scholarly journals Linoleic acid as corpse recognition signal in a social aphid

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harunobu Shibao ◽  
Mayako Kutsukake ◽  
Shigeru Matsuyama ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cleaning Behavior ◽  
The Dead

AbstractSocial insect colonies constantly produce dead insects, which cause sanitary problems and potentially foster deadly pathogens and parasites. Hence, many social insects have evolved a variety of hygienic behaviors to remove cadavers from the colonies. To that end, they have to discriminate dead insects from live ones, where chemical cues should play important roles. In ants, bees and termites, such corpse recognition signals, also referred to as “death pheromones” or “necromones”, have been identified as fatty acids, specifically oleic acid and/or linoleic acid. Meanwhile, there has been no such report on social aphids. Here we attempted to identify the “death pheromone” of a gall-forming social aphid with second instar soldiers, Tuberaphis styraci, by making use of an artificial diet rearing system developed for this species. On the artificial diet plates, soldiers exhibited the typical cleaning behavior, pushing colony wastes with their heads continuously, against dead aphids but not against live aphids. GC-MS and GC-FID analyses revealed a remarkable increase of linoleic acid on the body surface of the dead aphids in comparison with the live aphids. When glass beads coated with either linoleic acid or body surface extract of the dead aphids were placed on the artificial diet plates, soldiers exhibited the cleaning behavior against the glass beads. A series of behavioral assays showed that (i) soldiers exhibit the cleaning behavior more frequently than non-soldiers, (ii) young soldiers perform the cleaning behavior more frequently than old soldiers, and (iii) the higher the concentration of linoleic acid is, the more active cleaning behavior is induced. Analysis of the lipids extracted from the aphids revealed that linoleic acid is mainly derived from phospholipids that constitute the cell membranes. In conclusion, we identified linoleic acid as the corpse recognition factor of the social aphid T. styraci. The commonality of the death pheromones across the divergent social insect groups (Hymenoptera, Blattodea and Hemiptera) highlights that these unsaturated fatty acids are generally produced by enzymatic autolysis of cell membranes after death and therefore amenable to utilization as a reliable signal of dead insects.

EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FAT IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L.

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentrations

Larvae of Musca domestica L. were reared on chemically defined diets to which various fatty acids were added. The concentration of lipids in the body was directly related to the amount of fatty acid in the diet. Lack of oleic acid was tantamount in the following respects to lack of all fatty acids: high concentrations of palmitic, stearic, and particularly palmitoleic acid; low concentration of oleic acid. Linoleic acid could not be detected in the body fats unless it was fed. Fats had little or no effect on rate of larval growth and development. These results are compared with the results of a previous study of the effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition of the body fats of the parasitic dipteron, Pseudosarcophaga affinis Auct. nee Fallén.

scholarly journals Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and different type of dietary fat on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes activity and oxidative stress markers in wistar rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Magdalena Franczyk-Żarów ◽  
Edyta Kuś ◽  
Renata B. Kostogrys
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
The Body

Background. Nutritional recommendations emphasize the need to limit consumption of saturated fatty acids and to increase the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Among the fatty acids with health-related effects on the body, conjugated fatty acids are mentioned (i.e. CLA). Objective. The current study was designed to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on serum lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes activity (AST and ALT), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) as well as lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) concentrations in rats fed diet differing in type of dietary fat. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and fed the following diets: control AIN-93G diet contained soybean oil (O) and diets with modification of fat source: butter (B) and margarine (M). The experimental diets were supplemented with 1% of conjugated linoleic acid (O+CLA, B+CLA, M+CLA). After 21 days the blood was collected and lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes, MDA as well as LPO were analyzed. Results. The dietary treatments had no significant effect on the body weight and liver weight of the animals. The concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL+VLDL cholesterol were unchanged. Both experimental factors (fat source and CLA) had a significant influence on the TAG and HDL levels. Margarine (M) significantly increased the TAG concentration, whereas CLA had a significant impact on the TAG reduction (M+CLA). Glucose level was significantly decreased in all groups fed diets supplemented with CLA. Serum ALT significantly increased in all CLA groups. Fat source had statistically significant influence on the MDA concentration. The LPO level was significantly elevated in all CLA groups. There was statistically significant interaction of experimental factors (fat source and CLA supplementation) on LPO level. Conclusions. Margarine had an adverse effect on the rat’s lipid profile. However, in the group fed with margarine, the addition of CLA decreased the concentration of TAG. Regardless of the type of the dietary fat, CLA supplementation increased the level of LPO in the blood serum of animals.

scholarly journals Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on infant development

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
O. N. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Long Chain

The ω-6 and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) play a significant structural and functional role in the child’s body, as they form part of all cell membranes. ω-3 LC PUFAs are incorporated into cell membranes, increasing membrane fluidity, changing functions of receptors and membrane-bound enzymes, and, therefore, improving the interactions of the cells with their environment. This is particularly important for the development of connections between neurons in the growing child’s brain, which occurs intensively at an early age. Studies have shown the delayed effect of (ω-6 and ω-3) LC PUFA on the improvement of visual and cognitive functions. They are also the precursor of lipid mediators. The balance created by mediators ratio in the diet plays a decisive role in the prevention of common chronic diseases, including obesity. Insufficient consumption and decreased synthesis of LC PUFAs from precursors (α-linolenic and linoleic acids) in the body as a result of changed activity of fatty acid desaturas makes it necessary to include them in the food ration of nursing mothers, which is important for breastfeeding children. Formula-fed infants also need supplements with LC PUFAs. For this purpose, doctors prescribe formulas enriched with arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids among other ingredients. This recommendation is also important at the stage of expanding nutrition by adding supplementary foods, as it is during this period that rations are especially deficient in the LC PUFAs.

scholarly journals Physiologie effects of individual fatty acids in animal and human body, with particular attention to coronary heart disease risk modulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pfeuffer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Abstract. Dietary fatty acids have a wide spectrum of functions in the body. They may all serve as energy source, but polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferably incorporated into cell membranes and affect membrane composition and functionality. Some fatty acids may change gene transcription, and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, released from cell membranes, serve as precursors of eicosanoid synthesis. Fatty acids affect lipid and lipoprotein levels. Lipoproteins may be modified in several ways, e.g. become oxidized or glycated, which in turn affects their metabolic fate. Fatty acids affect endothelial function via inflammatory, oxidative and haemostatic processes. This shows that fatty acids exert regulatory functions in many ways beyond plasma cholesterol level changes. Effects of individual fatty acids are not necessarily one-directional, i.e. there may be both negative and positive aspects to them. Omega3 polyunsatureated fatty acids have a particularly wide spectrum of favourable effects.

scholarly journals Diabetes Mellitus, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (Omega 6): What Is the Link?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Hegazy ◽  
Naglaa M. Elsayed ◽  
Hala M. Ali ◽  
Hanan G. Hassan ◽  
Laila Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Omega 6

Background and Objective. Type 2 DM and obesity are the coming epidemics and their association with NAFLD is well established; essential fatty acids are vital for body health yet the body cannot make them; 2 essential fatty acids are especially important: linoleic (omega-6) and alpha-linoleic (omega-3) acids; they can be considered as “bioactive lipids” and serve as functional foods. Methods. 50 type 2 Egyptian diabetic patients controlled on oral hypoglycemic drugs together with 20 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were enrolled in the study; all were subjected to complete history taking, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, GGT, urea and creatinine, total lipid profile, hepatitis markers including hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibodies, conjugated linoleic fatty acid “CLA,” and abdominal ultrasound for grading of NAFLD. Results. Our study in Egyptian diabetics with NAFLD revealed a low level of serum CLA compared to healthy control; such deficiency was more marked with advanced grades of NAFLD; lowest levels were observed in those with severe steatosis (NASH) with definite association between CLA and obesity. Conclusion. Insulin resistance is the main link between NAFLD, diabetes, and obesity. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has a role in fat deposition in the liver and in development and improvement of insulin resistance. Fatty food had a documented role in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes but it can also be the cure.

Effects of feeding ISA brown and Shaver white layers breeder with sources of n-3 fatty acids on hatching eggs profile, apparent embryonic utilization of egg components and body composition of day-old chicks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki ◽  
Elijah G. Kiarie
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extruded Product ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Egg Components

Effects of feeding ISA brown and Shaver white breeders sources of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on egg components, apparent embryonic utilization (AEU) of egg components, and hatching body composition were examined. A total of 240 female and 30 male per each strain were fed either: 1) Control (CON), 2) CON + 1 % of dried microalgae (DMA), as a source of docosahexaenoic acid or 3) CON + 2.60 % of dry extruded product consisting of full-fat flaxseed (FFF), as a source of α-linoleic acid for 30 days. Eggs were incubated, and the residual yolks (RY) sampled at hatch (DOH) for AEU of dry matter (DM), minerals, and organic matter (OM). Feeding n-3 FA sources reduced the AEU of OM and minerals resulting in a higher ratio of RY to body weight (P = 0.002). Feeding FFF increased body fat and decreased lean in Shaver white hatchlings compared with CON (P < 0.05). The body mineral was reduced by feeding DMA compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). The change in body composition in response to feeding of n-3 sources was associated with the change in AEU of DM, OM, and minerals, not the concentration of these components in the yolk.

scholarly journals The effect of six different C18 fatty acids on body fat and energy metabolism in mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Javadi ◽  
H. Everts ◽  
R. Hovenier ◽  
S. Kocsis ◽  
Æ. Lankhorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other

We studied the effects of five high-fat semi-purified diets varying at a 4 % (w/w) level in either stearic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, or γ-linolenic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in BALB/c mice. A diet containing caprylic, capric, lauric, and myristic acid was used as a reference diet and a diet with 4 % conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was used as a positive control as it is known to effectively lower body fat in mice. The diets were fed for 35 d. Body fat was significantly lower in the CLA group than in the other groups but was not significantly different among the non-CLA groups. Among the non-CLA groups, the linoleic acid group tended to have the highest and the α-linolenic acid group the lowest proportion of body fat. In energy-balance studies, the percentage of energy intake that was stored in the body was significantly lower in the CLA group compared with the other dietary groups. The percentage of energy intake eliminated in excreta was highest in the stearic acid group followed by the γ-linolenic acid group. These results were reflected in apparent fat digestibility, which was lowest in the stearic acid group. The percentage of energy intake expended as heat was highest in the CLA-fed mice. The results of the present study suggest that body fat and energy accretion in mice fed diets containing different C18 fatty acids is by far the lowest with CLA and that linoleic acid produced the highest fat intake and energy accretion.

Abstract 15959: N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in RBC Membranes and Estimated Desaturase Activities and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E Chiuve ◽  
Nancy R Cook ◽  
M V Moorthy ◽  
J M Gaziano ◽  
Hannia Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Analysis

Introduction: Fatty acids in cell membranes modify the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias. In experimental studies, linoleic acid (LA;18:2n-6) has anti-arrhythmic effects, but its association with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk has been inconsistent. Further, little is known about circulating levels of other n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) and SCD risk. Methods: In a case-control analysis nested within 6 prospective cohort studies, we measured RBC levels of LA, γ-linolenic acid (GLA;18:3n-6), dihomo- γ-linoleic acid (DGLA;20:3n-6) and arachiodonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) in 442 cases of SCD and 852 controls matched on age, sex, race, antecedent CVD, smoking status and fasting status using risk-set sampling. We estimated the activity of 2 key enzymes in n-6 PUFA metabolism, Δ-6desaurase (D6D), which converts LA to GLA, and Δ-5desaturase (D5D), which converts DGLA to AA, using their product to precursor ratios. The multivariable relative risks (RR) were estimated by conditional logistic regression adjusted for other CVD risk factors and n-3 PUFAs in each cohort separately and then combined with random effects meta-analyses. Results: DGLA was positivity linearly associated with risk of SCD while higher levels of AA were associated with lower risk of SCD. Additionally, higher D5D activity (DGLA/AA), representing greater metabolism of DGLA to AA, was inversely associated with risk (Table). Although LA demonstrated a U-shaped relation, with a nadir in SCD risk in quintile 3, the quadratic relation was not significant (p, quadratic trend = 0.95). Neither GLA nor D6D activity (GLA/LA) were associated with risk of SCD (Table). Conclusions: Higher RBC DGLA and lower RBC AA were associated with greater risk of SCD and greater estimated activity of the D5D was associated with lower risk. These n-6 PUFAs are not determined by n-6 PUFA intake and thus research on the regulation of DGLA and AA in cell membranes is warranted and may identify novel targets for SCD prevention.

Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from human HepG2 liver cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebely Pal ◽  
Ryusuke Takechi ◽  
Suleen S. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Density

AbstractStudies in healthy humans have shown that consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) significantly reduced very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) blood concentrations. We propose that decreased concentrations are due to the inhibition of VLDL production and secretion [measured by apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)] from the liver. To investigate the effects of a mixture of CLA isomers on VLDL metabolism, HepG2 liver cells were incubated for 24h with 50μmol/L of the different fatty acids. Effects of CLA were compared to a saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid), an n-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid) and no treatment (control). HepG2-cell apoB100 levels were measured using Western blotting. ApoB100 secretion was significantly decreased in cells treated with CLA (44%, p<0.005) compared to control cells and those enriched with palmitic acid. Treatment of cells with CLA also decreased intracellular cholesterol levels. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CLA reduces apoB100 production and secretion compared to saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, possibly by limiting the availability of free cholesterol (required for apoB100 production). A reduction in apoB100 production in the body would decrease the levels of VLDL and atherogenic LDL and thus reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

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