Utilization of Cumbeba (Tacinga inamoena) Residue: Drying Kinetics and Effect of Process Conditions on Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds

The residue generated from the processing of Tacinga inamoena (cumbeba) fruit pulp represents a large amount of material that is discarded without proper application. Despite that, it is a raw material that is source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which are valued in nutraceutical diets for allegedly combating free radicals generated in metabolism. This research paper presents a study focused on the mathematical modeling of drying kinetics and the effect of the process on the level of bioactive of cumbeba residue. The experiments of cumbeba residue drying (untreated or whole residue (WR), crushed residue (CR) and residue in the form of foam (FR)) were carried out in a fixed-bed dryer at four air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C). Effective water diffusivity (Deff) was determined by the inverse method and its dependence on temperature was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. It was observed that, regardless of the type of pretreatment, the increase in air temperature resulted in higher rate of water removal. The Midilli model showed better simulation of cumbeba residue drying kinetics than the other models tested within the experimental temperature range studied. Effective water diffusivity (Deff) ranged from 6.4890 to 11.1900 × 10−6 m2/s, 2.9285 to 12.754 × 10−9 m2/s and 1.5393 × 10−8 to 12.4270 × 10−6 m2/s with activation energy of 22.3078, 46.7115 and 58.0736 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 50–80 °C obtained for the whole cumbeba, crushed cumbeba and cumbeba residue in the form of foam, respectively. In relation to bioactive compounds, it was observed that for a fixed temperature the whole residue had higher retention of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, whereas the crushed residue and the residue in the form of foam had intermediate and lower levels, respectively. This study provides evidence that cumbeba residue in its whole form can be used for the recovery of natural antioxidant bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, with the possibility of application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Natural Drying of Astringent and Non-Astringent Persimmon “Rojo Brillante”. Drying Kinetics and Physico-Chemical Properties

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 647

Author(s):

Cristina M. González ◽

Rebeca Gil ◽

Gemma Moraga ◽

Alejandra Salvador

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Drying Kinetics ◽

Added Value ◽

Diospyros Kaki ◽

Drying Characteristics ◽

Water Diffusivity ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Drying Treatment ◽

Effective Water ◽

Natural Drying

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) crop has markedly increased in Spain, and “Rojo Brillante” persimmon is the main cultivated variety. This astringent cultivar requires de-astringency treatment before commercialization, which may involve an extra cost. Its short commercial season implies handling large volumes of fruits with consequent postharvest losses. Therefore, the development of derived added-value products is of much interest. In this study, astringent and non-astringent “Rojo Brillante” persimmons were dehydrated by following a natural drying method used in Asia. The drying kinetics and physico-chemical properties were analyzed for 81 days. The results indicated subsequent reductions in weight, water content, and water activity throughout the drying process, and the equatorial diameter decreased. All the employed thin-layer mathematical models were suitable for representing the drying characteristics of both products with similar behavior. The effective water diffusivity values were 5.07 × 10−11 m2 s−1 and 6.07 × 10−11 m2 s−1 for astringent and non-astringent persimmon samples, respectively. The drying treatment significantly decreased the soluble tannins content, and the astringent samples obtained similar values to those obtained for the non-astringent samples in 20 days. The external and internal flesh of the astringent fruit remained orange through the drying period, while brown coloration in the non-astringent fruit was observed after 57 drying days. Therefore, prior de-astringency treatment would not be necessary.

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Obtaining Bioactive Compounds from the Coffee Husk (Coffea arabica L.) Using Different Extraction Methods

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26010046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Mariana de Oliveira Silva ◽

John Nonvignon Bossis Honfoga ◽

Lorena Lucena de Medeiros ◽

Marta Suely Madruga ◽

Taliana Kênia Alencar Bezerra

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Water Bath ◽

Raw Material ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Ethanol Mixture ◽

Coffee Husk ◽

Coffea Arabica L

Coffee husks (Coffea arabica L.) are characterized by exhibiting secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, which can be used as raw material for obtaining bioactive compounds of interest in food. The objective of this study is to evaluate different methods for obtaining the raw material and extracting solutions of bioactive compounds from coffee husks. Water bath and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were used, using water (100%) or ethanol (100%) or a mixture of both (1:1) as extracting solutions and the form of the raw material was in natura and dehydrated. The extracts were evaluated by their antioxidant potential using DPPH radicals, ABTS, and iron reduction (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), and later total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified the phenolic majority compounds were identified. It was verified that the mixture of water and ethanol (1:1) showed better extraction capacity of the compounds with antioxidant activity and that both conventional (water bath) or unconventional (ultrasound) methods showed satisfactory results. Finally, a satisfactory amount of bioactive compounds was observed in evaluating the chemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, as well as the analysis of the phenolic profile) of these extracts. Corroborating with the results of the antioxidant activities, the best extracting solution was generally the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) using a dehydrated husk and water bath as the best method, presenting higher levels of the bioactive compounds in question, with an emphasis on chlorogenic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of coffee husk as raw material to obtain extracts of bioactive compounds is promising. Last, the conventional method (water bath) and the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) stood out among the methods and extracting solutions used for the dehydrated coffee husk.

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Characterization of functional components flour epicarp papaya (Carica papaya L) as a source of natural pigments

Respuestas ◽

10.22463/0122820x.1829 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 39-48

Author(s):

Viviana Andrea Velasco Arango ◽

John Edwin Sotelo Barbosa ◽

Luis Eduardo Ordoñez Santos ◽

José Igor Hleap Zapata

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Natural Pigments ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Functional Components

Papaya (Carica papaya L) is some fruit rich in antioxidants and an important source for obtaining bioactive compounds. Its production, worldwide for the year 2017, was 13.3 million tons. In its industrial processing is obtained approximately between 15 and 20%, in relation to the weight of the fruit, of husks or epicarp, which are likely to be used in order to obtain organic compounds such as carotenoids and polyphenols, among others, contributing, in addition, to mitigate the effects on the environment, since generally, these shells are thrown into landfills of solid waste, generating serious problems of environmental pollution. The objective of this research was to characterize physicochemically the carotenoid pigments obtained from the papaya epicarp. A papaya epicarp flour was processed and it was determined, both in it and in the fresh epicarp, pH, titratable acidity, moisture content and dry matter. Likewise, the carotenoid content, the antioxidant activity and the content of phenolic compounds were determined. The results showed high values for physicochemical parameters. The content of carotenoid compounds for the fractions of β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, Zeaxanthin and lycopene ranged between 8,587 and 4,070 mg/100g of epicarp, with the highest value corresponding to β-cryptoxanthin and the lowest value the lycopene fraction. The antioxidant activity, expressed as inhibition of the DPPH radical, gave a value of 58.77 ± 3.038 IC50 mg/ml. The content of phenolic compounds measured in mg of gallic acid equivalents/g gave a result of 24.948 ± 0.728. The data obtained allow us to conclude that said flour can be used as a source of bioactive compounds and natural pigments both in the food industry and in the technical and pharmaceutical industries.

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Berries and Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.: A Source of Phenolic Compounds

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11020147 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 147

Author(s):

Laima Česonienė ◽

Paulina Štreimikytė ◽

Mindaugas Liaudanskas ◽

Vaidotas Žvikas ◽

Pranas Viškelis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Content ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Raw Material ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Berries of Actinidia kolomikta (A. kolomikta) are known for high ascorbic acid content, but the diversity of phenolic compounds has been little studied. The present research aimed to investigate phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of twelve A. kolomikta cultivars. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used to determine differences among cultivars in the quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH• free radical scavenging and CUPRAC methods. In the present study, 13 phenolic compounds were detected in berries, whereas leaves contained 17 phenolic compounds. Flavonols were the primary class found in both berries and leaves; other identified phenolic compounds were flavan-3-ols, flavones and, phenolic acids; and dihydrochalcone phloridzin was identified in the leaves. The amount and variety of phenolic compounds in berries and leaves and antioxidant activity were found to be cultivar-dependent. The highest total content of phenolic compounds was found in the leaves of the cultivar ‘Aromatnaja’ and in the berries of the cultivar ‘VIR-2’. Results of this study have confirmed that berries and leaves of A. kolomikta could be a valuable raw material for both food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Annona muricata By-Products and Pulp

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24050904 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 904 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gabriela Aguilar-Hernández ◽

María García-Magaña ◽

María Vivar-Vera ◽

Sonia Sáyago-Ayerdi ◽

Jorge Sánchez-Burgos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Total Polyphenols ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Conventional Extraction ◽

By Products

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is widely used; however, the efficiency of extraction depends on the raw materials. Therefore, optimization of UAE must be investigated for each type of plant material. By-products from soursop fruit have not been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the optimization of UAE conditions (extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), pulse cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s), and sonication amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%)) for the extraction of phenolic compounds (soluble, hydrolyzable, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols) from soursop by-products (seed, peel, and columella) and pulp was evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for UAE to obtain the highest total polyphenol content from by-products and pulp was dependent on the raw material. Peel resulted in the highest content of total polyphenols (187.32 mg/g dry matter [DM]) followed by columella (164.14 mg/g DM), seed (36.15 mg/g DM), and pulp (33.24 mg/g DM). The yield of polyphenolic content from peel and columella obtained with UAE was higher (32–37%) than conventional extraction for 2 h under stirring (14–16%). The contents of gallic acid (0.36–15.86 µg/g DM), coumaric acid (0.07–1.37 µg/g DM), and chlorogenic acid (9.18–32.67 µg/g DM) in the different parts of the fruit were higher in the extracts obtained by UAE compared with a conventional extraction method (0.08–0.61, 0.05–0.08, 3.15–13.08 µg/g DM, respectively), although it was dependent on the raw materials. Soursop by-products can be functionally important if they are used to extract bioactive compounds by UAE; a technology with high potential for commercial extraction on a large scale.

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Composition of phenolic compounds in gasification wastewater

10.21203/rs.3.rs-94997/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

zhao yuan

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Total Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Low Grade ◽

Distillation Range ◽

Range Analysis

Abstract The crude phenol was used as raw material, which was extracted by organic solvent from wastewater of typical fixed bed gasification process. The distillation range of raw materials was analyzed. According to the results of distillation range analysis, the wide and narrow fractions of raw materials were cut by using real boiling point distillation device. The method of derivatization pretreatment combined with gas chromatography external standard was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in different fractions. The results showed that the yield of the fraction below 290 ℃ was 68.50% (mass fraction), in which 33 kinds of effective phenolic compounds could be identified, and the total amount of identified phenols was nearly 80%. The content of eight phenolic compounds was relatively high, among which the content of phenol was the highest (26.34%) , followed by catechol 13.44%. Among these phenolic compounds, the content of the remaining six phenols ranged from 4 to 8%, the total content of m-cresol and p-cresol was more than 12%, and the content of 5-indenol was nearly 8%. The yield of the fraction rich in low-grade phenol below 230 ℃ was 35.40%, in which the content of phenol was more than 40%, the total content of cresol was more than 23%, and the total content of m-cresol and p-cresol was nearly 20%. At room temperature, the fractions of 235 ~ 245 ℃ and 245 ~ 260 ℃ were white crystals, in which catechol content was about 50%, and 5-indenol content was more than 10%. The content of these two phenolic compounds with high added value was low in typical coal tar, so it was difficult to extract them. However, they could be enriched in gasification wastewater by water selection due to their strong polarity and good water solubility, which made it possible for them to be further extracted.

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Lovage (Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch) Roots: A Source of Bioactive Compounds towards a Circular Economy

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources9070081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Rafael Mascoloti Spréa ◽

Ângela Fernandes ◽

Tiane C. Finimundy ◽

Carla Pereira ◽

Maria José Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Hydroethanolic Extract ◽

First Time

Lovage (Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch) is an aromatic plant from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family used as a condiment in several regions of Europe and also described to have medicinal properties. While the aerial parts are used as foods, the roots are generally discarded. In the past, lovage roots were used in folk medicine for their diuretic, carminative, and spasmolytic properties. Therefore, the exploitation of this undervalued part of the plant can be a source of valuable bioactive compounds for food and/or pharmaceutical industries. Thus, in this study, extracts of different polarity were prepared and studied regarding their chemical composition and bioactive properties. To the best of our knowledge, the composition in phenolic compounds and the volatile profile of the n-hexane extract are reported for the first time. A total of 24 compounds were identified by GC-MS in the n-hexane extract, evidencing a high relative abundance of phthalides. A total of eight phenolic compounds were identified in lovage root extracts (decoction and hydroethanolic extract), with vanillic acid being the major compound. Regarding antioxidant activity, also reported for the first time, decoction and hydroethanolic extract exhibited a high antioxidant capacity in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (179 ± 11 μg/mL) and in oxidative hemolysis (OxHLIA) assays (510 ± 6 μg/mL), respectively. n-Hexane extract showed relevant anti-proliferative activity against all tumor cell lines tested (GI50, 48–69 μg/mL), despite inhibiting also the growth of a non-tumoral hepatocyte cell line, however, presenting a significantly higher GI50 value (147 μg/mL). This study revealed that lovage root, an agri-food residue, can be a source of valuable bioactive compounds also presenting biological properties that deserve being explored, which could lead to a circular economy for food and/or the pharmaceutical industry.

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Wine Lees as a Source of Antioxidant Compounds

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8020045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

María José Jara-Palacios

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Natural Source ◽

Raw Material ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Phenolic Composition ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

The winemaking industry produces large amount of byproducts, including grape pomace, stalks, and lees. Wine lees are a natural source of phenolic compounds, which have important antioxidant and biological properties. Due to the high quantities produced worldwide, this byproduct can be an ideal raw material for obtaining phenolic compounds that could be of interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this mini review, the main characteristics of wine lees as well as their phenolic composition and antioxidant activity have been summarized from the information in the literature.

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Cytoand histochemical studies of the lichen Evernia prunastri (D.) Ach. of the Asteraceae family in vitro culture

Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation ◽

10.36305/2712-7788-2021-2-159-37-47 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 37-47

Author(s):

L. M. Teplitskaya ◽

E. F. Semyonova ◽

E. P. Kiriakidi

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

In Vitro Cultivation ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Evernia Prunastri ◽

Active Growth ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

The most demanded raw material among lichens for perfumery, cosmetic, essential oil and pharmaceutical industries are dried thalli of Evernia prunastri . Populations of this species in Crimea are limited, and harvests of this plant significantly reduce natural resources. Biotechnology methods can solve the problem of year-round supply of raw materials for technological processes, as well as the preservation of natural reserves of E. prunastri in nature. Therefore, it is relevant to develop lichen technologies under controlled conditions, which make it possible to intensify the processes of accumulation of biomass and biologically active compounds in it produced by phyco- and mycobionts. In the process of in vitro cultivation, morphological, cyto- and histochemical analysis of cells and tissues of E. prunastri lichen was carried out: Comparative morphometric characteristics of mycobiont and phycobiont cells in vitro and the initial material were given. The accumulation and localization of: mucus, phenolic compounds, starch and glycogen, lipids and essential oils has been studied. It has been shown that the accumulation of reserve polysaccharides during the development of a lichen: starch and glycogen, as well as other nutrients, such as lipids, and substances of secondary synthesis, in particular, essential oil, is associated with an intensive increase in the biomass of lichen. However, the high content of mucus and phenolic compounds in cells does not promote active growth and indicates aging of culture cells. It was revealed that the qualitative composition of the alcoholic extract of lichen grown in culture corresponds to the composition of natural lichen. This information obtained can be used in the development of biotechnology for the cultivation of E. prunastri and its bionts.

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Composition of phenolic compounds in wastewater from the fixed-bed gasification of Baishihu coal

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology ◽

10.1007/s40789-021-00425-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Zhao

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Coal Tar ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Value Added ◽

Total Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

Distillation Range ◽

Range Analysis

AbstractCrude phenols extracted using organic solvent from the wastewater of a typical fixed-bed gasification process was used as a raw material, and the distillation range was analyzed. The wide and narrow fractions of the raw material derived from distillation range analysis were cut using a real boiling point distillation device. The phenolic compounds in the different fractions were then qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography after derivatization pretreatment. The yield of the < 290 °C fraction was 68.50% (mass fraction). A total of 33 effective phenolic compounds were identified in this fraction, and the percentage of identified phenols was nearly 80%. The contents of eight phenolic compounds were high, with phenol being the most abundant (26.34%) followed by catechol (13.44%). The contents of the remaining six abundant phenols ranged from 4% to 8%. The sum of the contents of m-cresol and p-cresol exceeded 12%, and the content of 5-indenol was nearly 8%. The yield of the fraction rich in low-grade phenols (< 230 °C) was 35.40%. The content of phenol in this fraction was more than 40%, the total content of cresol was over 23%, and the total content of m-cresol and p-cresol was nearly 20%. At room temperature, the 235–245 °C and 245–260 °C fractions were white crystals in which the catechol content was approximately 50%, and the 5-indenol content was more than 10%. The contents of these two high-value-added phenolic compounds are low in typical coal tar, making them difficult to extract. However, due to their strong polarity and good water solubility, catechol and 5-indenol are enriched in gasification wastewater by water selection, allowing their further extraction.

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