Studies on some aspects of the rôle of sulfhydryl groups in morphogenesis

Development ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Leela Mulherkar ◽  
K. Vasudeva Rao ◽  
S. Sanjivani Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Sulfhydryl Groups ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Sulfhydryl Compounds ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

The importance of sulfhydryl compounds in the process of morphogenesis was pointed out by Brachet (1950). Using specific inhibitors of -SH such as chloroacetophenone, it has been shown that embryos develop a number of malformations when the activity of -SH groups is interfered with (Beatty, 1951; Deuchar, 1957; Lakshmi, 1962a). It has been observed that the abnormalities are mainly in the nervous system and these findings are in agreement with the distribution of -SH groups in embryos of amphibia (Brachet, 1950) and chick (Rulon, 1935). These studies have vindicated the importance of -SH containing proteins stressed by Brachet. In the present report are described some studies using chloroacetophenone (CAP) as an -SH inhibitor and cysteine to reverse its action. Fresh fertilized hen's eggs were incubated to obtain the desired stage of development and explanted in vitro by the method described by New (1955). A stock solution of 0·01 M ο-chloroacetophenone (BDH) was prepared in 50 per cent. ethyl alcohol.

In Vitro Fertilization of Bovine Oocytes Matured In Vitro

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
K.H. Lu ◽  
I. Gordon ◽  
M.P. Boland ◽  
T.F. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Bovine Oocytes

The development of an efficient laboratory procedure which would enable cattle ovarian oocytes to be matured in vitro, fertilized and cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage of development could have important practical and scientific implications. The commercial exploitation of certain embryo transfer techniques applicable in cattle (eg., twinning by embryo transfer) might be facilitated by the development of such a procedure and there would be many advantages to having a cheap source of embryos available for research purposes. The present report deals with some of the studies recently carried out in this laboratory aimed at utilising follicular oocytes recovered from the ovaries of cattle slaughtered for beef at the abattoir. Such studies have been undertaken over a period of almost twenty years, starting with the work of Sreenan (1968)* but it now realised that the oocytes of farm mammals are incapable of normal development until after the completion of complex changes during maturation.

scholarly journals The Action of Two Sulfhydryl Compounds on Normal Human Red Cells

Blood ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIROLAMO SIRCHIA ◽  
SOLDANO FERRONE ◽  
FRANCESCO MERCURIALI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Sulfhydryl Compounds ◽  
Human Red Cells

Abstract Treatment of normal human red cells with AET and cysteine, under suitable experimental conditions, modifies them in such a way that their behavior in in vitro hemolysis tests becomes similar to that of the erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. It is felt that alteration of the red cells is due to the -SH groups possessed by both substances. A possible mechanism of action is hypothesized.

In vitro culture of embryos produced by in vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
V. Vergos ◽  
A. Gordon ◽  
M. Gallagher ◽  
I. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Fertilization In Vitro ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Development

A previous report from this laboratory dealt with the establishment of pregnancies in the early months of gestation after the non-surgical transfer of cattle embryos derived from the in vitro maturation (IVM) of primary bovine oocytes, their fertilization in vitro (IVF) and their subsequent development to the transferable stage (morula/blastocyst) using an in vivo (sheep oviduct) culture system (Lu et al.,1987). The present report deals with some factors affecting the efficiency of IVF and with the culture in vitro of zygotes to the morula/ blastocyst stage of development. Some embryos were frozen and after thawing transferred by non-surgical procedures to five recipient cattle to obtain information on their capacity to undergo further embryonic development.Primary oocytes, enclosed in cumulus cells, were recovered from vesicular follicles (2-6mm) after their dissection from the ovaries of heifers slaughtered at a local abattoir. The ovaries were brought to the laboratory within one hour of animal slaughter in medium held at 35'C.

Ultracytochemical demonstration of sulfhydryl groups in the rabbit erythrocytic membrane

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
Kazuo Ogawa ◽  
Teruo Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Sulfhydryl Groups ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Morphological Findings ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
And Function ◽  
Study Development

Elucidation of the macromolecular structure of the cellular membrane is one of the most current topics in cell biology. In relation to such study, development of the membrane ultracytochemistry, in particular ultracytochemistry of functional groups, is of great value in elucidation of the structure and function of the cell as well as in filling gap between the morphological findings and the physicochemical or biochemical findings on the cellular membrane. At first development of the methods for amino groups (NH2) was tried and then sulfhydryl groups (SH). In the present report recent findings on SH groups are presented.Formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes, intact or ghost, were used to demonstrate SH groups. SH groups were detected by 4 different ways. Fast blue BBN (FBBBN) method: Specimens were incubated in 0. 5% FBBBN in 0.1M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, for 40 to 45 min at 0-4°C, fixed in osmium tetroxide (OT) and processed for electron microscopy (EM).

Some New Observations on Glycogenolysis in Blood Platelets Studied by Cytochemical Scoring Method

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Heřmanský ◽  
J Caen ◽  
O Matoušová
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Sulfhydryl Groups ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Glycogenolytic Effect

SummaryThe breakdown of stainable glycogen in blood platelets was studied by cytochemical scoring technique. Various compounds reacting in different ways with sulfhydryl groups (PCMB, MIA, NEM and ferricyanide) inhibited completely the adrenaline induced glycogenolysis in vitro. The inhibition by PCMB and ferricyanide but not that effected by MIA and NEM could be abolished by addition of reduced glutathione. This substance alone as well as other SH containing compounds (mercaptoethanol and cysteine) produced a marked glycogenolysis at 50 mM concentration. The same glycogenolytic effect was observed with 5 mM cyanide and azide. The degradation of stainable glycogen with all described compounds could be blocked by MIA and fluoride at same concentrations which inhibited the adrenaline induced glycogenolysis. The possible involvement of SH groups in some of these biochemical reactions is discussed.

Sea urchin gangliosides exhibit neuritogenic effects in neuronal PC12 cells via TrkA- and TrkB-related pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-686
Author(s):  
Xiaoxu Wang ◽  
Yiyang Li ◽  
Yuliu Wang ◽  
Yanjun Liu ◽  
Changhu Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Pc12 Cells ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors ◽  
Neuronal Pc12 Cells ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

ABSTRACT Gangliosides (GLSs) are ubiquitously distributed in all tissues but highly enriched in nervous system. Currently, it is unclear how exogenous GLSs regulate neuritogenesis, although neural functions of endogenous GLSs are widely studied. Herein, we evaluated the neuritogenic activities and mechanism of sea urchin gangliosides (SU-GLSs) in vitro. These different glycosylated SU-GLSs, including GM4(1S), GD4(1S), GD4(2A), and GD4(2G), promoted differentiation of NGF-induced PC12 cells in a dose-dependent and structure-selective manner. Sulfate-type and disialo-type GLSs exhibited stronger neuritogenic effects than monosialoganglioside GM1. Furthermore, SU-GLSs might act as neurotrophic factors possessing neuritogenic effects, via targeting tyrosine-kinase receptors (TrkA and TrkB) and activating MEK1/2-ERK1/2-CREB and PI3K-Akt-CREB pathways. This activation resulted in increased expression and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). These pathways were verified by specific inhibitors. Our results confirmed the neuritogenic functions of SU-GLS in vitro and indicated their potential roles as natural nutrition for neuritogenesis.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Infection Leads to Demyelination and Axonal Injury in Mature CNS Cultures

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Verena Schultz ◽  
Stephanie L. Cumberworth ◽  
Quan Gu ◽  
Natasha Johnson ◽  
Claire L. Donald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Axonal Pathology ◽  
Time Frames

Understanding how Zika virus (Flaviviridae; ZIKV) affects neural cells is paramount in comprehending pathologies associated with infection. Whilst the effects of ZIKV in neural development are well documented, impact on the adult nervous system remains obscure. Here, we investigated the effects of ZIKV infection in established mature myelinated central nervous system (CNS) cultures. Infection incurred damage to myelinated fibers, with ZIKV-positive cells appearing when myelin damage was first detected as well as axonal pathology, suggesting the latter was a consequence of oligodendroglia infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed host factors that were upregulated during ZIKV infection. One such factor, CCL5, was validated in vitro as inhibiting myelination. Transferred UV-inactivated media from infected cultures did not damage myelin and axons, suggesting that viral replication is necessary to induce the observed effects. These data show that ZIKV infection affects CNS cells even after myelination—which is critical for saltatory conduction and neuronal function—has taken place. Understanding the targets of this virus across developmental stages including the mature CNS, and the subsequent effects of infection of cell types, is necessary to understand effective time frames for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cellular Populations of the Central Nervous System: The Influence of Donor Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Diego Delgado ◽  
Ane Miren Bilbao ◽  
Maider Beitia ◽  
Ane Garate ◽  
Pello Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biologic therapy that promotes healing responses across multiple medical fields, including the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of this therapy depends on several factors such as the donor’s health status and age. This work aims to prove the effect of PRP on cellular models of the CNS, considering the differences between PRP from young and elderly donors. Two different PRP pools were prepared from donors 65–85 and 20–25 years old. The cellular and molecular composition of both PRPs were analyzed. Subsequently, the cellular response was evaluated in CNS in vitro models, studying proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation. While no differences in the cellular composition of PRPs were found, the molecular composition of the Young PRP showed lower levels of inflammatory molecules such as CCL-11, as well as the presence of other factors not found in Aged PRP (GDF-11). Although both PRPs had effects in terms of reducing neural progenitor cell apoptosis, stabilizing neuronal synapses, and decreasing inflammation in the microglia, the effect of the Young PRP was more pronounced. In conclusion, the molecular composition of the PRP, conditioned by the age of the donors, affects the magnitude of the biological response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document