Phytochemical competence and pharmacological perspectives of an endangered boon—Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm.: a comprehensive review

Abstract Background Costus speciosus (Koen) Sm. popularly known as crepe ginger or spiral ginger and insulin plant is a perennial rhizomatous herb contain variable number of medicinally important bioactive phytochemicals having intensive pharmacological effects due to antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anticancerous, and antidiabetic properties. This plant is widely distributed throughout India and has tremendous ethnobotanical uses. This review article is the coalescence of the distribution, morphology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, effect, and mode of action of pharmacologically active principles of Costus speciosus. Main body The therapeutic potential possessed by the plant is mainly the attribution of the bioactive compounds such as phenolics, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins, which are found to be present in different parts of the plant. Bioactive constituents like diosgenin, gracillin, dioscin, prosapogenins A and B of dioscin, eremanthin, costunolide, β-sitosterol, β-D-glucoside, β-carotene, α-tocopherol quinine, dihydrophytylplastoquinone, 5α-stigmast-9(11) en3β-ol, tetracosanyl octadecanoate, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate, cycloartenol, cycloartanol, and cycloalaudenol are specifically found in C. speciosus. This review also focuses on the possible mechanisms followed by these bioactive compounds while exhibiting various pharmacological properties. Because of the presence of diosgenin, this plant is given the name “insulin plant.” Diosgenin along with an important sesquiterpene, costunolide, performs significantly high antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. Besides these properties, insecticidal, antifungal, antibacterial, and anthelminthic properties have also been discussed. This plant needs to be given more emphasis as it is exploited at the commercial level by the pharmaceutical industries, conservation status is getting poorer, and it is already in a near-threatened state. Therefore, more systematic and intensive research should be done in a sustainable manner. Conclusion Spiral ginger plant shows diverse pharmacological effects due to presence of variety of bioactive phytochemicals, but the compounds like diosgenins, costunolides, eremanthin, and arbusculin are highly specific that exhibit effective antidiabetic, anticancerous, and antioxidative properties through different mechanism. Thus, C. speciosus can be exploited as an economically sustainable source of effective drugs against deadly diseases like diabetes and cancers with less or no side effects, and further research is needed to explore the intricacy of its pharmacological actions with human trials. Graphical Abstract

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RP-UHPLC-MS Chemical Profiling, Biological and In Silico Docking Studies to Unravel the Therapeutic Potential of Heliotropium crispum Desf. as a Novel Source of Neuroprotective Bioactive Compounds

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11010053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Adeel Arshad ◽

Saeed Ahemad ◽

Hammad Saleem ◽

Muhammad Saleem ◽

Gokhan Zengin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

In Silico ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

In Silico Docking ◽

Chemical Profiling ◽

Phytochemical Composition ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Heliotropium is one of the most important plant genera to have conventional folklore importance, and hence is a potential source of bioactive compounds. Thus, the present study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of Heliotropium crispum Desf., a relatively under-explored medicinal plant species. Methanolic extracts prepared from a whole plant of H. crispum were studied for phytochemical composition and possible in vitro and in silico biological properties. Antioxidant potential was assessed via six different assays, and enzyme inhibition potential against key clinical enzymes involved in neurodegenerative diseases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and skin problems (tyrosinase) was assayed. Phytochemical composition was established via determination of the total bioactive contents and reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-MS) analysis. Chemical profiling revealed the tentative presence of 50 secondary metabolites. The plant extract exhibited significant inhibition against AChE and BChE enzymes, with values of 3.80 and 3.44 mg GALAE/g extract, respectively. Further, the extract displayed considerable free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with potential values of 43.19 and 41.80 mg TE/g extract, respectively. In addition, the selected compounds were then docked against the tested enzymes, which have shown high inhibition affinity. To conclude, H. crispum was found to harbor bioactive compounds and showed potent biological activities which could be further explored for potential uses in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, particularly as a neuroprotective agent.

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Current Advances in the Biological Activity of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium with Intriguing Therapeutic Potential

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170227114648 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 1663-1681 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chun-Ting Lee ◽

Heng-Chun Kuo ◽

Yung-Hsiang Chen ◽

Ming-Yen Tsai

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Research Field ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Pharmacological Effects ◽

The Family ◽

Anti Tumor Activity

The polysaccharides in many plants are attracting worldwide attention because of their biological activities and medical properties, such as anti-viral, anti-oxidative, antichronic inflammation, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulation, and neuron-protective effects, as well as anti-tumor activity. Denodrobium species, a genus of the family orchidaceae, have been used as herbal medicines for hundreds of years in China due to their pharmacological effects. These effects include nourishing the Yin, supplementing the stomach, increasing body fluids, and clearing heat. Recently, numerous researchers have investigated possible active compounds in Denodrobium species, such as lectins, phenanthrenes, alkaloids, trigonopol A, and polysaccharides. Unlike those of other plants, the biological effects of polysaccharides in Dendrobium are a novel research field. In this review, we focus on these novel findings to give readers an overall picture of the intriguing therapeutic potential of polysaccharides in Dendrobium, especially those of the four commonly-used Denodrobium species: D. huoshanense, D. offininale, D. nobile, and D. chrysotoxum.

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Therapeutic Potential of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Endothelial Dysfunction- Related Diseases

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200403172736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (30) ◽

pp. 3633-3651 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Javier Blanco-Rivero ◽

Fabiano E. Xavier

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Pde Inhibitors ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered a major health problem worldwide, being the main cause of mortality in developing and developed countries. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decline in nitric oxide production and/or bioavailability, increased oxidative stress, decreased prostacyclin levels, and a reduction of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor is considered an important prognostic indicator of various CVD. Changes in cyclic nucleotides production and/ or signalling, such as guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), also accompany many vascular disorders that course with altered endothelial function. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are metallophosphohydrolases that catalyse cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis, thereby terminating the cyclic nucleotide-dependent signalling. The development of drugs that selectively block the activity of specific PDE families remains of great interest to the research, clinical and pharmaceutical industries. In the present review, we will discuss the effects of PDE inhibitors on CVD related to altered endothelial function, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, stroke, aging and cirrhosis. Multiple evidences suggest that PDEs inhibition represents an attractive medical approach for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. Selective PDE inhibitors, especially PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors are proposed to increase vascular NO levels by increasing antioxidant status or endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation and to improve the morphological architecture of the endothelial surface. Thereby, selective PDE inhibitors can improve the endothelial function in various CVD, increasing the evidence that these drugs are potential treatment strategies for vascular dysfunction and reinforcing their potential role as an adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of CVD.

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Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds for Diabetes Management: Important Advances for Drug Discovery

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200928160357 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Kondeti Ramudu Shanmugam ◽

Bhasha Shanmugam ◽

Gangigunta Venkatasubbaiah ◽

Sahukari Ravi ◽

Kesireddy Sathyavelu Reddy

Keyword(s):

Herbal Medicine ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Major Public Health Problem

Background : Diabetes is a major public health problem in the world. It affects each and every part of the human body and also leads to organ failure. Hence, great progress made in the field of herbal medicine and diabetic research. Objectives: Our review will focus on the effect of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants which are used to treat diabetes in India and other countries. Methods: Information regarding diabetes, oxidative stress, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds were collected from different search engines like Science direct, Springer, Wiley online library, Taylor and francis, Bentham Science, Pubmed and Google scholar. Data was analyzed and summarized in the review. Results and Conclusion: Anti-diabetic drugs that are in use have many side effects on vital organs like heart, liver, kidney and brain. There is an urgent need for alternative medicine to treat diabetes and their disorders. In India and other countries herbal medicine was used to treat diabetes. Many herbal plants have antidiabetic effects. The plants like ginger, phyllanthus, curcumin, aswagandha, aloe, hibiscus and curcuma showed significant anti-hyperglycemic activities in experimental models and humans. The bioactive compounds like Allicin, azadirachtin, cajanin, curcumin, querceitin, gingerol possesses anti-diabetic, antioxidant and other pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the role of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants in prevention and management of diabetes. Conclusion: Moreover, our review suggests that bioactive compounds have the potential therapeutic potential against diabetes. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate these findings.

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Valorization of Kiwi by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Circular Economy Model

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Franklin Chamorro ◽

María Carpena ◽

Bernabé Nuñez-Estevez ◽

Miguel A. Prieto ◽

Jesus Simal-Gandara

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

By Products

Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops, and from the industrialization of the product. Generally, these wastes are accumulated in landfills or burned, sometimes causing environmental problems. However, many scientific studies suggest that these residues are rich in bioactive compounds, so these matrices could be revalued for their use in food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. In this way, the circular and sustainable economy is favored, while obtaining products with high added value. In this case, this approach is applied to the residues generated from kiwi production, since numerous studies have shown the high content of kiwi in bioactive compounds of interest, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids. These compounds have been reported for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health such as its use as prebiotic. Therefore, this article reviews the potential of residues derived from industrial processing and agricultural maintenance of kiwi as promising matrices for the development of new nutraceutical, cosmetic, or pharmacological products, obtaining, at the same time, economic returns and a reduction of the environmental impact of this industry, attaching it to the perspective of the circular economy.

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Utilization of Cumbeba (Tacinga inamoena) Residue: Drying Kinetics and Effect of Process Conditions on Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

João Paulo de Lima Ferreira ◽

Alexandre José de Melo Queiroz ◽

Rossana Maria Feitosa de Figueirêdo ◽

Wilton Pereira da Silva ◽

Josivanda Palmeira Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Water Diffusivity ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Effective Water

The residue generated from the processing of Tacinga inamoena (cumbeba) fruit pulp represents a large amount of material that is discarded without proper application. Despite that, it is a raw material that is source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which are valued in nutraceutical diets for allegedly combating free radicals generated in metabolism. This research paper presents a study focused on the mathematical modeling of drying kinetics and the effect of the process on the level of bioactive of cumbeba residue. The experiments of cumbeba residue drying (untreated or whole residue (WR), crushed residue (CR) and residue in the form of foam (FR)) were carried out in a fixed-bed dryer at four air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C). Effective water diffusivity (Deff) was determined by the inverse method and its dependence on temperature was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. It was observed that, regardless of the type of pretreatment, the increase in air temperature resulted in higher rate of water removal. The Midilli model showed better simulation of cumbeba residue drying kinetics than the other models tested within the experimental temperature range studied. Effective water diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 6.4890 to 11.1900 × 10−6 m2/s, 2.9285 to 12.754 × 10−9 m2/s and 1.5393 × 10−8 to 12.4270 × 10−6 m2/s with activation energy of 22.3078, 46.7115 and 58.0736 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 50–80 °C obtained for the whole cumbeba, crushed cumbeba and cumbeba residue in the form of foam, respectively. In relation to bioactive compounds, it was observed that for a fixed temperature the whole residue had higher retention of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, whereas the crushed residue and the residue in the form of foam had intermediate and lower levels, respectively. This study provides evidence that cumbeba residue in its whole form can be used for the recovery of natural antioxidant bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with the possibility of application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Flavonoids as natural phenolic compounds and their role in therapeutics: an overview

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1186/s43094-020-00161-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rakesh E. Mutha ◽

Anilkumar U. Tatiya ◽

Sanjay J. Surana

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Main Body ◽

The Past ◽

Secondary Chemicals ◽

Natural Phenolic Compounds ◽

Development And Management ◽

Major Emphasis ◽

Present Understanding

Abstract Background Natural plants and plant-derived formulations have been used by mankind from the ancient period of time. For the past few years, many investigations elaborated the therapeutic potential of various secondary chemicals present in the plants. Literature revealed that the various secondary metabolites, viz. phenolics and flavonoids, are responsible for a variety of therapeutic action in humans. Main body In the present review, an attempt has been made to compile the exploration of natural phenolic compounds with major emphasis on flavonoids and their therapeutic potential too. Interestingly, long-term intake of many dietary foods (rich in phenolics) proved to be protective against the development and management of diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Conclusion This review presents an overview of flavonoid compounds to use them as a potential therapeutic alternative in various diseases and disorders. In addition, the present understanding of phenolics and flavonoids will serve as the basis for the next scientific studies.

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Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Vicenin-2, Orientin, Cynaroside, Betulinic Acid, Genistein, and Major 8 Bioactive Constituents with LC-ESI-MS/MS profiling in Ocimum genus

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoacint/qsab067 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aboli Girme ◽

Prajkta Bhoj ◽

Ganesh Saste ◽

Sandeep Pawar ◽

Amit Mirgal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Betulinic Acid ◽

Gradient Elution ◽

Carnosic Acid ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Validation Data ◽

Method Performance ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Stress Relieving ◽

Quality Control Tool

Abstract Background Ocimum genus known as Tulsi or Basil is a prominent botanical class in Asian culture, especially in India. The leaves have an immunomodulatory, antioxidant, stress-relieving, and adaptogenic role in traditional and modern medicine, with prominent usage in herbal teas and nutraceuticals. Objective The HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for vicenin-2, orientin, cynaroside, betulinic acid, genistein, with syringic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carnosic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, luteolin, apigenin for quantification and confirmed using a novel ESI -MS/MS method in the Ocimum samples. Method The methodology parameters were developed on the RP-C18 column with a gradient elution of 1 mL/min flow rate for 0.1% o-phosphoric acid and acetonitrile at 210 and 340 nm wavelengths. Result The validation data for 13 bioactive compounds showed good linearity (r2> 0.99) with sensitive LOD (0.034-0.684 µg/mL) and LOQ (0.100-2.068 µg/mL) with recoveries (83.66-101.53%).The results were found precise (RSD,<5.0%) and accurate (RE, -0.60-1.06) for the quantification. The method performance was verified and found robust by analyzing ten samples of O. tenuiflorum from the ten geographical states of India (RSD, < 5.0%). Conclusion The validated HPLC-PDA method was found selective and suitable for analyzing thirteen compounds in O. tenuiflorum and twelve cultivars from the Ocimum genus as a quality control tool. This method can be used in routine analysis as an inexpensive alternative to advanced techniques. Highlights This work is the first to report for vicenin-2, orientin, cynaroside, betulinic acid, and genistein, with simultaneous analysis of eight bioactive compounds in the Ocimum genus.

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A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca (plantain)

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00549-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kamoldeen Abiodun Ajijolakewu ◽

Abiodun Saheed Ayoola ◽

Tariq Oluwakunmi Agbabiaka ◽

Folashade Rahmat Zakariyah ◽

Nike Risikat Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Main Body ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Scientific Justification ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract Background More people—in both developing and developed countries—now use, and are favourably disposed to, traditional medicine. Musa paradisiaca (plantain) is used extensively in traditional medicine across continents. In this review, we investigated the scientific justification of this extensive usage. Main body Generally, several studies validate usage in infectious diseases, but limited antiviral and in vivo reports exist. The mechanistic elicitation of antimicrobial activity has similarly not been ascertained. Contrarily, data abound from rigorous studies on physiological conditions. Activity across categories is tied to the potent phytosterols duo of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol; and the triterpenes viz. cycloeucalenone, 24-methylene-cycloartanol, and 31-norcyclolaudenone; present in plantain. Toxicity studies, while finite, suggest general safety and tolerance. Conclusions Findings in the studies reviewed projects plantain as a veritable source for drug bioprospecting that will be of benefit to scientific research and pharmaceutical industries.

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Phytochemical Benefits of Agroresidues as Alternative Nutritive Dietary Resource for Pig and Poultry Farming

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/1035071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew Achilonu ◽

Karabo Shale ◽

Georgina Arthur ◽

Kuben Naidoo ◽

Michael Mbatha

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Sustainable Growth ◽

World Population ◽

Animal Products ◽

Feed Resources ◽

Livestock Feed ◽

The Common ◽

Bioactive Phytochemicals ◽

Unconventional Feed

The growing world population is challenging the animal products supply system, particularly in developing countries, where demand for meat and milk in 2050 is estimated to increase to 109% and 116%, respectively, amidst deteriorating livestock feed sources. Globally, adequate production and availability of animal feed products to subsistence farmers has been declining due to factors such as global warming, growth in population, and low economic growth. This paper seeks to examine the existing scientific literature on the utilization of some unconventional feed resources, to abate the challenge of feed deficit and thus improve animal nutrition. The use of fruit waste and agricultural farm residues affords alternative, nutritive livestock dietary supplements; it has been proven they contain a spectrum of vital bioactive phytochemicals essential for sustainable growth and development of animals. The biochemical composition of the plant wastes and residues include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and fatty acids, while the common bioactive phytochemicals are polyphenols, alkaloids, carotenoids, and flavonoids, along with tannins, terpenes, and saponins, which play vital roles in reducing disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and free radical-associated diseases. The phytochemicals exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-parasitic and antiprotozoal properties. However, it is important to guard against antinutritive and toxicity levels in animal feed products. The paper concludes that agroresidues’/wastes’ nutritive and therapeutic potential could serve as alternative livestock feed resource, while also acting as additional job and income generator for communities.

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