Embryonic control of epidermal cell patterning in the root and hypocotyl of Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (19) ◽  
pp. 3697-3705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Lin ◽  
John Schiefelbein
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Arabidopsis Seedling ◽  
Gfp Reporter ◽  
Transparent Testa ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

A position-dependent pattern of epidermal cell types is produced during the development of the Arabidopsis seedling root and hypocotyl. To understand the origin and regulation of this patterning mechanism, we have examined the embryonic expression of the GLABRA2 (GL2) gene, which encodes a cell-type-specific transcription factor. Using in situ RNA hybridization and a sensitive GL2::GFP reporter, we discovered that a position-dependent pattern of GL2 expression is established within protodermal cells at the heart stage and is maintained throughout the remainder of embryogenesis. In addition, we show that an exceptional GL2 expression character and epidermal cell pattern arises during development of the root-hypocotyl junction, which represents an anatomical transition zone. Furthermore, we find that two of the genes regulating seedling epidermal patterning, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA (TTG) and WEREWOLF (WER), also control the embryonic GL2 pattern, whereas the CAPRICE (CPC) and GL2 genes are not required to establish this pattern. These results indicate that position-dependent patterning of epidermal cell types begins at an early stage of embryogenesis, before formation of the apical meristems and shortly after the cellular anatomy of the protoderm and outer ground tissue layer is established. Thus, epidermal cell specification in the Arabidopsis seedling relies on the embryonic establishment of a patterning mechanism that is perpetuated postembryonically.

scholarly journals Epigenetic mechanisms mediating cell state transitions in chondrocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Wuelling ◽  
Christoph Neu ◽  
Andrea M. Thiesen ◽  
Simo Kitanovski ◽  
Yingying Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Transition Analysis ◽  
Lineage Differentiation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

AbstractEpigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) during endochondral ossification as a model. We established a map of activating and repressive histone modifications for each cell type. ChromHMM state transition analysis and Pareto-based integration of differential levels of mRNA and epigenetic marks revealed that differentiation associated gene repression is initiated by the addition of H3K27me3 to promoters still carrying substantial levels of activating marks. Moreover, the integrative analysis identified genes specifically expressed in cells undergoing the transition into hypertrophy.Investigation of enhancer profiles detected surprising differences in enhancer number, location, and transcription factor binding sites between the two closely related cell types. Furthermore, cell type-specific upregulation of gene expression was associated with a shift from low to high H3K27ac decoration. Pathway analysis identified PC-specific enhancers associated with chondrogenic genes, while HC-specific enhancers mainly control metabolic pathways linking epigenetic signature to biological functions.

scholarly journals Inducible cell-specific mouse models for paired epigenetic and transcriptomic studies of microglia and astroglia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana J. Chucair-Elliott ◽  
Sarah R. Ocañas ◽  
David R. Stanford ◽  
Victor A. Ansere ◽  
Kyla B. Buettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

AbstractEpigenetic regulation of gene expression occurs in a cell type-specific manner. Current cell-type specific neuroepigenetic studies rely on cell sorting methods that can alter cell phenotype and introduce potential confounds. Here we demonstrate and validate a Nuclear Tagging and Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (NuTRAP) approach for temporally controlled labeling and isolation of ribosomes and nuclei, and thus RNA and DNA, from specific central nervous system cell types. Analysis of gene expression and DNA modifications in astrocytes or microglia from the same animal demonstrates differential usage of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in CpG and non-CpG contexts that corresponds to cell type-specific gene expression. Application of this approach in LPS treated mice uncovers microglia-specific transcriptome and epigenome changes in inflammatory pathways that cannot be detected with tissue-level analysis. The NuTRAP model and the validation approaches presented can be applied to any brain cell type for which a cell type-specific cre is available.

scholarly journals Neuronal expression of STM2 mRNA in human brain is reduced in Alzheimer's disease.

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1215-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J McMillan ◽  
J B Leverenz ◽  
P Poorkaj ◽  
G D Schellenberg ◽  
D M Dorsa
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Brain

Mutations in the STM2 gene cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Volga Germans. To understand the function of this protein and how mutations lead to AD, it is important to determine which cell types in the brain express this gene. In situ hybridization histochemistry indicates that STM2 expression in the human brain is widespread and is primarily neuronal. In addition, STM2 mRNA is expressed in a cell line with neuronal origins. Quantification of the level of expression of the STM2 message in the basal forebrain, frontal cortex, and hippocampus reveals a significant decrease in AD-affected subjects compared to normal age-matched controls. These data suggest that downregulation of neuronal STM2 gene expression may be involved in the progression of AD.

scholarly journals The complement of desmosomal plaque proteins in different cell types.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1442-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Cowin ◽  
H P Kapprell ◽  
W W Franke
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Myocardial Tissue ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Different Cell Types

Desmosomal plaque proteins have been identified in immunoblotting and immunolocalization experiments on a wide range of cell types from several species, using a panel of monoclonal murine antibodies to desmoplakins I and II and a guinea pig antiserum to desmosomal band 5 protein. Specifically, we have taken advantage of the fact that certain antibodies react with both desmoplakins I and II, whereas others react only with desmoplakin I, indicating that desmoplakin I contains unique regions not present on the closely related desmoplakin II. While some of these antibodies recognize epitopes conserved between chick and man, others display a narrow species specificity. The results show that proteins whose size, charge, and biochemical behavior are very similar to those of desmoplakin I and band 5 protein of cow snout epidermis are present in all desmosomes examined. These include examples of simple and pseudostratified epithelia and myocardial tissue, in addition to those of stratified epithelia. In contrast, in immunoblotting experiments, we have detected desmoplakin II only among cells of stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissues. This suggests that the desmosomal plaque structure varies in its complement of polypeptides in a cell-type specific manner. We conclude that the obligatory desmosomal plaque proteins, desmoplakin I and band 5 protein, are expressed in a coordinate fashion but independently from other differentiation programs of expression such as those specific for either epithelial or cardiac cells.

scholarly journals Control of Cell Type Proportioning in Dictyostelium discoideum by Differentiation-Inducing Factor as Determined by In Situ Hybridization

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1241-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshinari Maruo ◽  
Haruyo Sakamoto ◽  
Negin Iranfar ◽  
Danny Fuller ◽  
Takahiro Morio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Type Conversion ◽  
New Genes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Cell Type Conversion

ABSTRACT We have determined the proportions of the prespore and prestalk regions in Dictyostelium discoideum slugs by in situ hybridization with a large number of prespore- and prestalk-specific genes. Microarrays were used to discover genes expressed in a cell type-specific manner. Fifty-four prespore-specific genes were verified by in situ hybridization, including 18 that had been previously shown to be cell type specific. The 36 new genes more than doubles the number of available prespore markers. At the slug stage, the prespore genes hybridized to cells uniformly in the posterior 80% of wild-type slugs but hybridized to the posterior 90% of slugs lacking the secreted alkylphenone differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1). There was a compensatory twofold decrease in prestalk cells in DIF-less slugs. Removal of prespore cells resulted in cell type conversion in both wild-type and DIF-less anterior fragments. Thus, DIF-1 appears to act in concert with other processes to establish cell type proportions.

scholarly journals A Cell type-specific Class of Chromatin Loops Anchored at Large DNA Methylation Nadirs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Jeong ◽  
Xingfan Huang ◽  
Xiaotian Zhang ◽  
Jianzhong Su ◽  
Muhammad S. Shamim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell State ◽  
Chromatin Loops ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

AbstractHigher order chromatin structure and DNA methylation are implicated in multiple developmental processes, but their relationship to cell state is unknown. Here, we found that large (~10kb) DNA methylation nadirs can form long loops connecting anchor loci that may be dozens of megabases apart, as well as interchromosomal links. The interacting loci comprise ~3.5Mb of the human genome. The data are more consistent with the formation of these loops by phase separation of the interacting loci to form a genomic subcompartment, rather than with CTCF-mediated extrusion. Interestingly, unlike previously characterized genomic subcompartments, this subcompartment is only present in particular cell types, such as stem and progenitor cells. Further, we identify one particular loop anchor that is functionally associated with maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell state. Our work reveals that H3K27me3-marked large DNA methylation nadirs represent a novel set of very long-range loops and links associated with cellular identity.SummaryHi-C and DNA methylation analyses reveal novel chromatin loops between distant sites implicated in stem and progenitor cell function.

scholarly journals A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Amir Rattner ◽  
Jeremy Nathans
Keyword(s):  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
A Site ◽  
Genomic Response

AbstractThe iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmological diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting, constricted, and dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell-types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.

scholarly journals Profiling of Primary and Mature miRNA Expression in Atherosclerosis Associated Cell Types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre R. Moreau ◽  
Vanesa Tomas Bosch ◽  
Maria Bouvy-Liivrand ◽  
Kadri Õunap ◽  
Tiit Örd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Objective: Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular diseases. The main cell types associated with disease progression in the vascular wall are endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Although their role in atherogenesis has been extensively described, molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression changes remain unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize microRNA (miRNA)-related regulatory mechanisms taking place in the aorta during atherosclerosis: Approach and Results: We analyzed the changes in primary human aortic endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cell, human aortic smooth muscle cell, and macrophages (CD14+) under various proatherogenic stimuli by integrating GRO-seq, miRNA-seq, and RNA-seq data. Despite the highly cell-type-specific expression of multi-variant pri-miRNAs, the majority of mature miRNAs were found to be common to all cell types and dominated by 2 to 5 abundant miRNA species. We demonstrate that transcription contributes significantly to the mature miRNA levels although this is dependent on miRNA stability. An analysis of miRNA effects in relation to target mRNA pools highlighted pathways and targets through which miRNAs could affect atherogenesis in a cell-type-dependent manner. Finally, we validate miR-100-5p as a cell-type specific regulator of inflammatory and HIPPO-YAP/TAZ-pathways. Conclusions: This integrative approach allowed us to characterize miRNA dynamics in response to a proatherogenic stimulus and identify potential mechanisms by which miRNAs affect atherogenesis in a cell-type-specific manner.

scholarly journals A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single-cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Amir Rattner ◽  
Jeremy Nathans
Keyword(s):  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
A Site ◽  
Genomic Response

The iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmologic diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting vs. dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.

scholarly journals Dynamic regulatory module networks for inference of cell type specific transcriptional networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Fotuhi Siahpirani ◽  
Deborah Chasman ◽  
Morten Seirup ◽  
Sara Knaack ◽  
Rupa Sridharan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Time Point

AbstractChanges in transcriptional regulatory networks can significantly alter cell fate. To gain insight into transcriptional dynamics, several studies have profiled transcriptomes and epigenomes at different stages of a developmental process. However, integrating these data across multiple cell types to infer cell type specific regulatory networks is a major challenge because of the small sample size for each time point. We present a novel approach, Dynamic Regulatory Module Networks (DRMNs), to model regulatory network dynamics on a cell lineage. DRMNs represent a cell type specific network by a set of expression modules and associated regulatory programs, and probabilistically model the transitions between cell types. DRMNs learn a cell type’s regulatory network from input expression and epigenomic profiles using multi-task learning to exploit cell type relatedness. We applied DRMNs to study regulatory network dynamics in two different developmental dynamic processes including cellular reprogramming and liver dedifferentiation. For both systems, DRMN predicted relevant regulators driving the major patterns of expression in each time point as well as regulators for transitioning gene sets that change their expression over time.

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