subjects anesthetics are not recommended for ethical reasons and potential longer-term harm. Here we review the methods used to prepare a child for an MRI scan, but also on the techniques and tools used during the scanning to enable a successful scan. Additionally, we critically evaluate how studies have reported the scanning procedure and success of scanning. We searched articles based on special subject headings from PubMed and identified 86 studies using brain MRI in healthy subjects between 0 and 6 years of age. Scan preparations expectedly depended on subject’s age; infants and young children were scanned asleep after feeding and swaddling and older children were scanned awake. Comparing the efficiency of different procedures was difficult because of the heterogeneous reporting of the used methods and the success rates. Based on this review, we recommend more detailed reporting of scanning procedure to help find out which are the factors affecting the success of scanning. In the long term, this could help the research field to get high quality data, but also the clinical field to reduce the use of anesthetics. Finally, we introduce the protocol used in scanning 2 to 5-week-old infants in the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, and tips for calming neonates during the scans.

scholarly journals HARD DIFFRACTION — 20 YEARS LATER

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (08n09) ◽  
pp. 1805-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUNNAR INGELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Higgs Production ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Hard Scale ◽  
Parton Level ◽  
Interesting Possibility ◽  
Active Research

The idea of diffractive processes with a hard scale involved, to resolve the underlying parton dynamics, was published 1985 and experimentally verified 1988. Today hard diffraction is an active research field with high-quality data and new theoretical models. The trend from Regge-based pomeron models to QCD-based parton level models has given insights on QCD dynamics involving perturbative gluon exchange mechanisms, including the predicted BFKL-dynamics, as well as novel ideas on non-perturbative colour fields and their interactions. Extrapolations to the LHC include the interesting possibility of diffractive Higgs production.

The Impact of Missing and Error-Prone Auxiliary Information on Sparse-Matrix Sub-Population Parameter Estimates

Methodology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rutkowski ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Matrix ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Given a consistent interest in comparing achievement across sub-populations in international assessments such as TIMSS, PIRLS, and PISA, it is critical that sub-population achievement is estimated reliably and with sufficient precision. As such, we systematically examine the limitations to current estimation methods used by these programs. Using a simulation study along with empirical results from the 2007 cycle of TIMSS, we show that a combination of missing and misclassified data in the conditioning model induces biases in sub-population achievement estimates, the magnitude and degree to which can be readily explained by data quality. Importantly, estimated biases in sub-population achievement are limited to the conditioning variable with poor-quality data while other sub-population achievement estimates are unaffected. Findings are generally in line with theory on missing and error-prone covariates. The current research adds to a small body of literature that has noted some of the limitations to sub-population estimation.

What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McDonagh ◽  
William Swope ◽  
Richard L. Anderson ◽  
Michael Johnston ◽  
David J. Bray
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Chemical Simulation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Digitization offers significant opportunities for the formulated product industry to transform the way it works and develop new methods of business. R&D is one area of operation that is challenging to take advantage of these technologies due to its high level of domain specialisation and creativity but the benefits could be significant. Recent developments of base level technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML), robotics and high performance computing (HPC), to name a few, present disruptive and transformative technologies which could offer new insights, discovery methods and enhanced chemical control when combined in a digital ecosystem of connectivity, distributive services and decentralisation. At the fundamental level, research in these technologies has shown that new physical and chemical insights can be gained, which in turn can augment experimental R&D approaches through physics-based chemical simulation, data driven models and hybrid approaches. In all of these cases, high quality data is required to build and validate models in addition to the skills and expertise to exploit such methods. In this article we give an overview of some of the digital technology demonstrators we have developed for formulated product R&D. We discuss the challenges in building and deploying these demonstrators.<br>

Collecting High-Quality Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kay Gugerty ◽  
Dean Karlan
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Social Desirability Bias ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Demand Effect

Without high-quality data, even the best-designed monitoring and evaluation systems will collapse. Chapter 7 introduces some the basics of collecting high-quality data and discusses how to address challenges that frequently arise. High-quality data must be clearly defined and have an indicator that validly and reliably measures the intended concept. The chapter then explains how to avoid common biases and measurement errors like anchoring, social desirability bias, the experimenter demand effect, unclear wording, long recall periods, and translation context. It then guides organizations on how to find indicators, test data collection instruments, manage surveys, and train staff appropriately for data collection and entry.

scholarly journals Velocity Analysis Using Separated Diffractions for Lunar Penetrating Radar Obtained by Yutu-2 Rover

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1387
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Jinhai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Lunar Regolith ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Velocity Estimation ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Permittivity Model

The high-frequency channel of lunar penetrating radar (LPR) onboard Yutu-2 rover successfully collected high quality data on the far side of the Moon, which provide a chance for us to detect the shallow subsurface structures and thickness of lunar regolith. However, traditional methods cannot obtain reliable dielectric permittivity model, especially in the presence of high mix between diffractions and reflections, which is essential for understanding and interpreting the composition of lunar subsurface materials. In this paper, we introduce an effective method to construct a reliable velocity model by separating diffractions from reflections and perform focusing analysis using separated diffractions. We first used the plane-wave destruction method to extract weak-energy diffractions interfered by strong reflections, and the LPR data are separated into two parts: diffractions and reflections. Then, we construct a macro-velocity model of lunar subsurface by focusing analysis on separated diffractions. Both the synthetic ground penetrating radar (GPR) and LPR data shows that the migration results of separated reflections have much clearer subsurface structures, compared with the migration results of un-separated data. Our results produce accurate velocity estimation, which is vital for high-precision migration; additionally, the accurate velocity estimation directly provides solid constraints on the dielectric permittivity at different depth.

scholarly journals Redistribution Preferences, Inequality Information, and Partisan Motivated Reasoning in the United States

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Clem Brooks ◽  
Elijah Harter
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The U.S

In an era of rising inequality, the U.S. public’s relatively modest support for redistributive policies has been a puzzle for scholars. Deepening the paradox is recent evidence that presenting information about inequality increases subjects’ support for redistributive policies by only a small amount. What explains inequality information’s limited effects? We extend partisan motivated reasoning scholarship to investigate whether political party identification confounds individuals’ processing of inequality information. Our study considers a much larger number of redistribution preference measures (12) than past scholarship. We offer a second novelty by bringing the dimension of historical time into hypothesis testing. Analyzing high-quality data from four American National Election Studies surveys, we find new evidence that partisanship confounds the interrelationship of inequality information and redistribution preferences. Further, our analyses find the effects of partisanship on redistribution preferences grew in magnitude from 2004 through 2016. We discuss implications for scholarship on information, motivated reasoning, and attitudes towards redistribution.

Developmental Impacts of Remittances on Migrant-Sending Households: Micro-Level Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-366
Author(s):  
Kashif Imran ◽  
Evelyn S. Devadason ◽  
Cheong Kee Cheok
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Government

This article analyzes the overall and type of developmental impacts of remittances for migrant-sending households (HHs) in districts of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, an HH-based human development index is constructed based on the dimensions of education, health and housing, with a view to enrich insights into interactions between remittances and HH development. Using high-quality data from a HH micro-survey for Punjab, the study finds that most migrant-sending HHs are better off than the HHs without this stream of income. More importantly, migrant HHs have significantly higher development in terms of housing in most districts of Punjab relative to non-migrant HHs. Thus, the government would need policy interventions focusing on housing to address inequalities in human development at the district-HH level, and subsequently balance its current focus on the provision of education and health.

Capturing sexual assault data: An information system designed by forensic clinicians and healthcare researchers

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Aqif Mukhtar ◽  
Debbie A Smith ◽  
Maureen A Phillips ◽  
Maire C Kelly ◽  
Renate R Zilkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Management System ◽  
Data Management System ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data

Background: The Sexual Assault Resource Center (SARC) in Perth, Western Australia provides free 24-hour medical, forensic, and counseling services to persons aged over 13 years following sexual assault. Objective: The aim of this research was to design a data management system that maintains accurate quality information on all sexual assault cases referred to SARC, facilitating audit and peer-reviewed research. Methods: The work to develop SARC Medical Services Clinical Information System (SARC-MSCIS) took place during 2007–2009 as a collaboration between SARC and Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. Patient demographics, assault details, including injury documentation, and counseling sessions were identified as core data sections. A user authentication system was set up for data security. Data quality checks were incorporated to ensure high-quality data. Results: An SARC-MSCIS was developed containing three core data sections having 427 data elements to capture patient’s data. Development of the SARC-MSCIS has resulted in comprehensive capacity to support sexual assault research. Four additional projects are underway to explore both the public health and criminal justice considerations in responding to sexual violence. The data showed that 1,933 sexual assault episodes had occurred among 1881 patients between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015. Sexual assault patients knew the assailant as a friend, carer, acquaintance, relative, partner, or ex-partner in 70% of cases, with 16% assailants being a stranger to the patient. Conclusion: This project has resulted in the development of a high-quality data management system to maintain information for medical and forensic services offered by SARC. This system has also proven to be a reliable resource enabling research in the area of sexual violence.

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