Potential predictors of adoption of the Tobacco Heating System by U.S. adult smokers: An actual use study

Background: This was a pre-market, observational, actual use study with the Tobacco Heating System (THS), a candidate modified risk tobacco product. The main goal of the study was to describe THS adoption within current adult daily smokers by replicating the usage of THS in real-world conditions with participants being able to consume cigarettes, THS, and any other nicotine-containing products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars, etc.) ad libitum. Methods: This study assessed self-reported stick-by-stick consumption of THS compared with the use of commercial cigarettes over six weeks. The aim of the analysis was to identify potential predictors for adoption of THS using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results: By the end of the observational period (in Week 6), 14.6% of participants (n=965) had adopted THS meaning that THS formed 70% or more of their total tobacco consumption. The main predictors of adoption were the liking of the smell, taste, aftertaste, and ease of use of THS. The proportion of adoption was higher in participants aged 44 years and older and in Hispanic or Latino adult smokers. Additionally, adoption of THS was more likely in participants who had never attempted to quit smoking and in participants who smoked up to 10 cigarettes per day. Finally, the adoption of THS was higher in participants who consumed both regular and menthol THS compared with those who consumed only one THS variant. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the introduction of THS in the U.S. has the potential to result in adoption by current adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes, and that the adoption of THS is unlikely to result in an increase of tobacco consumption. Post-marketing studies will provide further insights on THS adoption and THS use patterns to allow assessment of the impact of the THS at the individual and the overall population level.

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Potential predictors of adoption of the Tobacco Heating System by U.S. adult smokers: An actual use study

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.17606.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 214 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Steve Roulet ◽

Christelle Chrea ◽

Claudia Kanitscheider ◽

Gerd Kallischnigg ◽

Pierpaolo Magnani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Population Level ◽

Heating System ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

The United States ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Actual Use ◽

The Impact

Background:This was a pre-market actual use study with the Tobacco Heating System (THS), a candidate modified risk tobacco product, conducted with adult smokers in eight cities in the United States. The main goal of the study was to describe THS adoption in a real-world setting. The aim of this analysis was to identify potential predictors for adoption of THS using stepwise logistic regression method.Methods:This actual use study was an observational study assessing self-reported stick-by-stick consumption of the THS product compared with the use of commercial cigarettes over six weeks. The study aimed at replicating the usage of THS in real-world conditions with participants being able to consume cigarettes, THS, and any other nicotine-containing products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars, etc.)ad libitum.Results:14.6% of participants adopted THS, which comprised 70% or more of their total tobacco consumption by the end of the observational period (in Week 6). The main predictors of adoption were the liking of the smell, taste, aftertaste, and ease of use of THS. The proportion of adoption was higher in participants aged 44 years and older and in Hispanic or Latino adult smokers. Additionally, adoption of THS was more likely in participants who had never attempted to quit smoking and in participants who smoked up to 10 cigarettes per day. Finally, the adoption of THS was higher in participants who consumed both regular and menthol THS compared with those who consumed only one THS variant.Conclusions:The main predictors of THS adoption were positive sensory assessment and the ease of use. Socio-demographic characteristics and smoking habits appeared much less important. Post-marketing studies will provide further insights on the impact of the THS at the individual and the overall population level.

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The Impact of Syringe Services Program Policy on Risk Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in 3 US Cities, 2005-2015

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354920930137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 135 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 138S-148S

Author(s):

Tanner Nassau ◽

Alia Al-Tayyib ◽

William T. Robinson ◽

Jennifer Shinefield ◽

Kathleen A. Brady

Keyword(s):

New Orleans ◽

Risk Behaviors ◽

Syringe Sharing ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽

National Hiv Behavioral Surveillance ◽

Program Policy ◽

The Impact ◽

Us Cities

Objectives The impact of a syringe services program (SSP) policy on risk behaviors and its durability are not as well studied as the impact of the SSPs themselves. We examined whether trends in syringe sharing among persons who inject drugs (PWID) were associated with changes to syringe access policies in 3 US cities: Denver, New Orleans, and Philadelphia. Methods PWID were surveyed through National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System surveys in each city in 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2015. We assessed changes in syringe sharing from 2005 to 2015 by city. We used multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis to measure the associations among syringe sharing and injection works sharing, time, and SSP access. Results From 2005 to 2015, syringe sharing decreased significantly from 49.1% to 33.1% in Denver ( P < .001), increased significantly from 32.0% to 50.5% in New Orleans ( P < .001), and remained unchanged in Philadelphia (30.4% to 31.5%; P = .87). Compared with persons who obtained syringes from any nonsterile source, the adjusted odds of syringe sharing among PWID were significantly lower in each city if syringes were obtained from sterile sources only: Denver adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-0.30; New Orleans aOR = 0.26 (95% CI, 0.19-0.35), and Philadelphia aOR = 0.43 (95% CI, 0.33-0.57). Conclusions The lowest proportion of PWID reporting syringe sharing was in Philadelphia, which has a long-standing legal SSP. Implementation of a legal SSP in Denver in 2012 corresponded to a decrease in sharing, whereas the lack of a legal SSP in New Orleans corresponded to an increase in sharing. Universal long-term access to legal SSPs could further the progress made in HIV prevention among PWID.

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Risk Factors for Delirium in Trauma Patients: The Impact of Ethanol Use and Lack of Insurance

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481107700524 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 621-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bernardino C. Branco ◽

Kenji Inaba ◽

Marko Bukur ◽

Peep Talving ◽

Matthew Oliver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Chronic Ethanol ◽

Ethanol Ingestion ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study was to examine independent risk factors, and in particular the impact of alcohol on the development of delirium, in a cohort of trauma patients screened for ethanol ingestion on admission to hospital. The National Trauma Databank (v. 7.0) was used to identify all patients 18 years or older screened for ethanol on admission. Patients who developed delirium were compared with those who did not. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for the development of delirium. A total of 504,839 patients with admission ethanol levels were identified. Of those, 2,909 (0.6%) developed delirium. Patients developing delirium were significantly older, more frequently male, and more likely to sustain thermal injuries and falls. Patients developing delirium had more comorbidities including chronic ethanol use (19.1% vs 4.5%, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular disease (21.5% vs 12.2%, P < 0.001). On admission, patients developing delirium were more likely to be intoxicated with ethanol (55.4% vs 26.5%, P < 0.001) and were more likely to be uninsured (17.8% vs 0.9%, P < 0.001). A stepwise logistic regression model identified lack of insurance, positive ethanol on admission, chronic ethanol use, Intensive Care Unit admission, age ≥ 55 years, burns, Medicare insurance, falls, and history of cardiovascular disease as independent risk factors for the development of delirium. The incidence of delirium in this trauma patient cohort was 0.6 per cent. The above risk factors were independently associated with the development of delirium. This data may be helpful in designing interventions to prevent delirium.

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Investigating the impact of structural factors upon that/zero complementizer alternation patterns in verbs of cognition: a diachronic corpus-based multifactorial analysis

Research in Corpus Linguistics ◽

10.32714/ricl.06.07 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 83-112

Author(s):

Christopher Shank ◽

Koen Plevoets

Keyword(s):

Predictive Power ◽

Structural Features ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Large Set ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Quantitative Methodology ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

This corpus-based study examines the diachronic development of the that/zero alternation with nine verbs of cognition, viz. think, believe, feel, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose and understand by means of a stepwise logistic regression analysis. The data comprised a total of (n=5,812) think, (n=3,056) believe, (n=1,273) feel, (n=1,885) guess, (n=2,225) imagine, (n=1,805) know, (n=1,244) realize, (n=2,836) suppose and (n=3,395) understand tokens from both spoken and written corpora from 1580–2012. Taking our cue from previous research suggesting that there has been a diachronic increase in the use of the zero complementizer form from Late Middle / Early Modern to Present-day English, we use a large set of parallel spoken and written diachronic data and a rigorous quantitative methodology to test this claim with the nine aforementioned verbs. In addition, we also investigate the impact of eleven structural features, which have been claimed to act as predictors for the use or presence of the zero complementizer form for ‘panchronic’ (i.e. effects are aggregated over all time periods) and diachronic effects. The objectives of this study are to examine the following: (i) whether there is indeed a diachronic trend towards more zero use; (ii) whether the conditioning factors proposed in the literature indeed predict the zero form; (iii) to what extent these factors interact; and (iv) whether the predictive power of the conditioning factors becomes stronger or weaker over time. The analysis shows that, contrary to the aforementioned belief that the zero form has been on the increase, there is in fact a steady decrease in zero use, but the extent of this decrease is not the same for all verbs. In addition, the analysis of interactions with verb type indicates differences between verbs in terms of the predictive power of the conditioning factors. Additional significant interactions emerged, notably with verb, mode (i.e. spoken or written data) and period. The interactions with period show that certain factors that are good predictors of the zero form overall lose predictive power over time.

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Impact of the WHO FCTC over the first decade: a global evidence review prepared for the Impact Assessment Expert Group

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054389 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (Suppl 2) ◽

pp. s119-s128 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Janet Chung-Hall ◽

Lorraine Craig ◽

Shannon Gravely ◽

Natalie Sansone ◽

Geoffrey T Fong

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Health Warnings ◽

Hand Search ◽

Tobacco Epidemic ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveTo present findings of a narrative review on the implementation and effectiveness of 17 Articles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) during the Treaty’s first decade.Data sourcesPublished reports on global FCTC implementation; searches of four databases through June 2016; hand-search of publications/online resources; tobacco control experts.Study selectionWHO Convention Secretariat global progress reports (2010, 2012, 2014); 2015 WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic; studies of social, behavioural, health, economic and/or environmental impacts of FCTC policies.Data extractionProgress in the implementation of 17 FCTC Articles was categorised (higher/intermediate/lower) by consensus. 128 studies were independently selected by multiple authors in consultation with experts.Data synthesisImplementation was highest for smoke-free laws, health warnings and education campaigns, youth access laws, and reporting/information exchange, and lowest for measures to counter industry interference, regulate tobacco product contents, promote alternative livelihoods and protect health/environment. Price/tax increases, comprehensive smoking and marketing bans, health warnings, and cessation treatment are associated with decreased tobacco consumption/health risks and increased quitting. Mass media campaigns and youth access laws prevent smoking initiation, decrease prevalence and promote cessation. There were few studies on the effectiveness of policies in several domains, including measures to prevent industry interference and regulate tobacco product contents.ConclusionsThe FCTC has increased the implementation of measures across several policy domains, and these implementations have resulted in measurable impacts on tobacco consumption, prevalence and other outcomes. However, FCTC implementation must be accelerated, and Parties need to meet all their Treaty obligations and consider measures that exceed minimum requirements.

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Nivolumab-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A study on risk factors using interim results of post-marketing all-case surveillance.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.9078 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 9078-9078 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hirotsugu Kenmotsu ◽

Fumikazu Sakai ◽

Terufumi Kato ◽

Masahiko Kusumoto ◽

Tomohisa Baba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Case Reports ◽

Small Cell ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Post Marketing

9078 Background: We investigated case reports of ILD in patients receiving nivolumab for the treatment of unresectable, advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer to identify risk factors for the occurrence of nivolumab-induced ILD. Methods: In Japan, post-marketing all-case surveillance of nivolumab is currently underway in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who received nivolumab from December 17, 2015 to March 31, 2016. The data were retrospectively analyzed using a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis with a level of significance of 5% to identify risk factors for the occurrence of nivolumab-induced ILD. Results: A total of 3,648 patients received nivolumab during the surveillance period, and data from 1,005 patients whose case report forms were available by November 30, 2016 were analyzed. Among them ILD was reported in 58 (5.8%). The median time to onset in 42 patients who were recovering or recovered from ILD was 50 days (range: 2 to 246 days). Eleven patients died of ILD. The following table summarizes univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for the occurrence of ILD. Conclusions: In this interim analysis of Japanese lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab, incidence of ILD as immune-related AE was 5.8%. Age, abnormal findings of chest CT, and treatment line were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of ILD during treatment with nivolumab. [Table: see text]

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Intraoperative magnesium infusion during carotid endarterectomy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2008.9.17671 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 961-967 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

William J. Mack ◽

Christopher P. Kellner ◽

Daniel H. Sahlein ◽

Andrew F. Ducruet ◽

Grace H. Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Endarterectomy ◽

Low Dose ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

High Dose ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Intravenous Magnesium ◽

The Impact ◽

Magnesium Therapy

Object Recent data from both experimental and clinical studies have supported the use of intravenous magnesium as a potential therapy in the setting of cerebral ischemia. This study assessed whether intraoperative magnesium therapy improves neuropsychometric testing (NPT) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods One hundred eight patients undergoing CEA were randomly assigned to receive placebo infusion or 1 of 3 magnesium-dosing protocols. Neuropsychometric testing was performed 1 day after surgery and compared with baseline performance. Assessment was also performed on a set of 35 patients concurrently undergoing lumbar laminectomy to serve as a control group for NPT. A forward stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of magnesium therapy on NPT. A subgroup analysis was then performed, analyzing the impact of each intraoperative dose on NPT. Results Patients treated with intravenous magnesium infusion demonstrated less postoperative neurocognitive impairment than those treated with placebo (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10–0.74, p = 0.01). When stratified according to dosing bolus and intraoperative magnesium level, those who were treated with low-dose magnesium had less cognitive decline than those treated with placebo (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.50, p < 0.01). Those in the high-dose magnesium group demonstrated no difference from the placebo-treated group. Conclusions Low-dose intraoperative magnesium therapy protects against neurocognitive decline following CEA.

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Differences in Levels of Biomarkers of Potential Harm among Users of a Heat-not-burn Tobacco Product, Cigarette Smokers, and Never-Smokers in Japan: A Post-Marketing Observational Study

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntab014 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chikako Sakaguchi ◽

Yasufumi Nagata ◽

Akira Kikuchi ◽

Yuki Takeshige ◽

Naoki Minami

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Potential Harm ◽

Actual Use ◽

Post Marketing ◽

Harmful Substances ◽

Never Smokers ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Cigarette smoking is associated with the risk of certain diseases, but non-combustible products may lower these risks. The potential long-term health effects of the next-generation non-combustible products (heat-not-burn tobacco products (HNBP) or electronic vapor products) have not been thoroughly studied. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) of one of HNBP (a novel vapor product: NTV), under the conditions of actual use. Methods This study was an observational, cross-sectional, three-group, multi-center study. Exclusive NTV users (NTV, n = 259), conventional cigarette smokers (CC, n = 100) and never-smokers (NS, n=100) were enrolled. Biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (cotinine and total NNAL) and BoPH including parameters of physical pulmonary functions relevant to smoking-related diseases were examined, and subjects answered a questionnaire on cough-related symptoms (J-LCQ) and health-related quality of life (SF-36v2®). Results Levels of cotinine, total NNAL and BoPH (HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, sICAM-1, WBC count, 11-DHTXB2, 2,3-d-TXB2, 8-epi-PGF2α, FEV1, %FEV1 and FEF25-75) were significantly different in the NTV group as compared to levels in CC group (p<0.05). Significantly higher levels of cotinine, total NNAL, and 2,3-d-TXB2, and lower levels of FEV1 and %FEV1, were observed among NVT users compared to the NS group. Conclusion In a post-marketing study under actual use conditions, BoPH associated with smoking-related disease examined in exclusive NTV users were found to be favorably different from those of CC smokers, a finding attributable to a reduction in exposure to harmful substances of tobacco smoke. Implications Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of pulmonary diseases like COPD, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. There is a growing body of evidence that HNBP reduces the exposure associated with smoking and that there is a favorable change in BoPH. However, long-term effects regarding the relative health risks to HNBP users compared to CC smokers have not been examined. This study provides post-marketing data under actual use conditions of the effects on biomarkers of potential harm in NTV, one of HNBP, exclusive users compared to CC smokers and never-smokers. The evidence suggests that exclusive NTV users have favorable levels of BoPH compared to CC smokers, and that is result from a sustained reduction in exposure to harmful substances of tobacco smoke.

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Impact of 6-Month Exposure to Aerosols From Potential Modified Risk Tobacco Products Relative to Cigarette Smoke on the Rodent Gastrointestinal Tract

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.587745 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

James N. D. Battey ◽

Justyna Szostak ◽

Blaine Phillips ◽

Charles Teng ◽

Ching Keong Tung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Heating System ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Disease Pathogenesis ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

The Impact

Cigarette smoking causes adverse health effects that might occur shortly after smoking initiation and lead to the development of inflammation and cardiorespiratory disease. Emerging studies have demonstrated the role of the intestinal microbiome in disease pathogenesis. The intestinal microbiome is susceptible to the influence of environmental factors such as smoking, and recent studies have indicated microbiome changes in smokers. Candidate modified risk tobacco products (CMRTP) are being developed to provide substitute products to lower smoking-related health risks in smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit. In this study, the ApoE–/– mouse model was used to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) from the reference cigarette 3R4F and aerosols from two CMRTPs based on the heat-not-burn principle [carbon-heated tobacco product 1.2 (CHTP 1.2) and tobacco heating system 2.2 (THS 2.2)] on the intestinal microbiome over a 6-month period. The effect of cessation or switching to CHTP 1.2 after 3 months of CS exposure was also assessed. Next-generation sequencing was used to evaluate the impact of CMRTP aerosols in comparison to CS on microbiome composition and gene expression in the digestive tract of mice. Our analyses highlighted significant gene dysregulation in response to 3R4F exposure at 4 and 6 months. The findings showed an increase in the abundance of Akkermansiaceae upon CS exposure, which was reversed upon cessation. Cessation resulted in a significant decrease in Akkemansiaceae abundance, whereas switching to CHTP 1.2 resulted in an increase in Lactobacillaceae abundance. These microbial changes could be important for understanding the effect of CS on gut function and its relevance to disease pathogenesis via the microbiome.

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The Relationship Between Handball Players and Alcohol and Smoking Habits

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2018-0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 127-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hrvoje Karnincic ◽

Marijana Cavala ◽

Nenad Rogulj

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Substance Misuse ◽

Sport Activity ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Training Habits ◽

The Impact

AbstractRecent studies have revealed that sport activity is a protective factor regarding smoking, but a risk factor for alcohol abuse. Considering these findings, it is necessary to investigate the occurrence of substance misuse. Sports that are associated with a substantial amount of physical/mental stress are very interesting from the perspective of substance misuse (e.g., handball). This research was performed to more closely study the population engaged in handball regarding the risk for alcohol and/or tobacco consumption. The sample of respondents consisted of 150 senior handball players who were members of 9 first-league handball clubs from Croatia and abroad. The respondents were grouped into sub-samples according to sex, age, experience, the number of weekly training sessions and their social environment (clubs). Alcohol consumption data were obtained using the AUDIT questionnaire. The differences between groups were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The study revealed that handball players engaged in alcohol misuse, and they were grouped in the harmful drinking category (AUDIT score, 16-19 for all groups). Regarding tobacco product consumption, the risk groups were women (who smoked significantly more than men, MWU test: Z = 3.30. p < 0.001), handball players with less experience (who smoked significantly more than experienced players, MWU test: Z = 3.68, p < 0.001). Borderline significance was observed for the impact made by social environments, and age was not a significant predictor of tobacco consumption. Regarding alcohol consumption, the highest hazard group were national handball players, who drank much more than foreign players did (MWU test: Z = 2.04, p = 0.04); however, sex, age, experience and training habits were not alcohol consumption predictors in handball. This study reveal that the typical behaviors regarding alcohol and tobacco consumption followed by the general population do not apply to handball players. Targeted prevention can be much more precisely established considering this research.

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