Assessment of new-onset depression and anxiety associated with COVID-19

Abstract Background Psychological disorders are common among individuals who experienced COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that females report higher depression and anxiety than males. The present study aims to test the differences in depression and anxiety between males and females who have experienced COVID-19. This a descriptive, observational, comparative study, among Saudi Arabian population. A total of 686 participants have been recruited. Participants completed an online questionnaire that contains questions about sociodemographic, COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure anxiety and depression, respectively. Results Twenty-six percent of the participants were excluded and our final sample consisted of 507 participants (median age 23; 65% females). Of the final sample, 23% (118) have been previously diagnosed with COVID-19. There is no significant difference in GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores between COVID-19- positive and COVID-19-negative populations. However, females who have experienced COVID-19 reported significantly higher GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores compared to males. Conclusion The results of our study show that females are significantly at a higher risk for depression and anxiety as a result of COVID-19 infection compared to males. Further epidemiological studies are required for a better understanding of this correlation.

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MENTAL ILL-HEALTH AND HEART FAILURE COMORBIDITY

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i4.34931 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

MARIAM AHMED ◽

HANA MORRISSEY ◽

PATRICK ANTHONY BALL

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Disease Modification ◽

Patient Health ◽

The Cost ◽

Adherence To Therapy

This review aims to understand the co-existence of mental ill-health and heart failure and if this comorbidity affects patient self-care motivation and overall health outcomes. Databases searched were; PubMed®, Google® scholar and Science Direct® for studies related to heart failure, heart failure and mental health, depression and anxiety. Eleven articles were identified and reviewed. There were two studies disagreed with the theory that the mental ill-health and heart failure has disease modification and worsen patient health outcomes, three studies concluded that only anxiety has effect, five studies concluded that both anxiety and depression have effect, six studies concluded that depression only has effect but all eleven stated that more research is required. Recent theories on depression and cardiovascular disease comorbidity and the effect mental ill-health have on medication adherence in heart failure patients was discussed. People with long-term physical illnesses may suffer further complications to their health if they develop mental illness; increasing the cost of their care by an average of 45%, however, in the majority of these cases, the mental issues neither diagnosed nor treated. This review explored the link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mental ill health; and how comorbidity of the two conditions affects patients’ adherence to therapy behaviour. It was concluded that while the link between mental ill health and heart failure (HF) is recognized, studies that may be used as a basis of evidence to confirm this link are scarce.

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The Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 for Pregnant Women

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17207583 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (20) ◽

pp. 7583

Author(s):

María de la Fe Rodríguez-Muñoz ◽

Natalia Ruiz-Segovia ◽

Cristina Soto-Balbuena ◽

Huynh-Nhu Le ◽

María Eugenia Olivares-Crespo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Antenatal Depression ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Self Report ◽

Patient Health Questionnaire ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Patient Health

Background: Perinatal anxiety and depression are common complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the item characteristics, reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and to determine the associations between scale scores and sociodemographic factors in a sample of pregnant women from Spain. Method: A total of 845 pregnant women were recruited from two public hospitals in Spain between 2014 and 2016. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-4, including the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and scale inter-correlations between the PHQ-4 and PHQ-9 revealed that the PHQ-4 has a bivariate structure and adequately assesses the dimensions of antenatal anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for depression and anxiety during pregnancy. The PHQ-4 is an ultra-brief measure that can be used to screen for antenatal depression and anxiety to prevent the negative consequences associated with these mental health conditions among mothers and infants.

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Gender-Related Perceptions and Stress, Anxiety, and Depression on the Flight Deck

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000058 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert O. Walton ◽

P. Michael Politano

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Workplace Stress ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Measuring Instruments ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Measurement Instruments ◽

Gender Attitude ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Negative Perceptions ◽

Flight Deck

This study explored gender-related perceptions among male and female pilots and the extent to which such perceptions may cause workplace stress, anxiety, or depression which may affect female pilots. This study utilized two measuring instruments on a sample that consisted of 83 pilots. The two measurement instruments used where the Aviation Gender Attitude Questionnaire (AGAQ) to measure gender bias and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) to measure stress, depression, and anxiety among female pilots. There was a significant difference found between men and women across all AGAQ factors. While the results of this study concurred with research that suggests that female pilots are at greater risk for negative perceptions and sexism by male pilots, the results did not indicate any greater degrees of depression, stress, or anxiety in women as compared with their male counterparts.

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Anxiety and Depression Among Adult Tobacco Users During the COVID-19 Restrictions in India.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-806234/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shalini Bassi ◽

Gaurang P. Nazar ◽

Nishigandha Joshi ◽

Nitika Sharma ◽

Aishwarya Pandian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Tobacco Cessation ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Easy Access ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Indian Government ◽

Patient Health ◽

Indian Cities

Abstract Background The world witnessed a highly contagious and deadly disease, COVID-19, towards the end of 2019. India is one of the worst affected countries. We aimed to assess anxiety and depression levels among adult tobacco users and people who recently quit tobacco during COVID − 19 lockdown in India. Methods The study was conducted across two Indian cities, Delhi and Chennai (July-August, 2020) among adult tobacco users (n = 801). Telephonic interviews were conducted using validated mental health tools (Patient Health Questionnaire-PHQ-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD-7) to assess the anxiety and depression levels of the participants. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to study the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety. Results We found that 20.6% of tobacco users had depression symptoms (3.9% moderate to severe); 20.7% had anxiety symptoms (3.8% moderate to severe). Risk factors associated with depression and anxiety included food, housing, and financial insecurity. Conclusion During COVID-19 lockdown, mental health of tobacco users (primarily women) was associated with food, housing and financial insecurity. The Indian Government rightly initiated several health, social and economic measures to shield the most vulnerable from COVID-19, including a ban on the sale of tobacco products. It is also necessary to prioritize easy access to tobacco cessation and mental health services to such vulnerable populations during pandemic situations.

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Assessing the Impact of Social Media Use on Everyday Emotion in Health Crises: A Study of International Students in China during COVID-19

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9081011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1011

Author(s):

Ebenezer Larnyo ◽

Baozhen Dai ◽

Jonathan Aseye Nutakor ◽

Sabina Ampon-Wireko ◽

Ruth Appiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

International Students ◽

Media Use ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Social Media Use ◽

The Everyday ◽

Patient Health ◽

Path Modelling ◽

The Impact

Social media has become a valuable tool in providing an opportunity to stay in touch with one’s social networks, providing reassurance and practical advice to individuals to pre-empt panic and rumors in COVID-19. However, the implications of social media use on the everyday emotion (anxiety and depression) of users especially, international students, are not well understood. Thus, this study sought to examine the impact of social media use on the everyday emotion of international students in China during COVID-19. Using a structured online questionnaire based on modified questions from the generalized anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and social media use instruments, data were collected from 480 participants. Of the total responses received, 474 were further analyzed employing the Partial Least Squares Path Modelling (PLS-PM). This study showed a significant positive relationship between social media use and everyday emotion (B = 0.34, 95% CI (0.26, 0.44)). Additionally, self-rated anxiety and depression associated with social media use among international students were generally mild (n = 249, 52.50% and n = 350, 73.80%, respectively). Moderating effects revealed that age and sex do not significantly moderate the relationship between social media use and everyday emotion in COVID-19. Given the nature of social media among international students, who are also prone to suffering from anxiety and depression associated with social media use, the positive effect of social media use and everyday emotion, especially in COVID-19, has important implications for international students’ education stakeholders. Thus, gaining a deeper understanding of this relationship could enable them to harness social media and use it as a valuable tool to overcome the social distancing constraints in COVID-19.

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Prevalence of anxiety and depression among domestic and foreign medical students in Poland

Polish Annals of Medicine ◽

10.29089/2020.20.00125 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aneta Anna Jaroszewska ◽

Szymon Tyras ◽

Martyna Dziewit ◽

Joanna Jaroszewska ◽

Katarzyna Podhorodecka

Keyword(s):

Medical Student ◽

Medical Students ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Study Groups ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Student Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Depression Disorders

Introduction: Depression and anxiety disorders are much more common among medical students than in the general population. Due to additional risk factors, foreign students may be particularly vulnerable. Despite this, there is still an insufficient number of studies analyzing the prevalence of mental disorders among foreign medical students, especially in Poland. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders between domestic and foreign medical students in Poland. Material and methods: An anonymous internet survey containing questions about socio-demography and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire was distributed among students. Based on the field of study and country of origin, participants were divided into 3 groups – Polish medical student group (PMG, n = 214); foreign medical student group (FMG, n = 59) and control group, which were Polish students of other faculties (CG, n = 476). The study groups were compared using the χ2 test. Results and discussion: The prevalence of depression disorders was 30%, 31% and 28% (PMG, FMG and CG, respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between the study groups (P = 0.77). The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 57%, 90% and 59% (PMG, FMG and CG, respectively). Anxiety disorders were more common among FMG as compared to PMG and CG (P < 0.01 in both cases). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students in Poland is high. Foreign medical students appear to be particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders.

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Depression and Anxiety Among Men Undergoing ART Treatment

10.21203/rs.3.rs-474654/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhangshun Liu ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Hongfang Shao ◽

Mian Huo ◽

Jie Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prospective Study ◽

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Clinical Pregnancy ◽

Clinical Pregnancy Rate ◽

The Self ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Self Rating ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Objective: This prospective longitudinal study aimed at assessing the psychological status, especially depression and anxiety across different phases of ART treatments in subfertile men. Methods: During January 2016 to December 2018, 1248 fertile couples were recruited to participate in the prospective study. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate the presence of mental health problems in both husbands and wives at the day of initiation, oocyte retrieval and embryo transplantation respectively. Clinical pregnancy is defined as the presence of at least one intrauterine gestational sac with ultrasound assessment after a positive human chorionic gonadotropin assessment.Results: In total, 1248 infertile couples undergoing ART treatment participated in this prospective study. The clinical pregnancy rate was 42.4% in this study. The subject with SAS score ≥ 50 was classified as anxiety and SDS ≥ 53 as depression. The incidence of male anxiety and depression in the three assessment points in pregnant group were 8.48%, 8.07%, 8.07% and 9.04%, 8.90%, 10.71% respectively; In the nonpregnant group, the corresponding data were 9.75%, 6.05%, 10.02% and 6.43%, 6.99%, 9.07% respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusions: Although the SAS and SDS scores were higher in the nonpregnant group than those in the pregnant group, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of anxiety and depression between the two groups, and we concluded that male anxiety and depression are not closely associated with the ART clinical pregnancy rate.

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Chinese College Students' Stress and Anxiety Levels Under COVID-19

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.615390 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Huali Zhan ◽

Chunmei Zheng ◽

Xianqin Zhang ◽

Meng Yang ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Principal Component ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Negative Experience ◽

Chinese College Students ◽

R Language ◽

Patient Health ◽

Returning To School

The outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019 has had a significant impact on people. While attention is paid to the immense physical harm it has caused, the psychological impact should not be underestimated. The main purpose of this study was to explore the stress, anxiety, and depression levels of different groups of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online questionnaire survey of college students by using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9), and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). A total of 1,586 questionnaires were collected and analyzed in R language. The results showed that students with moderate to severe stress (PSS-10 ≥ 14) accounted for 67.50%; the detection rate of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) reached 43.77%; and 20.60% of students had anxiety (SAS standard score ≥ 50). There were significant differences in PSS-10/SAS among different genders, majors, whether returning to school or not, and those with different psychological experiences (negative or positive, P < 0.05). It is notable that the median of female, medical student, non-resumption of schooling, and negative experience was higher than that of positive experience (P < 0.05). The results of principal component analysis showed that there were significant differences in PHQ-9, PSS-10, and SAS between the resumption of schooling group and the non-resumption group. Therefore, it is inferred that the stress and anxiety level of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic is generally high, especially for those who have not yet resumed school. Long-term negative emotions can easily lead to serious mental diseases such as cognitive impairment. Education departments should attach great importance to the mental health of college students, and it is necessary to provide precise psychological interventions for groups experiencing greater pressure levels and marked anxiety and depression.

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Lack of gender differences in familial schizophrenia

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0790966700003323 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 128-131

Author(s):

Bernadette M Murphy ◽

John G Burke ◽

Joseph C Bray ◽

Dermot Walsh ◽

Kenneth S Kendler

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Gender Effects ◽

Final Sample ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Difference

AbstractObjective: Gender appears to have a significant impact on the prevalence, age at onset, symptoms and outcome of schizophrenia. This study examines gender effects in a population of familial schizophrenic patients in Ireland.Method: Families with two or more siblings suffering from schizophrenia, as defined by DSM-III-R were ascertained in Ireland. The final sample comprised 169 siblings from 80 families. Siblings were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Strauss-Carpenter Levels of Functioning Scale. The difference between males and females for various clinical features were calculated.Result: There was a marked excess of affected males (65% male and 35% female). When the excess of male subjects was taken into account there was no significant excess of same-sex as compared to opposite-sex pairs. There were no significant difference between males and females for age at onset, age at first admission, symptoms or level of outcome.Conclusion: The excess of males and the lack of gender differences for clinical features found in this study may, in part, be due to the narrow diagnostic criteria used. Alternatively, at least some of these findings may be specific to this Irish sample. Further research is a need to see if these findings can be replicated in other countries.

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THE DETERMINATION OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY LEVEL IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Pakistan Heart Journal ◽

10.47144/phj.v54i1.2065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Pelin İlhan ◽

Sıdıka Oğuz

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Chronic Heart Failure ◽

Nyha Class ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anxiety Levels

Objective: This study was planned to assess the depression and anxiety level in individuals with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in a training and research hospital in Istanbul. The population of the study consisted of patients with CHF who stayed in the cardiology and internal medicine clinics between the months of March and June 2017. One hundred consecutive patients of CHF were included in the study. The "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" (HAD) was used to assess the anxiety and depression level of the patients and other demographic and exploratory variables data was collected on a questionnaire. Results: The anxiety and depression was found in 62% and 84%, CHF patients respectively. The anxiety levels were found to be high in the individuals with no social insurance, females, primary school graduates and housewives. Also, the depression levels of the cases whose duration of disease was longer were found to be high. The anxiety levels were found to be high in the individuals with DM, with NYHA class 3-4, using diuretic and performing salt restrictions. There was no statistically significant difference between both subscales in patients with hypertension, using beta blockers or anticoagulants, and exercising. Conclusion: In our study both anxiety and depression are found to be common in patients with CHF.

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