Profiles of Antioxidant Isoenzymes and Physiological Behavior of Tomato Exposed to NaCl Stress and Treated with Salicylic Acid

Soil salinization adversely affects agricultural productivity. Mitigating the adverse effects of salinity represents a current major challenge for agricultural researchers worldwide. The effects of exogenously applied glycine betaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) on mitigating sodium toxicity and improving the growth of cotton seedlings subjected to salt stress remain unclear. The treatments in a phytotron included a control (CK, exogenously untreated, non-saline), two NaCl conditions (0 and 150 mM), four exogenous GB concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM), and four exogenous SA concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM). The shoot and roots exposed to 150 mM NaCl without supplementation had significantly higher Na+ and reduced K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents, along with lowered biomass, compared with those of CK. Under NaCl stress, exogenous GB and SA at all concentrations substantially inversed these trends by improving ion uptake regulation and biomass accumulation compared with NaCl stress alone. Supplementation with 5.0 mM GB and with 1.0 mM SA under NaCl stress were the most effective conditions for mitigating Na+ toxicity and enhancing biomass accumulation. NaCl stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, leaf water potential, and total nitrogen (N) in the shoot and roots, which were improved by supplementation with 5.0 mM GB or 1.0 mM SA. Supplementation with 5.0 mM exogenous GB was more effective in controlling the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) under NaCl stress.

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Exogenous salicylic acid-triggered changes in the glutathione transferases and peroxidases are key factors in the successful salt stress acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp15119 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Edit Horváth ◽

Szilvia Brunner ◽

Krisztina Bela ◽

Csaba Papdi ◽

László Szabados ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Stress Injury ◽

Stress Acclimation ◽

Enhanced Expression ◽

Sequential Treatments

Salicylic acid (SA) applied exogenously is a potential priming agent during abiotic stress. In our experiments, the priming effect of SA was tested by exposing Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants to 2-week-long 10−9–10−5 M SA pretreatments in a hydroponic medium, followed by 1 week of 100 mM NaCl stress. The levels of reactive oxygen species and H2O2, changes in antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression of selected glutathione transferase (GST) genes were investigated. Although 10−9–10−7 M SA pretreatment insufficiently induced defence mechanisms during the subsequent salt stress, 2-week pretreatments with 10−6 and 10−5 M SA alleviated the salinity-induced H2O2 and malondialdehyde accumulation, and increased superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, GST and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity. Our results indicate that long-term 10−6 and 10−5 M SA treatment mitigated the salt stress injury in this model plant. Enhanced expression of AtGSTU19 and AtGSTU24 may be responsible for the induced GST and GPOX activity, which may play an important role in acclimation. Modified GST expression suggested altered signalling in SA-hardened plants during salt stress. The hydroponic system applied in our experiments proved to be a useful tool for studying the effects of sequential treatments in A. thaliana.

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Salicylic acid and its method of application affect germination and vigor in bell pepper seedlings under salt stress

Colloquium Agrariae ◽

10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n6.a412 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 101-110

Author(s):

Sebastião de Oliveira Maia Júnior ◽

Jailma Ribeiro de Andrade ◽

Ronaldo do Nascimento ◽

Robson Felipe de Lima ◽

Elka Costa Santos Nascimento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Seedling Length ◽

Relative Water ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Germination And Growth

This study investigated the effect of two salicylic acid application methods (seed immersion and wetting) on the germination and growth characteristics ofcv. All Big bell pepper seedlings exposed to 0 or 100 mM of NaCl.The experimentwas conducted in aBiochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)incubator, using a completely randomized designwith eight treatments (immersionin salicylic acid or distilled water and wettingwith salicylic acid or water, in conjunction with 0 or 100 mMof NaCl) and four repetitions.The results indicated that under non-salineconditions, wetting with salicylic acid (SA) inhibited germination and seedling length, whereas NaCl stress reduced the germination, growth, total dry weight and vigor of seedlings.However, SA application, especially by wetting, mitigated the toxic effects of NaCl in bell pepper seedlings,improving relative water content and radicle length, as well as total length, dry weight and vigor.This study highlights the potential benefits of SA, particularly when applied via wetting, in attenuating phytotoxicity caused by NaCl stress and its effect on the germination, growth and vigor of bell pepper seedlings.

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Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and nitric oxide on growth, photosynthesis, and ion distribution in tomato seedlings under NaCl stress

Acta Ecologica Sinica ◽

10.5846/stxb201309162290 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (13) ◽

Author(s):

孙德智 SUN Dezhi ◽

杨恒山 YANG Hengshan ◽

彭靖 PENG Jing ◽

范富 FAN Fu ◽

马玉露 MA Yulu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Ion Distribution ◽

Tomato Seedlings ◽

Exogenous Salicylic Acid

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Lack of Salicylic Acid in Arabidopsis Protects Plants against Moderate Salt Stress

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2009-3-414 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (3-4) ◽

pp. 231-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Yang Cao ◽

Zhong-Wei Zhang ◽

Li-Wei Xue ◽

Jun-Bo Du ◽

Jing Shang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Wild Type ◽

Germination And Growth

Previous studies showed that salicylic acid (SA)-deficient transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the salicylate hydroxylase gene NahG had a higher tolerance to moderate salt stress. SA may potentiate the stress response of germination and growth of Arabidopsis seedlings by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the detailed mechanism for a better adaption of NahG plants to moderate salt stress is largely unknown. In the present study we found that a higher GSH/GSSG (glutathione/oxidized glutathione) ratio and ASA/DHA (ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbate) ratio in NahG plants during the stress may be the key reason for their stress-tolerance advantage. NahG plants actually could not produce more active antioxidant enzymes than the wild-type ones under natural conditions, but maintain higher activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) during the stress. Hereby, the reduced glutathione and reduced ascorbic acid contents are higher in NahG plants under salt stress. However, NahG plants do not adapt better under severe salt stress. All antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH/GSSG ratio and ASA/DHA ratio declined substantively at 400 mM NaCl stress in both NahG and wild-type seedlings.

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Salicylic acid ameliorates salinity tolerance in maize by regulation of phytohormones and osmolytes

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/441/2020-pse ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 533-541

Author(s):

Abeer Elhakem

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Organic Osmolytes ◽

Total Soluble Sugars ◽

Defence Responses ◽

Water And Soil Pollution

Salinity is one of the most widespread stresses responsible for water and soil pollution across the globe. Salicylic acid (SA) has a major role in defence responses against various abiotic stresses. In the current study, SA (0.05 mmol) influences were evaluated in mitigation of the negative impact of salinity (40 and 80 mmol NaCl) in the maize plant. NaCl stress-induced significant accumulation of organic osmolytes (total soluble sugars (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), and proline) by 35.6, 66.2, and 89.2%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl. In addition, salinity is also responsible for the elevated accumulation of inorganic osmolytes (Na+ and Na+/K+ ratio) by 202.4% and 398.8%, respectively, and for the reduction in the K+ and Ca2+ levels by 48.6% and 58.9%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl. Moreover, salinity stress reduced phytohormones (indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3)) by 48.8% and 59.8%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl; however, abscisic acid (ABA) was increased by 340.5% with 80 mmol NaCl. Otherwise, SA application caused an additional enhancement in TSS, TSP, proline, K+, Ca2+, IAA, and GA3 contents but decreased the Na+, Na+/K+ ratio, and ABA to an appreciable level. In conclusion, SA pre-soaking mitigates the negative impact of NaCl toxicity in maize through the regulation of phytochromes and various organic and inorganic osmolytes, which may ameliorate salinity tolerance in maize.

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Ascorbic Acid and Salicylic Acid Mitigate NaCl Stress in Caralluma tuberculata Calli

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s12010-014-0890-6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 173 (4) ◽

pp. 968-979 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Riaz Ur Rehman ◽

Muhammad Zia ◽

Bilal Haider Abbasi ◽

Gang Lu ◽

Muhammad Fayyaz Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Nacl Stress

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Alleviating the adverse effects of NaCl stress in maize seedlings by pretreating seeds with salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide

South African Journal of Botany ◽

10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.019 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 ◽

pp. 171-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Ramadan A. Agami

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Maize Seedlings

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Influence of salicylic acid on biochemical parameters and antioxidant system in mashbean plants grown under salt stress conditions

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v8i4.1041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 1786-1792

Author(s):

Manpreet Kaur ◽

Navita Ghai ◽

Jagmeet Kaur ◽

Inderjit Singh

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant System ◽

Ascorbate Peroxidase ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Tolerant Genotype

Abiotic stress factors affect almost every aspect of physiology and biochemisrtry of a plant. The present study investigates the role of salicylic acid (SA) in inducing plant tolerance to salinity. The application of 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM SA to mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) plants provided protection against 30mM or 45mM NaCl stress throughelevated antioxidant system. The genotypes KUG 363, KUG 310, (salt sensitive), KUG 502 and KUG 529 (salt tolerant) along with UL 338 (as check) were subjected to salt stress. Relative leaf water content (61%) decreased under 45mM salt stress in salt tolerant genotype KUG 529 as compared to control (85%). Leaf water potential was also recorded at 50 DAS in salt tolerant genotype KUG 529 (-2.66 mpa) and in salt sensitive genotype KUG 363(-3.76 mpa) .All the genotypes showed higher accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species under salt stress. A remarkable decrease was shown in antioxidant enzymes like catalase (179 micro mole/min/g FW) and ascorbate peroxidase (1617 n moles/min/g FW) in KUG 529 . The level of antioxidant system was enhanced catalase (184 micro mole/min/g FW) and ascorbate peroxidase (1853 n moles/min/g FW) in mashbean plants under NaCl stress following SA applications . Thus SA helped in conferring stress tolerance to mashbean plants through enhanced antioxidant system. However, tolerant genotypes responded better than sensitive ones and lower concentration of SA (0.5mM) was more effective.

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