Racial and regional differences in incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in the United States during 2001 to 2017.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6041-6041
Author(s):  
Fangjian Guo ◽  
Mihyun Chang ◽  
Abbey Berenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Statistics ◽  
Standard Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Racial Ethnic

6041 Background: The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been reported to be increasing among both middle-aged and elderly adults in the United States. This study was to assess racial and regional differences in the incidence of OPSCC among adults in the US. Methods: We included 271,037 adult patients ≥ 20 years old diagnosed with potentially HPV-related OPSCC from the US Cancer Statistics 2001–2017 database which essentially covered the entire US population. Incidence of OPSCC was age- adjusted to the US standard population. Annual percentage change (APC) in the incidence was assessed across races/ethnicities and regions of residence. Results: Among these adults with potentially HPV-related OPSCC from 2001-2017, 5.3% were Hispanics, 83.0% were non-Hispanic Whites, and 9.2% were non-Hispanic Blacks, and 79.1% were male. Incidence of OPSCC increased from 3.9 per 100,000 in 2001 to 4.0 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01, 0.85) in Hispanics, increased from 5.3 per 100,000 in 2001 to 8.6 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.71, 3.24) in non-Hispanic Whites, and decreased from 6.3 per 100,000 in 2001 to 5.1 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC -1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.56, -0.99) in non-Hispanic Blacks. The incidence increased from 5.8 per 100,000 in 2001 to 7.8 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67, 2.21) in the South, increased from 5.0 per 100,000 in 2001 to 7.1 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92, 2.34) in the Northeast, increased from 4.9 per 100,000 in 2001 to 6.3 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53, 2.17) in the West, and increased from 4.9 per 100,000 in 2001 to 7.7 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.52, 3.07) in the Midwest. The incidence decreased from 0.9 per 100,000 in 2001 to 0.8 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC -0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.41, -0.20) among adults 20-44 years old, increased from 9.0 per 100,000 in 2001 to 12.7 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66, 2.36) among adults 45-64 years old, and increased from 10.9 per 100,000 in 2001 to 16.7 per 100,000 in 2017 (APC 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.75, 3.16) among adults 65+ years old. Conclusions: OPSCC incidence increased across racial/ethnic groups, regions, and age groups from 2001 to 2017, except that the incidence decreased among non-Hispanic Blacks and young people. Underlying causes for the decreasing trend in the incidence of OPSCC among certain groups need further investigation.

scholarly journals Road to the Civil War: The Missouri Compromise

Perceptions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Julius Nathan Fortaleza Klinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
True Solution ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Underlying Causes

The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of whether or not early nineteenth-century lawmakers saw the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as a true solution to the question of slavery in the United States, or if it was simply a stopgap solution. The information used to conduct this research paper comes in the form of a collation of primary and secondary sources. My findings indicate that the debate over Missouri's statehood was in fact about slavery in the US, and that the underlying causes of the Civil War were already quite prevalent four whole decades before the conflict broke out.

scholarly journals Regional Requirements Influence Adoption of Exertional Heat Illness Preparedness Strategies in United States High Schools

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ◽  
Benjamin Saltzman ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
Douglas J. Casa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Policy ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
The Us

Background and objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) continues to be a prevalent health issue affecting all athletes, including our pediatric populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a state policy requirement for EHS prevention and treatment on local high school policy adoption in the United States (US). Materials and Methods: Athletic trainers (ATs) from high schools across the US participated in an online survey (n = 365). This survey inquired about their compliance with nine components of an EHS policy which was then compared to their state requirements for the policies. Evaluation of the number of components adopted between states with a requirement versus states without a requirement was conducted with a Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. Finally, an ordinal logistic regression with proportional odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were run to determine the effect of a state requirement and regional differences on the number of components adopted. Results: ATs working in states with a requirement reported adoption of more components in their heat modification policy compared to states that did not require schools to develop a heat modification policy (with requirement mean = 5.34 ± 3.68, median = 7.0; without requirement mean = 4.23 ± 3.59, median = 5.0; Z = −14.88, p < 0.001). ATs working in region 3 (e.g., hotter regions) reported adopting more components than those in region 1 (e.g., cooler regions) (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.215–4.201, p = 0.010). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a positive association between state policy requirements and subsequently increased local policy adoption for EHS policies. Additionally, the results demonstrate that regional differences exist, calling for the need for reducing disparities across the US. These findings may imply that policy adoption is a multifactorial process; furthermore, additional regional specific investigations must be conducted to determine the true determinants of high school policy adoption rates for EHS policies.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Variations in Mortality Rates for Patients Undergoing Maintenance Dialysis Treated in US Territories Compared with the US 50 States

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofen Yan ◽  
Jenny I. Shen ◽  
Rubette Harford ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
Robert Nee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Maintenance Dialysis ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background and objectivesIn the United States mortality rates for patients treated with dialysis differ by racial and/or ethnic (racial/ethnic) group. Mortality outcomes for patients undergoing maintenance dialysis in the United States territories may differ from patients in the United States 50 states.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThis retrospective cohort study of using US Renal Data System data included 1,547,438 adults with no prior transplantation and first dialysis treatment between April 1, 1995 and September 28, 2012. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of death for the territories versus 50 states for each racial/ethnic group using the whole cohort and covariate-matched samples. Covariates included demographics, year of dialysis initiation, cause of kidney failure, comorbid conditions, dialysis modality, and many others.ResultsOf 22,828 patients treated in the territories (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), 321 were white, 666 were black, 20,299 were Hispanic, and 1542 were Asian. Of 1,524,610 patients in the 50 states, 838,736 were white, 444,066 were black, 182,994 were Hispanic, and 58,814 were Asian. The crude mortality rate (deaths per 100 patient-years) was lower for whites in the territories than the 50 states (14 and 29, respectively), similar for blacks (18 and 17, respectively), higher for Hispanics (27 and 16, respectively), and higher for Asians (22 and 15). In matched analyses, greater risks of death remained for Hispanics (HR, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.60 to 1.70; P<0.001) and Asians (HR, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.78 to 2.27; P<0.001) living in the territories versus their matched 50 states counterparts. There were no significant differences in mortality among white or black patients in the territories versus the 50 states.ConclusionsMortality rates for patients undergoing dialysis in the United States territories differ substantially by race/ethnicity compared with the 50 states. After matched analyses for comparable age and risk factors, mortality risk no longer differed for whites or blacks, but remained much greater for territory-dwelling Hispanics and Asians.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hypotension in populations of the Russian Federation and the United States of America according to 30-year follow-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 2497
Author(s):  
V. G. Vilkov ◽  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
Yu. A. Balanova ◽  
S. E. Evstifeeva ◽  
A. E. Imaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Aim. To study the prevalence of hypotension according to several criteria in the Russia and the USA.Material and methods. We used data of Russian population studies performed in 1975-1982 and ESSE-RF study performed in 2012-2014 at the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine. A comparison was made with the data of cross-sectional stu - dies of the US population — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): NHANES II (1976-1980) and Continuous NHANES (2007-2012). We analyzed age, sex, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of individuals with hypotension was calculated in men and women of five age groups using four different criteria for hypertension.Results. The prevalence of hypotension in studies of different years according to different criteria was as follows: in the Russia — 0,3-9,0% in men and 2-15% in women; in the USA — 5-30% in men and 8-45% in women. In age group >30 years, the prevalence of hypotension in Russia, by most criteria, decreased approximately by 50% in men and did not change in women. In the United States, according to all criteria, the prevalence in men and women has increased 2-3 times.Conclusion. The prevalence of hypotension in the adult population ranges from decimal percentages to 45% and varies many times depending on the selected criterion.

Abortion in the United States: The continuing controversy

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J Beckman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Medication Abortion ◽  
Abortion Debate ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Underlying Causes

In the United States, abortion rates have been falling for several decades while attitudes have remained relatively stable. Given this background, this paper examines the current status of the fluid and contentious US abortion debate. Five relevant questions are examined: (1) What is responsible for the new wave of restrictive laws and what are their effects? (2) What is most likely responsible for changes in abortion rates? (3) What are the effects of the addition of medication abortion into the mix of abortion services? (4) What forces continue to fuel economic, geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in access to abortion services? (5) Why have gay rights been embraced by a majority of the US public and supported in legislation and judicial decisions, while during this same time period abortion rights have stagnated or declined? It is crucial for feminists to continue to promote the cause of abortion and other reproductive rights. Most important, however, is a focus on broader social issues for women (e.g., adequate education, affordable day care) and the underlying causes of unequal power in society.

scholarly journals Future Burden of Multiple Myeloma in the United States

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1292-1292
Author(s):  
Philip S Rosenberg ◽  
Kimberly A Barker ◽  
William F Anderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Men

Abstract BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy in the United States (US), representing 1.4% of all new cancers. MM incidence increases rapidly with age, is twice as common among African Americans versus other groups, and is a top ten cause of cancer deaths among African Americans. Although the absolute number of new MM cases per year, or MM burden, is expected to be higher in future years because of predictable changes in the demographic profile of the US, to date no study has made detailed forecasts of future MM incidence or burden by age, race/ethnicity, and sex. In this study we construct such forecasts for the period 2011 through 2034 using cancer incidence data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, a novel age-period-cohort (APC) forecasting model, and official projections of population sizes produced by the US Bureau of the Census. METHODS: We obtained MM case and population data from the SEER 13 Registries Database for 1993 – 2010 for all men and women, and for non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, Blacks, and Asian and Pacific Islanders (API). To obtain stable APC estimates for each population, we aggregated single-year data into sixteen 3-year age groups (37 – 39 through 82 – 84) and six 3-year periods (1993 – 1995 through 2008 – 2010) spanning 21 partially overlapping 6-year birth cohorts centered on birth-years 1911, 1914, through 1971. Cohort effects in our APC models enabled us to make incidence forecasts allowing for different time trends in different age groups and to extrapolate incidence trends to future birth cohorts. We estimated future numbers of new cases for each sex by race/ethnic group by multiplying APC incidence rate forecasts from SEER 13 (which covers 14% of the US) by US Census population projections for the entire US for each sex and race/ethnic group. RESULTS: APC-based age incidence curves estimated from SEER13 data for incorporation into national projections reflected the contemporary epidemiology of MM: age incidence was higher among men than women in every race/ethnic group especially at ages 64 – 84 years, was highest in Blacks and lowest in API, and was similar in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. In APC analyses, observed MM incidence from 1993 – 2010 was stable among men ages 37 – 63, increasing by around 0.5 percent per year among men ages 64 – 84, and stable among women in all age groups. Projected incidence for 2011 – 2034 was stable or slightly increasing in every age group. Projected MM burdens (numbers of new cases per year) were stable or slightly increasing for men and women ages 37 – 63. In contrast, large increases in the numbers of Americans ages 64 – 84 are expected to result in substantial increases in MM burden in this age group. In 2011-2013 we estimate a total of 11,200 new MM cases in men and 8,500 new cases in women. For 2032-2034 we forecast a total of 18,500 new cases in men and 13,700 new cases in women (65% and 61% increases, respectively). Among older persons ages 64 – 84, corresponding estimates are 7,300 male and 5,400 female cases in 2011 – 2013 approximately doubling to 14,100 male and 10,300 female cases in 2032-2034. Among older black men, who have the highest MM incidence and whose population is expected to increase by 4.3% per year, the projected increase in burden is 152% (from 1,210 to 3,050 cases per year). Among older Hispanic men (stable MM incidence, population increasing by 5.5% per year) the burden is expected to triple (from 460 to 1,370 cases per year). Among all older men, increases in MM burden above population growth reflect a modest increase in MM incidence. Increases in MM burden in other groups are in line with corresponding increases in population. DISCUSSION: MM incidence has been relatively stable in the US during 1993 – 2010. Our forecast is that MM incidence will continue to be quite stable during 2011 – 2032. Nonetheless, because of predictable demographic shifts in the US, the number of new MM cases per year is expected to increase by 65% in men and 61% in women between 2011-2013 and 2032-2034. Almost all of these increases will occur among older Americans ages 64 – 84. In this age group, the number of new cases overall will double, and more than double among Black and Hispanic men and women. IMPACT: Detailed forecasts quantify increasing demands for health services personnel and resources, and highlight the need for more effective MM therapies, especially for patients ages 64 – 84. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Diverse, Culturally Rich Approaches to Family Care in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 269-269
Author(s):  
Lauren Parker ◽  
Manka Nkimbeng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Family Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Culturally Tailored ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ethnic Minority Populations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Despite the projected rise in the diversity of caregivers and caregiving in the US, the health system is not prepared to accommodate this growth. Interventions and supports often are not adequately tailored to meet the cultural needs of older adults. Additionally, the limited interventions available for racial/ethnic minority populations frequently fail to capture and report culturally tailored perspectives. Therefore, the purpose of this presentation is to describe how culture influences caregiving in the US. Specifically, it will: (1) provide a contemporary definition of culture; (2) identify cultural domains that impact caregiving; (3) offer examples of how caregiving is influenced by different cultural/demographic backgrounds; (4) provide examples of culturally tailored caregiving programs, and (5) discuss how to approach cultural needs that may not be addressed by current interventions.

Impact of socioeconomic status on the incidence and mortality of multiple myeloma in the United States.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13595-e13595
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Omore ◽  
Richard Stephen Sheppard ◽  
Stefani Beale
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Cancer Statistics ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

e13595 Background: Socioeconomic deprivation is known to be associated with poorer survival among cancer patients, but studies has not shown the impacts of socioeconomic status on the Incidence and mortality of multiple myeloma. This article analyzed the socioeconomic inequalities in United States Multiple Myeloma Incidence and Mortality. Methods: We examined national trends in the Incidence and Survival disparities among patients with Multiple Myeloma by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. A retrospective cohort of Multiple Myeloma patients diagnosed from 2012 to 2016 belonging to all age groups, genders, income per household and level of education was identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End results database, United States Cancer Statistics and Population data from Census Bureau. Results: We found mortality to be higher among African American and in States with low median household income and low level of education. In conclusion our study shows a strong correlation between social deprivation and decreased survival in patients with Multiple Myeloma in all age groups. Also we found that Asians and Pacific Islanders seems to have higher survival compare to African Americans and Other ethnicities. Conclusions: Census‐based socioeconomic measures such as poverty and education levels could serve as important surveillance tools for monitoring trends in cancer‐related health inequalities and targeting interventions.

scholarly journals Population structure and pharmacogenomic risk stratification in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashwat Deepali Nagar ◽  
Andrew B. Conley ◽  
I. King Jordan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
White Population ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractPharmacogenomic (PGx) variants mediate how individuals respond to medication, and response differences among racial/ethnic groups have been attributed to patterns of PGx diversity. We hypothesized that genetic ancestry (GA) would provide higher resolution for stratifying PGx risk, since it serves as a more reliable surrogate for genetic diversity than self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE), which includes a substantial social component. We analyzed a cohort of 8,628 individuals from the United States (US), for whom we had both SIRE information and whole genome genotypes, with a focus on the three largest SIRE groups in the US: White, Black, and Hispanic. Whole genome genotypes were used to characterize individuals’ continental ancestry fractions – European, African, and Native American – and individuals were grouped according to their GA profiles. SIRE and GA groups were found to be highly concordant. Continental ancestry predicts individuals’ SIRE with >96% accuracy, and accordingly GA provides only a marginal increase in resolution for PGx risk stratification. PGx variants are highly diverged compared to the genomic background; 82 variants show significant frequency differences among SIRE groups, and genome-wide patterns of PGx variation are almost entirely concordant with SIRE. Nevertheless, 97% of PGx variation is found within rather than between groups. Examples of highly differentiated PGx variants illustrate how SIRE partitions PGx variation based on group-specific ancestry patterns and contains valuable information for risk stratification. Finally, we show that individuals who identify as Black or Hispanic benefit more when SIRE is considered for treatment decisions than individuals from the majority White population.

scholarly journals Benchmarking COVID-19 Mortality in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Etzioni ◽  
Elan Markowitz ◽  
Ivor S. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractOn September 22nd the US officially recorded 200,000 COVID-19 deaths. It is unclear how many deaths might have been expected in the case of an early and effective response to the pandemic. We aim to provide a best-case estimate of COVID-19 deaths in the US by September 22nd using the experience of Germany as a benchmark. Our methods accommodate the differences in demographics between Germany and the US. We match cumulative incidence of COVID-19 deaths by age group in Germany to non-Hispanic whites in the US and project the implied number of deaths in this population and among the black and Hispanic populations under observed racial/ethnic disparities in cumulative COVID-19 mortality in the US. We estimate that if the US had been as successful as Germany in managing the pandemic we would have expected 22% of the deaths actually recorded. The number of deaths would have been lower by a further one-third if we could have eliminated racial/ethnic disparites in COVID-19 outcomes. We conclude that almost 80 percent of the COVID-19 deaths in the US by September 22nd could have been avoided with an early and effective response producing similar age-specific death rates among non-Hispanic whites as in Germany.

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