scholarly journals A systematic review of the case findings, testing and management of COVID-19

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Dewi Susanna ◽  
Dian Pratiwi ◽  
Sang Gede Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antigen Test ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Serological Assay ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rapid Antibody

Background: Mass testing and adequate management are essential to terminate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This testing is due to the possibility of unidentified cases, especially ones without COVID-19 related symptoms. This review aimed to examine the outcome of the existing studies on the ways of identifying COVID-19 cases, and determine the populations at risk, symptom and diagnostic test management of  COVID-19. Methods: The articles reviewed were scientific publications on the PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Scopus databases. The keywords used to obtain the data were COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and case detection, case management or diagnostic test. We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Population, Intervention, Control and Outcomes (PICO) approaches. Results: A total of 21 articles from 13 countries met the inclusion criteria and were further analyzed qualitatively. However, 62% of the articles used a rapid antibody test for screening rather than a rapid antigen test. According to the rapid antigen test, 51.3% were positive, with men aged above 50 years recording the highest number of cases. Furthermore, 57.1% of patients were symptomatic, while diagnostic tests' sensitivity and specificity increased to 100% in 14 days after the onset. Conclusions:  Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)  is recommended by the World Health Organization for detection of COVID-19. Suppose it is unavailable, the rapid antigen test is used as an alternative rather than the rapid antibody test. Diagnosis is expected to be confirmed using the PCR and serological assay to achieve an early diagnosis of COVID-19, according to disease progression, gradual rapid tests can be used, such as rapid antigen in an earlier week and antibody tests confirmed by RT–PCR and serological assay in the second week of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Immunochromatographic assays for COVID-19 epidemiological screening: our experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bartolini ◽  
Margherita Scapaticci ◽  
Marina Bioli ◽  
Tiziana Lazzarotto ◽  
Maria Carla Re ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Rapid Assays ◽  
In Vitro Diagnostic ◽  
Biomedical Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Performance Validation

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the absence of effective treatment or biomedical prevention, understanding potential post infection immunity has important implications for epidemiologic assessments. For this reason, increasing number of in vitro diagnostic companies are developing serological assays to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, but most of them lack the validation by third parties in relation to their quality, limiting their usefulness. We submitted to serological screening by two different immunochromatographic (IC) rapid testing for detection of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2, 151 asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic healthcare workers previously tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in order to evaluate the performance of rapid assays. Results showed discrepancies between molecular and IC results, and an inconsistency of immunoglobulins positivity patterns when compared to ELISA/CLIA results, highlighting the absolute necessity of assays performance validation before their marketing and use, in order to avoid errors in the results evaluation at both clinical and epidemiological level.

scholarly journals Partisipasi Dalam Pencegahan Dan Penanggulangan Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-953
Author(s):  
Dyan Kunthi Nugrahaeni ◽  
Novie Elvinawaty Mauliku ◽  
Budiman Budiman ◽  
Gunawan Irianto ◽  
Arina Novilla
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Community Services ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

ABSTRAK The World Health Organization menetapkan outbreak SARS-CoV-2 sebagai Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat yang Meresahkan Dunia dan dinyatakan sebagai pandemik. Penyebaran dan penularan penyakit Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) sangat tinggi, dengan jumlah penderita lebih dari 117 juta di seluruh dunia. Diperlukan berbagai strategi dan tindakan yang dapat dilakukan untuk pencegahan, penanggulangan dalam rangka mengatasi COVID-19. Tujuan Pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Stikes Achmad Yani adalah ikut berperan serta dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan COVID-19 di wilayah Kota Cimahi dan Kota Bandung. Metode yang digunakan adalah partisipatori dalam berbagai aktifias pencegahan dan penanggulangan COVID-19. Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat yang dilakukan selama pandemic COVID-19 diantaranya adalah demontrasi pembuatan handsanitizer, penyemprotan disinfektan, mengirimkan tim relawan pemeriksaan Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) antibodi Cluster Lembang dan relawan Check Point pada kegiatan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar di Kota Bandung. Pemberian donasi kepada masyarakat terdampak pandemik COVID-19 dan donasi Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) ke fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan seperti Rumah Sakit dan Puskesmas. Pelaksanaan Rapid Test Diagnostic (RTD) antibodi dan RTD antigen bagi mahasiswa, dosen dan Karyawan. Stikes Achmad Yani juga berperan serta dalam gebyar Vaksin COVID-19 bagi tenaga kesehatan dan mengirimkan relawan sebagai vaksinator yang diselenggarakan oleh Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin berkerjasama dengan PPNI. Partisipasi Stikes Achmad Yani Cimahi dalam berbagai kegiatan yang terkait dengan COVID-19 diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam rangka pencegahan penularan, pengendalian dan penanggulangan COVID-19. Kata Kunci: COVID-19, disinfeksi, relawan, Rapid Diagnostic Test  ABSTRACT The World Health Organization recognize the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a public health emergency of Internasional Concerns and declared it as a pandemic. The spread and transmission of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) are very high and reported that over 117 million people have been sufferers worldwide. Several strategies and actions can be carried out to prevention, controlling and overcoming COVID-19. The purpose of community service carried out by Stikes Achmad Yani is to participate in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Cimahi and Bandung district. The methode used in community services are participatory methods in several activities for prevention and control of COVID-19. Community Service activities carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic included demonstrations of making hand sanitizers, spraying disinfectants, sending a team of volunteers to examine the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) antibody for the Lembang Cluster, and volunteer Check Points at Large-Scale Social Restrictions activities in Bandung. Providing donations to people affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and donations of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to health service facilities such as hospitals and health centers. Implementation of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RTD) antibody and RDT antigen for students, lecturers, and staff. Stikes Achmad Yani also participated in the COVID-19 Vaccine for health workers and sent volunteers as vaccinators organized by Hasan Sadikin Hospital in collaboration with PPNI. The participation of Stikes Achmad Yani Cimahi in various activities to contribute prevention of disease transmission and controlling COVID-19. Kata Kunci: COVID-19, disinfection, volunteer, Rapid Diagnostic Test

scholarly journals Preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 on pets in pandemic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 2979-2983
Author(s):  
Hamong Suharsono ◽  
Ali Ghufron Mukti ◽  
Ketut Suryana ◽  
I. Wayan Masa Tenaya ◽  
Dilasdita Kartika Pradana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Background and Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread rapidly globally, resulting in a pandemic. In humans, the main routes of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or through contact with an object infected with the virus, followed by touching mouth, nose, or eyes. It is assumed that SARS-CoV-2 was originated in wild animals and was then transmitted to humans. Although some wildlife and domestic animals can be naturally or experimentally infected with the virus, the intermediate hosts that transmitted it to humans are still unknown. Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 associated with possible zoonotic transmission of intermediate hosts is considered critical. Reportedly, cats or dogs living with COVID-19-positive humans tested positive for the disease, suggesting that the virus was transmitted to the animals from humans. Information regarding the epidemiological investigation and comprehensive studies is limited. Therefore, it is still unclear how high is the correlation of infection in humans and pet animals, especially those living together. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pets of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at the Wangaya hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of seven clinically asymptomatic pets (six dogs of different races and sexes and a cat [age, 360-2920 days]) were included in this study. These animals belonged to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from August to November 2020. Nasal swab and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from the pets individually under anesthetic condition and were collected 6-12 days after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in owners and hospitalization at the Wangaya Hospital. The swab samples were then processed for RNA isolation and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, in accordance with the World Health Organization manual 2020. Results: RT-PCR results for all seven RNA samples, prepared from the swab samples, were negative. For the samples, all PCR products were below the threshold limit, suggesting no genetic material belonging to the samples tested. Conclusion: This was the first preliminary study of COVID-19 on pets in pandemic using RT-PCR. The study tested a very limited quantity of samples, and all of them were negative. However, the way in which the samples were prepared was considered appropriate. Therefore, in further studies, testing of more samples of pets of more individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is required.

A global perspective on suicides and suicide attempts

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Elise Paul
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
World Mental Health Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

Specific populations at risk for suicide differ considerably according to region, country, sex, age, and the most common suicide methods used, highlighting the need for ongoing systematic surveillance to inform prevention efforts. The magnitude of the problem is not limited to suicide deaths. It is estimated that for every suicide, there are 20 more persons who have made an attempt. Individuals who have made a suicide attempt are at increased risk for dying by suicide. This chapter explores differences in the suicide and suicide attempt rates in the general population on different continents, by examining data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates and the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Differences across contexts in suicidal behaviours and the need for ongoing monitoring are emphasized.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment under uncertainty

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 22990-22997
Author(s):  
Rachel Cassidy ◽  
Charles F. Manski
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Partial Knowledge ◽  
Deep Uncertainty ◽  
Tuberculosis Diagnosis ◽  
Health Organization

In 2017, 1.6 million people worldwide died from tuberculosis (TB). A new TB diagnostic test—Xpert MTB/RIF from Cepheid—was endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2010. Trials demonstrated that Xpert is faster and has greater sensitivity and specificity than smear microscopy—the most common sputum-based diagnostic test. However, subsequent trials found no impact of introducing Xpert on morbidity and mortality. We present a decision-theoretic model of how a clinician might decide whether to order Xpert or other tests for TB, and whether to treat a patient, with or without test results. Our first result characterizes the conditions under which it is optimal to perform empirical treatment; that is, treatment without diagnostic testing. We then examine the implications for decision making of partial knowledge of TB prevalence or test accuracy. This partial knowledge generates ambiguity, also known as deep uncertainty, about the best testing and treatment policy. In the presence of such ambiguity, we show the usefulness of diversification of testing and treatment.

scholarly journals Persistent Detection and Infectious Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Clinical Specimens from COVID-19 Patients

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Michael Zapor
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Infectious Potential ◽  
Infective Potential

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in December 2019 as the causative agent of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 has several distinctive features, including extensive multiorgan involvement with a robust systemic inflammatory response, significant associated morbidity and mortality, and prolonged persistence of viral RNA in the clinical specimens of infected individuals as detected by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. This review begins with an overview of SARS-CoV-2 morphology and replication and summarizes what is known to date about the detection of the virus in nasal, oropharyngeal, and fecal specimens of patients who have recovered from COVID-19, with a focus on the factors thought to contribute to prolonged detection. This review also provides a discussion on the infective potential of this material from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and convalescing individuals, to include a discussion of the relative persistence and infectious potential of virus in clinical specimens recovered from pediatric COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Identificação molecular de SARS-CoV-2 em superfícies ambientais em estabelecimentos de saúde de uma universidade pública no Brasil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-441
Author(s):  
Caio Ricardo Eich ◽  
Barbara Scariot Colombelli ◽  
Kattlyn Larissa Candido ◽  
Luciana Oliveira De Fariña
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
Health Organization

Em 11 de março de 2020, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) decretou a pandemia do COVID-19, causado pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, responsável por mais de 4,5 milhões de mortes até o momento. Esta nova realidade exigiu respostas por parte das autoridades e da população, a fim de mitigar a propagação do vírus e evitar o colapso do sistema de saúde, assim como estudos de vigilância em saúde, que possibilitaram um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de transmissão do vírus e possibilitaram identificar zonas de risco dentro de cidades ou ambientes públicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar a presença do SARS-CoV-2 dentro da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, a qual fornece serviços de saúde para a população local, assim como realizar um controle interno no Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular (LaBioqMol) da universidade, onde são realizados testes de RT-PCR semanalmente. Foram coletadas 21 amostras de áreas frequentemente tocadas por pessoas, cuja presença do RNA viral e de material genético humano foi identificada por RT-PCR. Em nenhuma das amostras foi detectado a presença do vírus. Entretanto, em 8 (38,1%) das amostras foi verificada a amplificação do gene RNaseP, indicando a presença de células humana. Este estudo auxilia no controle e garantia de qualidade do LaBioqMol e fortalece a visão de que a contaminação do ambiente pelo SARS-CoV-2 é provavelmente menos frequente do que foi anteriormente sugerido no início da pandemia.   On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) decreed the pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for more than 4.5 million deaths to date. This new reality demanded responses from the authorities and the population in order to mitigate the spread of the virus and avoid the collapse of the health system, as well as health surveillance studies, which enabled a better understanding of the mechanisms of virus transmission and made it possible to identify risk zones within cities or public environments. This study aims to identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 within the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, which provides health services to the local population, as well as to perform an internal control at the university's Molecular Biochemistry Laboratory (LaBioqMol), where RT-PCR tests are performed weekly. Twenty-one samples were collected from areas frequently touched by people, and the presence of viral RNA and human genetic material was identified by RT-PCR. In none of the samples was the presence of the virus detected. However, in 8 (38.1%) of the samples the RNaseP gene amplification was verified, indicating the presence of human cells. This study assists in quality control and assurance at LaBioqMol and strengthens the view that environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 is probably less frequent than was previously suggested at the beginning of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics of rotavirus genotypes circulating in the south of Benin, 2016-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jijoho Michel Agbla ◽  
Mathew D Esona ◽  
Alidéhou Jerrold Agbankpé ◽  
Annick Capo-Chichi ◽  
Rashi Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Pcr Multiplex ◽  
One Step ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
P Type

Abstract Objective: Rotavirus remains the main causative agent of gastroenteritis in young children in countries that have not yet introduced the vaccine. In Benin, rotavirus vaccine was introduced late December 2019 into the EPI. This study aims to provide pre-vaccination era rotavirus genotyping data in Benin. These data can supplement data from the surveillance system of Ministry of Health of Benin which is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO).Results: Of the 420 diarrheal stool samples, actively collected in southern Benin from July 2016 through November 2018 from children under five years old and suffering from gastroenteritis, 167 (39.8%) samples were rotavirus EIA positive. 186 (44.3%) samples contained amplifiable rotavirus RNA detected by qRT-PCR method and were genotyped using one-step RT-PCR multiplex genotyping method. G1P[8] represents the predominant genotype (32%) followed by the G2P[4] (26%), G3P[6] (16%), G12P[8] (13%) and mixed G and P types (1%). Four samples (2%) could not be assigned both G and P type specificity.

scholarly journals Una presentación infrecuente de COVID-19, con diarrea como síntoma inicial, el primer caso diagnosticado en Cartagena, Colombia.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Germán Enrique Arenas ◽  
Jesús De León Martínez ◽  
Marcela Negrete Vasquez ◽  
Mario Lora ◽  
Martín Carvajal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The clinical presentation and severity of the disease has been described from its most typical symptoms, the common cold, pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome, to the involvement of other organs and systems such such as the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular. Case report: we describe the first case of COVID-19 diagnosed in Cartagena, Colombia, on March 11, 2020, and its uncommon clinic presentation, which was almost unknown at the time. An 85-year-old woman with week-long initial symptoms of nausea and occasional vomiting, with progression to diarrhea and a 38.5 oC fever during the last three days. The patient came from Oxford, UK, and she had been on a Caribbean cruise excursion since the end of February, 2020. Chest computed tomography showed ground glass opacities in both peripheral and central lung fields, multilobar and predominantly subpleural; without evidence of consolidation or pleural effusion. COVID-19 was confirmed three days after admission, when a RT-PCR molecular test performed on a nasopharyngeal swab sample tested positive for SARS-Cov-2 Conclusion: this first case of COVID-19 diagnosed in Cartagena occurred at a time when our health system was not prepared to face the pandemic. However, despite having manifested with a clinical that had not been described at the time, and thanks to the epidemiological, clinical and imaging data, the case could be adequately approached, diagnosed and treated according to the necessary and recommended measures at the time.

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