Decreased salivary immunoglobulins after intense interval exercise before and after training

Short duration interval training is a time-efficient exercise strategy that can improve fitness through changes in metabolic, cardiovascular and performance related variables. Studies have examined the positive effects of maximal intensity exercise (≥100% VO2max) on metabolic and performance variables in recreationally active individuals and trained athletes. The intensity of interval training required to cause improvements in aerobic fitness is unknown. This study will look at the performance related adaptations that occur with three different exercise intensities of interval training matched in terms of duration, frequency and type of exercise. Sixteen recreationally active individuals, both males (n=9, age = 23.3±3.3, VO2max = 44.2±6.5) and females (n=6, age = 21.5±0.7, VO2max = 39.7±5.4) were randomly assigned to one of three groups who trained using intervals at 120% VO2max (n=5), 90% VO2max (n=4) or 65% VO2max (n=7). The participants performed 14 days of training spread over 4 weeks that consisted of 8-12 repeats of 1-minute cycling at the prescribed intensity with 1-minute active recovery between intervals. Training increased time to fatigue in the 90% VO2max and 120% VO2max group however not in the 65% VO2max group. The changes in VO2max before and after training were significant in the 90% VO2max group and the 120% VO2max group, however not between the 120% VO2max and 90% VO2max group (p≤0.05). Interval training at 90% and 120% VO2max stimulates analogous improvements in fitness. These results may be important for diseased or sedentary populations where very high-intensity and long duration exercise may not be well tolerated.

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Interval Exercise Training Affects Expression of MCT-1, GLUT-1, PFK-1 and p53 as Key Metabolic Regulators on Azoxymethane-Induced Experimental Colon Cancer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-151527/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Shirvani ◽

Behzad Bazgir ◽

Mostafa Rahimi ◽

Amin Isanejad ◽

Mohammad Samadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colon Cancer ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Control Group ◽

Exercise Protocol ◽

Tumor Induction ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Glut 1 ◽

Tumor Group ◽

Before And After ◽

Metabolic Regulators

Abstract Background Physical activity is one of the modulators of the cancer risk and survival factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was considering of pre and post interval exercise training on expression of MCT-1, GLUT-1, PFK-1 and p53 as a key metabolic regulators in azoxymethane-induced experimental colon cancer Methods Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were equally randomized into 6 groups: I: control (C); healthy animals, II: Exercise (E), III: tumor induction (T); animals received AOM for inducing colon cancer, IV: AOM + exercise (TE); animals with colon cancer underwent 8 weeks of the interval training protocol after tumor establishment, V: exercise + AOM (ET); animals received exercise protocol one week before AOM consumption, and (VI) exercise + AOM + exercise (ETE); animals received exercise protocol one week before and after AOM consumption (about 15 weeks) Groups III-VI were weekly-received AOM (as a carcinogenic agent, 10 mg/kg s.c) in three consecutive weeks to induce colon cancer. Interval exercise training was begun at 16–18 m/min, 10–14 min, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Results The results showed that the tumor significantly increased mRNA and protein of MCT1 in the tumor group compared to the control group (p < 0.001), Also, exercise before and after tumor induction reduced MCT1 (and other glucose regulators) in the colon (respectively: p < 0.02 and p < 0.01). While the p53 gene decreased significantly in the tumor group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Exercise before tumor induction and after tumor induction increased significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.04 respectively) in p53 compared to the tumor group. ETE group also downregulate the expression of glucose metabolism genes in colon tumor (p < 0.05). Conclusion Long-term aerobic interval exercise (pre, post, pre&post tumor) can contribute to inhibition of tumor progression and treatment against colon cancer. It seems that these preventive and treatment effects exercise training can attribute to the regulation of lactate and glucose transporters by up-regulation of p53 colorectal cancer cells.

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The response of meteorin-like hormone and interleukin-4 in overweight women during exercise in temperate, warm and cold water

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2018-0027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marziyeh Saghebjoo ◽

Afsaneh Einaloo ◽

Mehdi Mogharnasi ◽

Fereshteh Ahmadabadi

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Warm Water ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Before And After ◽

Diabetes And Obesity

Abstract Background Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are protein molecules that stimulate the production of brown adipose tissue to improve diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Metrnl protein and IL-4 in overweight women during exercise in temperate, warm and cold water. Materials and methods Thirteen overweight young women (mean age 25.21 ± 3.27 years, body mass index 26.43 ± 1.34 kg/m2) were selected randomly and performed three sessions of interval exercise (40 min per session, 65% of maximum oxygen consumption) in non-consecutive days in temperate (24–25 °C), warm (36.5–37.5 °C) and cold (16.5–17.5 °C) water. Blood sampling was done immediately before and after exercise. Results The Metrnl level significantly increased after exercise in temperate and warm water (p = 0.0001) and significantly decreased in cold water (p = 0.0001). IL-4 level significantly increased after exercise in warm water (p = 0.003), while there was no significant change after exercise in temperate and cold water. Conclusions Exercise in warm water appears to stimulate and accumulate immune cells compared to temperate and cold water. This feature can be used to stimulate the production of hormones such as Metrnl and IL-4 to enhance brown fat, although more studies are needed in this regard.

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Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise in humans

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2018-0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Banu Kabak ◽

Muaz Belviranli ◽

Nilsel Okudan

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

High Intensity ◽

Wingate Test ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Before And After ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Study Participants ◽

Exercise In Humans

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise. Materials and methods Ten male professional kick-boxers aged between 18 and 24 years and 10 sedentary males with similar age and body weight participated in the present study. Participants performed 4 × 30-s Wingate test separated with 4 min of rest. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after exercise, and 3 and 6 h of recovery. Results and conclusion At rest, irisin levels were higher in the kick-boxers (p < 0.05). Immediately after the exercise, irisin levels were decreased in both groups (p < 0.05). A trend toward a return to baseline appeared after 3 h of recovery in the kick-boxers (p < 0.05). At rest, myostatin concentrations were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). Immediately after the exercise, myostatin levels were increased in both groups (p < 0.05). A trend toward a return to baseline appeared after 3 h of recovery in the kick-boxers (p < 0.05). Acute high-intensity interval exercise decreased irisin levels and increased myostatin levels.

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Accuracy of the Dexcom G6 Glucose Sensor during Aerobic, Resistance, and Interval Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios10100138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 138

Author(s):

Florian H. Guillot ◽

Peter G. Jacobs ◽

Leah M. Wilson ◽

Joseph El Youssef ◽

Virginia B. Gabo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Glucose Sensor ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Interval Training ◽

Relative Difference ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Before And After ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

The Impact

The accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors may be significantly impacted by exercise. We evaluated the impact of three different types of exercise on the accuracy of the Dexcom G6 sensor. Twenty-four adults with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections wore a G6 sensor. Participants were randomized to aerobic, resistance, or high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise. Each participant completed two in-clinic 30-min exercise sessions. The sensors were applied on average 5.3 days prior to the in-clinic visits (range 0.6–9.9). Capillary blood glucose (CBG) measurements with a Contour Next meter were performed before and after exercise as well as every 10 min during exercise. No CGM calibrations were performed. The median absolute relative difference (MARD) and median relative difference (MRD) of the CGM as compared with the reference CBG did not differ significantly from the start of exercise to the end exercise across all exercise types (ranges for aerobic MARD: 8.9 to 13.9% and MRD: −6.4 to 0.5%, resistance MARD: 7.7 to 14.5% and MRD: −8.3 to −2.9%, HIIT MARD: 12.1 to 16.8% and MRD: −14.3 to −9.1%). The accuracy of the no-calibration Dexcom G6 CGM was not significantly impacted by aerobic, resistance, or HIIT exercise.

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SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER DISTRIBUTION AND AREA IN TRAINED AND STALLED STANDARDBRED HORSES

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas81-072 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 601-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. W. TAYLOR ◽

L. BRASSARD

Keyword(s):

Interval Training ◽

Fiber Types ◽

Interval Exercise ◽

Fiber Area ◽

Rest Periods ◽

Limb Muscles ◽

Before And After ◽

Slow Twitch ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Fast Twitch

Four Standardbred horses followed a daily interval training program (5 × 700 m and 6 × 1000 m with 5-min rest periods) for 8 wk. Four more randomly selected animals served as stalled controls. Biopsy samples were taken from six limb muscles before and after the training period from all eight animals. No changes were observed in the percentage of fiber types for either group. However, significant (P < 0.05) increases in fiber area were noted for all three fiber types: slow twitch, high oxidative (ST) 13–17%; fast twitch, high oxidative (FTH) 13–17%; and fast twitch, low oxidative (FT) 21–29% for the six limb muscles in the trained animals. The results suggest that fiber area can be changed rather quickly with enforced exercise, and that FT fibers adapt more readily to high intensity interval exercise.

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Deformation Replication

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068394 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 280-281

Author(s):

J. Temple Black

Keyword(s):

Cutting Speed ◽

Machining Process ◽

Depth Of Cut ◽

Rake Face ◽

Orthogonal Machining ◽

Aluminum Chips ◽

Before And After ◽

Materials Used ◽

Glass Knife ◽

Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

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The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065237 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 236-237

Author(s):

R. F. Bils ◽

W. F. Diller ◽

F. Huth

Keyword(s):

Latent Period ◽

Chemical Industry ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Lung Edema ◽

X Rays ◽

Beagle Dogs ◽

Male And Female ◽

Morphological Alterations ◽

Before And After ◽

Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

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Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079449 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 398-399

Author(s):

M. H. Wheeler ◽

W. J. Tolmsoff ◽

A. A. Bell

Keyword(s):

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽

Wild Type ◽

Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Electron Transmission ◽

Melanin Formation ◽

Before And After ◽

Alternaria Sp ◽

Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

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