scholarly journals Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Heather Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid

BackgroundIncreasing prevalence of recreational cannabis use among the young population has stimulated debate on the possible effects of acute and long-term use.AimsTo highlight recent knowledge of mechanisms of action, effects on psychomotor and cognitive performance, and health risks associated with cannabis consumption.MethodA brief review of recent literature on the prevalence of recreational cannabis use, the potency of modern cannabis preparations and the pharmacological actions of cannabis.ResultsCannabinoids derived from herbal cannabis interact with endogenous cannabinoid systems in the body. Actions on specific brain receptors cause dose-related impairments of psychomotor performance with implications for car and train driving, aeroplane piloting and academic performance. Other constituents of cannabis smoke carry respiratory and cardiovascular health risks similar to those of tobacco smoke.ConclusionsCannabis is not, as widely perceived, a harmless drug but poses risks to the individual and to society.

WHAT ANATOMIC FEATURES GOVERN PERSONAL LONG-TERM HEALTH RISKS FROM BREAST CANCER RADIOTHERAPY?

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Pavel Kundrát ◽  
Cristoforo Simonetto ◽  
Markus Eidemüller ◽  
Julia Remmele ◽  
Hannes Rennau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Radiotherapy ◽  
Breast Cancer Radiotherapy ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Risk Variability ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Breast cancer radiotherapy may in the long term lead to radiation-induced secondary cancer or heart disease. These health risks hugely vary among patients, partially due to anatomy-driven differences in doses deposited to the heart, ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast. We identify four anatomic features that largely cover these dosimetric variations to enable personalized risk estimates. For three exemplary, very different risk scenarios, the given parameter set reproduces 63–74% of the individual risk variability for left-sided breast cancer patients. These anatomic features will be used in the PASSOS software to support decision processes in breast-cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Influencia del estrés en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer. // Stress influence in Alzheimer’s disease

Ciencia Unemi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Maria Alejandra Vallejo-Johnson ◽  
Patricia Marcial-Velastegui
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stress Influences ◽  
The Brain

Existen diversos estudios que proponen las causas de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), las cuales pueden ser: biológicas, genéticas, cronológicas y ambientales, dentro de ésta última se encuentra el estrés como una influencia para el inicio de dicha patología. Según las distintas teorías del estrés, el sujeto, al encontrarse frente a una situación estresante, sufre diversos cambios en su cuerpo para sobrellevar dicho acontecimiento. El cerebro es el encargado de poner al cuerpo en alerta y en marcha para actuar frente a dicho cambio. El estrés prolongado conlleva a alteraciones en las vías cerebrales, específicamente un daño neuronal del hipocampo, el cual es el encargado de los recuerdos y memoria. Éste al verse afectado, repercute en la memoria del sujeto y por lo tanto empieza a fallar; el sujeto se ve en la incapacidad para recordar y realizar distintas actividades rutinarias. Mediante la investigación documental y encuestas a profesionales de la salud, se obtuvo información tanto del estrés como de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer para luego concluir en la influencia del mismo en el origen de la enfermedad. Se concluye que el estrés perenne repercute en la muerte de neuronas del hipocampo lo que conlleva a la EA. AbstractThere are different studies that propose that the causes of Alzheimer might be biological, genetic, chronological and environmental. Within the environmental aspects, the stress influences the beginning of this pathology. There are several studies that propose the causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can be: biological, genetic, chronological and environmental, within the latter is the stress that influences the beginning of this pathology. According to different theories of stress, the individual, while facing a stressful situation, experiences many changes in the body in order to deal with this situation. The brain is in charge of alerting the body to protect itself against that change. The long-term stress alters the brain pathways, producing specifically a neuronal damage in the hippocampus that is responsible for memories and memory. This affects memory and therefore individual begins to fail, and then, the person cannot remember how to do the daily routine. Through bibliographical research and surveys applied to healthcare professionals, information was obtained on both stress and Alzheimer's disease to establish the influence of that condition on the disease. The study concludes that long-term stress affects the death of neurons in the hippocampus, which leads to AD.

Abstract P002: Long Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Health

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Singh ◽  
Courtney Pilkerton ◽  
Adam Christian ◽  
Thomas K Bias ◽  
Stephanie J Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
The Individual

BACKGROUND: Although the link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease has been controversial in recent decades, it remains a top global health concern. Most studies have assessed only the relationship between pollutant concentrations and morbidity or mortality in populous cities. In this study, we investigated the association of long term exposure to major air pollutants with current cardiovascular health. This outcome was a measure of health rather than disease, as measured by the Cardiovascular Health Index (CVHI) developed by the American Heart Association. METHODS: We analyzed 2011 data from 3007 counties across the US using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Area Health Resources File. Air Quality Index (AQI) for five major pollutants from 2001-2011; Ozone, Sulfur dioxide and Carbon monoxide and Fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter of 10 and ≤2.5 μm) were obtained from the EPA Air Quality System database. Categories were based on the 11-year average pollutant AQI level and using Jenks optimization method; persistently good, variant and persistently bad. Associations between categories and the mean CVHI were evaluated using Poisson regression models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status at the individual and population level. RESULTS: PM2.5 was most frequently measured (938 counties) and carbon monoxide least frequently (224 counties). Correlations between pollutants were moderate and significant (p<0.0001), ranging from r=0.30 between CO and Oz to r=0.52 between SD and PM2.5. Four pollutants had 11-year average AQI levels significantly associated with increased mean CVHI score of individuals. Living in a county categorized as ‘persistently good’ or ‘variant’ AQI levels for ozone is significantly associated with an estimated 3% increase in CVHI (95% CI 0.1% - 5.0%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. In addition, living in a county of only ‘persistently good’ AQI levels for PM2.5 is significantly associated with an estimated 5% increase in CVHI (95% CI 3% - 9%) as compared to living in a county of ‘persistently bad’ AQI levels. Inverse relationships existed for both PM10 and carbon monoxide. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to tease apart the independent effects of individual air pollutants on health as humans are exposed to a mixture of gases. However we have shown that at the individual level, there is an association between long term exposure to air pollution and its effects on current cardiovascular health. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects exist at varying levels of subject characteristics.

Equine obesity and the role of the veterinary nurse

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
Clarissa Seeley ◽  
Stella Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Condition Scoring ◽  
Client Education ◽  
Inherent Problem ◽  
Equine Obesity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Equine obesity is defined as a medical disease in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it has an adverse effect on the general health of the horse. Obesity is a cause for concern, with one-third of the equine population in the UK being regarded as obese, although owner recognition of obesity in horses is an inherent problem, with many underestimating the body condition or weight of their horse. This is further complicated by the fact that with larger framed horses, or horses that are already overweight, assessing body condition is more difficult. There are a number of ways to assess body condition and the most practical means of regular assessment is body condition scoring, although this is regarded as subjective. As with many diseases and disorders, the cause of obesity is multifactorial. However, the most common reason for a horse to become obese is overfeeding, coupled with a lack of exercise. Obesity can be addressed with client education and veterinary nurses can provide advice on weight management programmes. However, these need to be tailored to the individual horse and owners need to recognise that they are entering into a long-term commitment.

scholarly journals Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Case Report of Cyclic Severe Hyperemesis and Abdominal Pain with Long-Term Cannabis Use

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hermes-Laufer ◽  
Lola Del Puppo ◽  
Ihsan Inan ◽  
François-Xavier Troillet ◽  
Omar Kherad
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Case Report ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Severe Nausea ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome

Introduction.Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a rare condition that includes cyclic severe vomiting in subjects who have been consuming large doses of cannabis for several years. One of the major diagnostic criteria is the alleviation of symptoms by hot showers. The syndrome was first described in 2004 and is so far neither completely understood nor well known. The latter leads to continued morbidity in concerned subjects and unnecessary expenses for futile investigations. Standard treatments of vomiting as 5-HT3 or D2-receptor antagonists have been shown to be ineffective in alleviating the symptoms. The only long-term satisfying treatment option is the complete abstinence from cannabis consumption.Case Summary.In this case report we describe a 26-year-old male Caucasian long-term cannabis consumer who repeatedly presented in our emergency room with cyclic severe nausea and vomiting ceased by hot showers and resistant to all other treatments. The final diagnosis was not established until his third visit to the ER.Conclusion.CHS is an important differential diagnosis in patients who present with cyclic vomiting and abdominal pain with a history of long-term cannabis use. Recognition of this syndrome is important in order to avoid unnecessary clinical testing and to help the patients break the cycle of drug use.

scholarly journals A Synchronized Multi-Unit Wireless Platform for Long-Term Activity Monitoring

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Coviello ◽  
Gianfranco Avitabile ◽  
Antonello Florio
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Synchronization Problem ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Android App ◽  
The Individual

One of the objectives of the medicine is to modify patients’ ways of living. In this context, a key role is played by the diagnosis. When dealing with acquisition systems consisting of multiple wireless devices located in different parts of the body, it becomes fundamental to ensure synchronization between the individual units. This task is truly a challenge, so one aims to limit the complexity of the calculation and ensure long periods of operation. In fact, in the absence of synchronization, it is impossible to relate all the measurements coming from the different subsystems on a single time scale for the extraction of complex characteristics. In this paper, we first analyze in detail all the possible causes that lead to have a system that is not synchronous and therefore not usable. Then, we propose a firmware implementation strategy and a simple but effective protocol that guarantees perfect synchrony between the devices while keeping computational complexity low. The employed network has a star topology with a master/slave architecture. In this paper a new approach to the synchronization problem is introduced to guarantee a precise but not necessarily accurate synchronization between the units. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, a platform consisting of two different types of units has been designed and built. In particular, a nine Degrees of Freedom (DoF) Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is used in one unit while a nine-DoF IMU and all circuits for the analysis of the superficial Electromyography (sEMG) are present on the other unit. The system is completed by an Android app that acts as a user interface for starting and stopping the logging operations. The paper experimentally demonstrates that the proposed solution overcomes all the limits set out and it guarantees perfect synchronization of the single measurement, even during long-duration acquisitions. In fact, a less than 30 μ s time mismatch has been registered for a 24 h test, and the possibility to perform complex post-processing on the acquired data with a simple and effective system has been proven.

scholarly journals Gaps in evidence for the use of medically authorized cannabis: Ontario and Alberta, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerina Lee ◽  
Jessica M. Round ◽  
Scott Klarenbach ◽  
John G. Hanlon ◽  
Elaine Hyshka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Treatment Benefits ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background With legal access to medical cannabis in Canada since 2001, there is a need to fully characterize its use at both the individual and population levels. We draw on data from Canada’s largest cohort study of medical cannabis to identify the primary reasons for medical cannabis authorization in Canada from 2014 to 2019 in two major provinces: Alberta (AB) and Ontario (ON), and review the extent that evidence supports each indication. Methods Self-reported baseline assessments were collected from adult patients in ON (n = 61,835) and AB (n = 3410) who were authorized medical cannabis. At baseline, sociodemographic, primary medical information, and validated clinical questionnaires were completed by patients as part of an individual assessment. Patients’ reasons for seeking medical cannabis were compared to published reviews and guidelines to assess the level of evidence supporting medical cannabis use for each condition. Results Medical cannabis use in both AB and ON was similar in both demographic and reason for authorization. The most common reasons for medical cannabis authorization were: (1) pain (AB = 77%, ON = 76%) primarily due to chronic musculoskeletal, arthritic, and neuropathic pain, (2) mental health concerns (AB = 32.9%, ON = 38.7%) due to anxiety and depression, and (3) sleep problems (AB = 28%, ON = 25%). More than 50 other conditions were identified as reasons for obtaining authorization. Conclusion In both AB and ON, the majority of reasons for medical cannabis authorization are not substantiated by clinical evidence to fully support its efficacy for long-term use. Ongoing epidemiological studies on medical cannabis on these treatments are warranted to fully outline its treatment benefits or risks.

Habitual Cannabis Use is Associated with Altered Cardiac Mechanics and Arterial Stiffness, but not Endothelial Function in Young Healthy Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian P Cheung ◽  
Alexandra Michelle Coates ◽  
Philip J. Millar ◽  
Jamie F. Burr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cardiac Mechanics ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Apical Rotation ◽  
Cardiovascular Structure ◽  
And Function

Cigarette smoking is amongst the most detrimental behaviours to cardiovascular health, resulting in arterial stiffening, endothelial dysfunction, and structural/functional alterations to the myocardium. Similar to cigarettes, cannabis is commonly smoked and next to alcohol, is the most commonly used recreational substance in the world. Despite this, little is known about the long-term cardiovascular effects of smoking cannabis. This study explored the associations of cardiovascular structure and function with cannabis use in ostensibly healthy young participants (n=35). Using echocardiography, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) we performed a cross-sectional assessment of cardiovascular function in cannabis users (n=18), and controls (n=17). There were no differences in cardiac morphology or traditional resting measures of systolic or diastolic function between cannabis users and controls (all p>0.05); whereas cannabis users demonstrated reduced peak apical rotation compared to controls (cannabis users: 5.5±3.8, controls: 9.6±1.5; p = 0.02). Cannabis users had higher cfPWV compared to controls (cannabis users: 5.8±0.6m/s, controls: 5.3±0.7m/s; p = 0.05), while FMD was similar between cannabis users and controls (cannabis users: 8.3±3.3%, controls: 6.8±3.6%; p= 0.7). Young, healthy, cannabis users demonstrate altered cardiac mechanics and greater aortic stiffness. Further studies should explore causal links between cannabis smoking and altered cardiovascular function.

scholarly journals Safety of Tattoos and Permanent Make up (PMU) Colorants

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Eleni Andreou ◽  
Sophia Hatziantoniou ◽  
Efstathios Rallis ◽  
Vasiliki Kefala
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specific Shape ◽  
Tattoo Inks ◽  
Permanent Make Up

The art of tattooing is a popular decorative approach for body decoration and has a corrective value for the face. The tattooing procedure is characterized by placing exogenous pigments into the dermis with a number of needles. The process of creating traditional and cosmetic tattoos is the same. Colorants are deposited in the dermis by piercing the skin with needles of specific shape and thickness, which are moistened with the colorant. Colorants (pigments or dyes) most of the time include impurities which may cause adverse reactions. It is commonly known that tattoo inks remain in the skin for lifetime. It is also a fact that the chemicals that are used in permanent makeup (PMU) colorants may stay in the body for a long time so there is a significant long-term risk for harmful ingredients being placed in the body. Tattoo and PMU colorants contain various substances and their main ingredients and decomposition components may cause health risks and unwanted side effects to skin.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

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